final exam

Question 1

which of the following data collection method is commonly used in qualitative research?
A. observations
B. biometric manipulations
C. experimental manipulations
D. surveys

Answer 1

A. observations

Question 2

a pretest in a pretest-posttest design corresponds to:
A. an outcome measure
B. a baseline measure
C. a measure of attitudes towards the intervention
D. measure of the independent variable

Answer 2

B. a baseline measure

Question 3

which of the following statements best represents a criticism of evidence-based practice?
A. EBP is universally applicable and does not require adaptation to different clinical settings applicable
B. EBP can be overly rigid and may not account for individual patient preferences and values
C. EVB promotes excessive reliance on expert opinion and ignores scientific evidence
D. EVP does not prioritize cost-effectiveness and may lead to wasteful health-care spending

Answer 3

B. EBP can be overly rigid and may not account for individual patient preferences and values

Question 4

which of the following research designs is typically used to establish cause-and-effect relationships in quantitative research?
A. descriptive longitudinal design
B. ethnographic design
C. correlational design
D. quasi-experimental design

Answer 4

D. qausi-experimental design

Question 4

which of the following options correctly represents the evidence hierarchy in research from the highest level of evidence to the lowest?
A. randomized controlled trials, case-control studies, cohort studies, meta-analysis, expert opinions
B. systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, case-control studies, cohort studies, expert opinions
C. systematic reviews, randomized control trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, expert opinions
D. randomized controlled trials, meta-analysis, cohort studies, case-control studies, expert opinions

Answer 4

C. systematic reviews, RCT, cohort studies, case-control studies, expert opinions

Question 5

which of the following statements best describes a key difference between quantitative and qualitative research?
A) Quantitative research designs tend to require larger sample sizes, while qualitative research involves
smaller sample sizes.
B) Quantitative and qualitative research designs use
both open-ended and close-ended questions.
C) Quantitative research uses probability and
non-probability sampling methods, while qualitative
research emphasizes probability sampling methods.
D) Quantitative research prioritizes an in-depth understanding of individual experiences, while qualitative
research aims for generalizability.

Answer 5

A. quantitative research designs tend to require larger sample sizes, while qualitative research involves smaller sample sizes

Question 6

within which qualitative tradition would the following question be addressed? “what is the essence of men’s experiences of chemotherapy treatment for prostate cancer?”
A) Grounded theory
B) Ethnography
C) Phenomenology
D) Qualitative description

Answer 6

C. phenomenology

Question 7

which design question is relevant in both quantitative and qualitative studies?
A) How will confounding variables be controlled?
B) How often will data be collected?
C) Will the independent variable be manipulated?
D) Who will be blinded?

Answer 7

B. how often will data be collected?

Question 8

Kendall randomly assigned postsurgical patients to aromatherapy or usual care, to assess effects on nausea. indicate whether the designs is:
A) Experimental
B) Quasi-experimental or
C) Non-experimental

Answer 8

A. experimental

Question 9

Madden compared levels of agitation in two groups of nursing home residents, one group living in a home where they received a daily foot massage for two weeks and the other in a home without the massages. indicate whether the study design is:
A) Experimental
B) Quasi-experimental or
C) Non-experimental

Answer 9

B. quasi-experimental

Question 10

dean studied daily pain ratings over a 10 week period for a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who began a tai chi program in week 5. indicate whether the study design is:
A) Experimental
B) Quasi-experimental or
C) Non-experimental

Answer 10

B. quasi-experimental

Question 11

Abraham compared pregnant women who did or did not have a miscarriage in terms of subsequent marital satisfaction. indicate whether the study design is:
A) Experimental
B) Quasi-experimental or
C) Non-experimental

Answer 11

C. non-experimental

Question 12

Theriault compared patients who were assigned at random to a program to manage urinary incontinence or to a wait list group who received the program 6 months later. indicate whether the study design is:
A) Experimental
B) Quasi-experimental or
C) Non-experimental

Answer 12

A. experimental

Question 13

Quinn studies the experience of learning about a parent’s cancer diagnosis, from the perspective of adolescents aged 15-18 years. indicate which qualitative tradition would most likely be used:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded Theory

Answer 13

B. phenomenology

Question 14

Petrik studies end-of-life caregiving for elders living on a Hopi reservation in Arizona. indicate which qualitative tradition would most likely be used:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded Theory

Answer 14

A. ethnography

Question 15

moore studied basic social processes women use to maintain balance through their menopausal transition. indicate which qualitative tradition would most likely be used:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded Theory

Answer 15

C. grounded theory

Question 16

futterer studied the meaning of the respite experience of family caregivers of patients with dementia. indicate which qualitative tradition would most likely be used:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded Theory

Answer 16

B. phenomenology

Question 17

viator explored how pregnant women managed the process of deciding on and arranging a home birth. indicate which qualitative tradition would most likely be used:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded Theory

Answer 17

C. grounded theory

Question 18

neumanns study focused on reciprocal care seeking and care giving behavior among patients within the culture of a mental health facility. indicate which qualitative tradition would most likely be used:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded Theory

Answer 18

A. ethnography

Question 19

Kane sampled every 25th nurse on a roster of licensed nurses in Florida to study their use of personal digital assistants. the starting number of 12 was selected at random. indicate whether the sampling design is:
A. nonprobability
B. probability

Answer 19

B. probability

Question 20

casey randomly assigned 152 elders recruited from five nursing homes to a foot massage or a wait-list group to assess effects on levels of depression. Indicate whether the sampling design is:
A) Nonprobability
B) Probability

Answer 20

A. nonprobability

Question 21

marshall randomly selected 250 students from a large university to study their use of drugs and alcohol. Indicate whether the sampling design is:
A) Nonprobability
B) Probability

Answer 21

B. probability

Question 22

turner randomly assigned 50 men and 50 women smokers who responded to a recruitment notice to a smoking cessation intervention or to a control group. Indicate whether the sampling design is:
A) Nonprobability
B) Probability

Answer 22

A. nonprobability

Question 23

solomon studied circadian rhythms in a sample of pregnant women consecutively admitted to a hospital in the first 6 months of 2016 because of sever preeclampsia. indicate whether the sampling design is:
A. nonprobability
B. probability

Answer 23

A. nonprobability

Question 24

armer explored nightmares in hospitalized children and recruited both boys and girls from different socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. Indicate which type of sampling was used: A) Convenience or snowball B) Purposive C) Theoretical

Answer 24

B purposive

Question 25

dinsmores grounded theory study involved sampling patients whos experiences helped to better understand the emerging category of lost control. Indicate which type of sampling was used: A) Convenience or snowball B) Purposive C) Theoretical

Answer 25

C. theoretical

Question 26

oppenheim in his study of regret among patients who had had genetic testing asking early participants to refer friends with similar experiences. Indicate which type of sampling was used: A) Convenience or snowball B) Purposive C) Theoretical

Answer 26

A. snowball

Question 27

skaines study of eating patterns and self esteem in adolescents involved interviews with both anorexic and obese teenagers aged 14-17 years. Indicate which type of sampling was used: A) Convenience or snowball B) Purposive C) Theoretical

Answer 27

B. purposive

Question 28

in her study of injection drug users use of health care facilities, meagher recruited participants by posting a notice on a homeless shelter bulletin board. Indicate which type of sampling was used: A) Convenience or snowball B) Purposive C) Theoretical

Answer 28

A. convenience

Question 29

in the study of the culture of an infertility clinic, hornecks analysis is focused on the domain of shared responsibility. Indicate the relevant tradition: A) Ethnography B) Phenomenologic or Hermeneutic C) Grounded Theory

Answer 29

a. ethnographic

Question 30

in her study of the process of recovering from a still birth, Lucaas began her analysis using open coding. Indicate the relevant tradition: A) Ethnography B) Phenomenologic or Hermeneutic C) Grounded Theory

Answer 30

C. grounded theory

Question 31

mcgregor integrated materials from poems about love and death in a study of the experience of being a young widow or widower. Indicate the relevant tradition: A) Ethnography B) Phenomenologic or Hermeneutic C) Grounded Theory

Answer 31

B. phenomenologic

Question 32

schumacher and collegues searched for paradigm cases in their study of the experience of memory loss in nursing home residents Indicate the relevant tradition: A) Ethnography B) Phenomenologic or Hermeneutic C) Grounded Theory

Answer 32

B. hermeneutic

Question 33

in a study of stress in operating room nurses, Casey identified the core category as moral reckoning, Indicate the relevant tradition: A) Ethnography B) Phenomenologic or Hermeneutic C) Grounded Theory

Answer 33

C. grounded theory

Question 34

which of the following is not always required in systematic review? A. protocol development B. search strategy C. involvement of more than one author D. meta-analysis

Answer 34

A. protocol development

Question 35

systematic review of evidence from qualitative studies is also known as a meta-analysis? A. true B. false

Answer 35

B. false

Question 36

clinical practice guidelines: A. require uni-disciplinary team participation B. involve critical appraisal of research evidence C. do not include recommendations for practice D. are the highest quality of pre-appraisal evidence

Answer 36

B. involve critical appraisal of research evidence

Question 37

a researcher conducts a study in a controlled labatory setting to examine the ffects of a new exercise program on weight loss among adults. the study involves a sample of 30 participants, all of whom are colege students aged 18-22. the exercise program consists of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and is conducted under strict supervision. the study finds a significant reduction in body weight among the participants. in this case study what aspects of the study is most relevant to the external validity? A. controlled laboratory testing B. sample size of 30 participants C. college students aged 18-22 D. HIIT exercise program

Answer 37

C. college students aged 18-22

Question 38

a researcher conducted a study to examine the effects of a new teaching method on student performance in math. the participants are divided into two groups: group a consisting of 50 students, receives the new teaching method, while group B composed of 50 students receives traditional teaching method. the researcher measures the students math scores at the end of the semester. which of the following features of the study indicates that it is quasi-experiemental? that it is quasi-experimental? A) Blinding of participants was not possible. B) Participants were assigned to Group A or B based on the math class the students enrolled in. C) Participants were randomly assigned to Group A or Group B. D) Participants were blinded.

Answer 38

B. participants were assigned to group a or b based on the math class the students were enrolled in

Question 39

a nurse beings an EVB endeavor with the following question "is massage therapy more effective than music therapy in reducing agitation in nursing home residents with dementia?" in this question which of the PICO components is massage therapy? A) Outcome B) Population C) Intervention or influence D) Comparison

Answer 39

C. intervention

Question 40

a nurse beings and EVP endeavor with the following question: "does alternating pressure air mattresses reduce the incidence of pressure ulcers among icu clients?" in this question which of the PICO components is the "incidence of pressure ulcers" A) Outcome B) Population C) Intervention or influence D) Comparison

Answer 40

B. outcome

Question 41

the primary goal of ethnography is which of the following? A) To identify and categorize descriptors B) To abstract major themes C) To find patterns in the behavior and thoughts of participants D) To collect, describe, and record data

Answer 41

C. to find patterns in the behaviours and thought of participants

Question 42

qualitative researchers often count on recruiting by referral, which is called which of the following? A) Convenience sampling B) Snowball sampling C) Volunteer sampling D) Purposive sampling

Answer 42

B. snowball samplng

Question 43

Which of the following statements about sampling in qualitative research is true? ) Convenience sampling is considered the most appropriate method of selecting sample members. B) Larger samples are considered more rigorous than smaller samples. C) Using randomness in the sampling process is desirable. D) The type of sampling approach can change and evolve over the course of data collection.

Answer 43

D. the type of sampling approach can change and evolve over the course of data collection

Question 44

which of the following terms is especially controversial among qualitative researchers? A) Dependability B) Validity C) Transferability D) Credibility

Answer 44

B. validity

Question 45

which of the following is true regarding qualitative and quantitative research? ) Quantitative research and qualitative research both develop eligibility criteria before consenting participants. B) Quantitative research and qualitative research both use random samples whenever possible, to enhance the ability to predict within a wider population. C) Quantitative research and qualitative research both determine sample size in the same manner. D) Quantitative research and qualitative research both prefer a large sample to a small one, because it produces stronger statistical results.

Answer 45

A. quantitative research and qualitative research both develop eligibility criteria before consenting participants

Question 46

ethnographers strive to do which of the following? A) Understand human cultures B) Develop an etic perspective C) Link the etic and emic perspectives into a unified whole D) Understand the essence of a phenomenon

Answer 46

A. understand human cultures

Question 47

a critical concern for qualitative researchers in their sampling decisions is which of the following? A) Obtaining a sample that is representative of the population under study B) Accessing information-rich sources of data C) Recruiting a sample that can facilitate saturation quickly and efficiently D) Obtaining a sample with high potential for generalizability

Answer 47

B. accessing information-rich sources of data

Question 48

which of the following statements describes a population? A) All traumatic brain injury clients hospitalized in an intensive care unit during January 2022 B) Four hundred nurses selected from a membership list of Canadian Nurses' Association C) Selected members of families of clients undergoing surgery D) A sample of clients diagnosed with COPD and who currently smoke

Answer 48

A. all traumatic brain injury clients hospitalized in an ICU during jan 2022

Question 49

the nurse wishes to study the opinions of high school students concerning the availability of health care services at XYZ high school during the past school year which research design best fits with the study objective? A) Trend study B) Cross-sectional study C) Longitudinal study D) Follow-up study

Answer 49

B. cross-sectional study

Question 50

the term validity refers to which of the following? A) Truth of an inference B) Honesty of the report C) Accuracy of the measurement D) Preparation of the researcher

Answer 50

A. truth of an inference

Question 51

quasi-experimental research designs lack what feature found in true experimental research? A) Control groups B) Pretests C) Randomization D) Placebos

Answer 51

C. randomization

Question 52

A group of nurse researchers specializing in the care of pediatric oncology decide to perform interviews on nurses caring for pediatric oncology patients to determine patterns of caring. After deciding on fifteen interview questions, they submit their draft to five pediatric oncology nurse practitioners for input. This practice illustrates obtaining which of the following? A. internal consistency B. content validity C. face validity D. equivalency

Answer 52

B. content validity

Question 53

a study that followed over a 20 year period 500 users and 500 non0users of oral contraceptives to determine if there were any long term side effects would be which of the following? A) Time series B) Retrospective study C) Prospective study D) Crossover study

Answer 53

C. Prospective

Question 54

strata are incorporated into the design of which of the following sampling approaches? A) Systematic B) Purposive C) Quota D) Consecutive

Answer 54

C. quota

Question 55

sampling may be defined as which of the following? A) Selection of a accessible population for a study B) Selection of a subset of a population to represent the entire population. C) Assignment of study participants to treatment groups D) Technique for ensuring that every element in the population has an equal chance of being included in the study

Answer 55

B. selection of a subset of a population to represent the entire population

Question 56

a research hypothesis: A) Predicts the expected results or outcomes of the study. B) Defines the theoretical framework for the study. C) Identifies the source of the problem under study. D) Clarifies the concepts used in the study.

Answer 56

A. predicts the expected results or outcomes of the study

Question 57

what is a character of an independent variable? A) It is the variable that is predicted to change. B) It varies with a change in the dependent variable. C) It is manipulated by the researcher. D) It can be identified only by changes in the dependent variable.

Answer 57

C. it is manipulated by the researcher

Question 58

the nurse develops the following hypothesis: elderly women receive less aggressive treatment for breast cancer than younger women, which would be considered the dependent variable? A) Degree of treatment received. B) Age of the patient. C) Type of cancer being treated. D) Use of inpatient treatment.

Answer 58

A. degree of treatment recieved.

Question 59

what is the purpose of grounded theory? A) To support theoretical frameworks. B) To generate theory from data. C) To develop explanatory models. D) To find significant differences among groups of people.

Answer 59

B to generate theory from data

Question 60

in which type of research is there high researcher control, random sampling, and laboratory settings? A) Descriptive B) Correlational C) Quasi-experimental D) Experimental

Answer 60

D. experimental

Question 61

which of the following study designs indicates the highest level of evidence? A) A randomized controlled trial (RCT) B) A quasi-experimental study C) A meta-analysis D) A case study

Answer 61

C. meta-anaysis

Question 62

which title suggests an ethnographic study? A) The challenge of retaining femininity after mastectomy B) The phenomenon of breast self-examination in among African American women C) The lived experience of breast cancer in postmenopausal women D) The experience of teens and parents receiving cancer prevention patient education materials

Answer 62

B the phenomenon of breast self-examination in among african american women

Question 63

which of the following research topics would most likely be studied through a qualitative design? A) What is the relationship between perceived risk and willingness to interact with individuals with HIV/AIDS in older adults diagnosed with HIV/AIDS? B) Is there a change in measures of hope and coping in adults over 65 after completing rehabilitation from a hip fracture? C) What is the meaning of health and health promotion among low-income, Southern, rural women? D) What are the effects of exercise on fatigue rate and level of emotional distress in patients undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer?

Answer 63

C. what is the meaning of health and health promotion among low-income southern rural women?

Question 64

the nurse researcher is conducting a qualitative research study using one participant who will be interviewed regarding her experience with postpartum depression. What is the rationale for using a qualitative instead of quantitative study design in this case? A) Qualitative research seeks to explain cause-and-effect relationships between variables. B) Quantitative research is usually conducted in natural settings using data that are words rather than numbers C) Quantitative research typically uses a convenience sample, seeking to answer a clinical question about a human experience. D) Qualitative research seeks to understand meaning, allowing for in-depth understanding of an experience or phenomenon.

Answer 64

D. qualitative research seeks to understand meaning, allowing for in-depth understanding of an experience of phenomenon

Question 65

what is the primary value of EBP? A) Differentiate nursing research as unique from the research of other disciplines, such as medicine or social work. B) Develop new nursing theories to promote the growth of nursing science. C) Implement the most cost-effective nursing practices when providing patient care. D) Incorporate research findings with clinical expertise when individualizing patient care.

Answer 65

D. incorporates research findings with clincal expertise when individualizing patient care

Question 66

how is PICO used in EBP? it is used: A) To formulate the practice question B) To grade the evidence C) To critique practice guidelines D) To present a project plan to nursing faculty

Answer 66

A. to formulate the practice question

Question 67

a nurse on in intensive care unit is engaged in nursing practice that is evidence based. The nurse recognizes which sequence of steps that will result in evidence-based practice? A) Appraise and assess the evidence, act, evaluate, gather evidence, ask a clinical question B) Evaluate, act, appraise and assess the evidence, gather evidence, ask a clinical question C) Ask a clinical question, gather evidence, assess and appraise the evidence, act, and evaluate D) Act, evaluate, ask a clinical question, assess and appraise the evidence, gather evidence

Answer 67

C. ask a clinical question, gather evidence, assess and appriase the evidence, act and evaluate

Question 68

florence nightingale is most noted for which of the following contributions to nursing research? A) Case study approach to research B) Data collection and analysis C) Framework and model development D) Quasi-experimental study design

Answer 68

B. data collection and analysis

Question 69

which characteristics is a key criterion for causality? A) Cause occurring before the effect. B) Third variable involved with the cause and effect. C) No empirical relationship between the cause and effect. D) Single-source evidence about the relationship

Answer 69

A. cause occurring before effect

Question 70

n experimental research design involves a nonrandomized control trial A) True B) False

Answer 70

B. false

Question 71

a true experiment requires that the researcher manipulated the independent variable by administering an experimental treatment or intervention to some subjects while withholding it from others. A. true B. false

Answer 71

A. true

Question 72

which design is considered a quasi-experimental research design? A) Pretest-Posttest design B) Posttest-only design C) Crossover design D) Within-subject design

Answer 72

D. within-subject design

Question 73

cross sectional research designs are helpful in showing patterns of change A. true B. false

Answer 73

B. false

Question 74

what process is associated with descriptive phenomenology? A) Emic perspective B) Bracketing C) Fieldwork D) Lived Human Relation

Answer 74

B. bracketing

Question 75

when applying grounded theory methods the researcher obtains the sample first then collects data? A. true B. false

Answer 75

B. false

Question 76

which phrase best describes the key objective of critical theory research? A) Long-term data collection B) Gender domination C) Transformation D) Vulnerable groups

Answer 76

C. transformation

Question 77

which of the following bet describes rigour in the context of a RCT? A) The willingness of participants to comply with the study protocol. B) The level of ethical scrutiny applied to the study design. C) The accuracy and precision in measuring outcomes and data collection. D) The number of treatment groups included in the trial.

Answer 77

C. the accuracy and precision in measuring outcomes and data collection

Question 78

Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of using the AGREE II tool? A) AGREE II assesses the clinical effectiveness of the guideline's recommendations. B) AGREE II evaluates the credibility and methodological rigour of the guideline development process. C) AGREE II measures the impact of the guideline on patient outcomes. D) AGREE II provides an overall rating of the guideline's alignment with healthcare policies

Answer 78

B agree 11 evaluates the credibility and methodological rigour of the guideline development process

Question 79

nurse researcher is conducting research to explore the lived experiences of individuals who have undergone major life transitions, such as divorce or job loss. She wants to use a research design that allows her to deeply understand the subjective perspectives of her participants and uncover the essence of their experiences. What research design would be most appropriate for the researcher to use in her study exploring the lived experiences of individuals undergoing major life transitions? A) Ethnographic research design B) Grounded theory design design C) Phenomenological research design D) Case study research design

Answer 79

C. phenomenological research design

Question 80

eet Emma, a dedicated nurse working in a community health center. She is assigned to provide patient teaching to Lisa, a newly diagnosed diabetic patient, about the most effective strategies to manage her diabetes at home. Emma knows the importance of evidence-based practice and decides to start her teaching with a thorough research evidence search. Why is it essential for Emma to use evidence-based practice in her patient teaching? A. to impress her colleagues and showcase her research skills. B) To ensure the patient feels confident in her abilities as a nurse. C) To provide the most up-to-date and effective care to the patient. D) To save time and avoid making unnecessary changes to her teaching.

Answer 80

C. to provide the most up to date and effective care to the patient

Question 81

. After realizing the importance of evidence-based practice, Emma decides to use preappraised sources of evidence. What is the advantage of using pre-appraised sources of evidence? A) They provide information that aligns with Emma's personal opinions. B) They offer a quick and easy way to access evidence-based information. C) They are more likely to have biased information. D) They contain detailed research studies for in-depth analysis.

Answer 81

B. they offer a quick and easy way to access evidence based information

Question 82

ccording to the 6S Pyramid of Pre-appraised Evidence, which level of evidence would be the most appropriate to determine evidence-based strategies for managing diabetes at home? A) Original studies (e.g., individual randomized controlled trials). B) Synopses of single studies (e.g., single study summaries). C) Syntheses (e.g., systematic reviews or meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials). D) Summaries (e.g., evidence-based clinical practice guidelines)

Answer 82

D. summaries e.g. EBP guidelines

Question 83

Emma prepares for her patient teaching session with Lisa on managing diabetes at home, she recognizes the importance of integrating other ways of knowing alongside research evidence to provide holistic care. Which of the following best exemplifies Emma's integration of other ways of knowing with the research evidence in her patient teaching? A) Emma emphasizes using traditional herbal remedies for diabetes management based on anecdotal evidence from her other clients. B) Emma dismisses the research evidence in favour of her personal clinical experiences, believing it to be more accurate for her client base. C) Emma encourages Lisa to modify the evidence-based strategies she provides to suit her lifestyle. D) Emma integrates the evidence with her clinical expertise to tailor personalized diabetes management strategies for Lisa.

Answer 83

D. emma integrates the evidence with her clinical expertise to tailor personalized diabetes management strategies for Lisa.