final exam Flashcards

1
Q

which of the following data collection method is commonly used in qualitative research?
A. observations
B. biometric manipulations
C. experimental manipulations
D. surveys

A

A. observations

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2
Q

a pretest in a pretest-posttest design corresponds to:
A. an outcome measure
B. a baseline measure
C. a measure of attitudes towards the intervention
D. measure of the independent variable

A

B. a baseline measure

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3
Q

which of the following statements best represents a criticism of evidence-based practice?
A. EBP is universally applicable and does not require adaptation to different clinical settings applicable
B. EBP can be overly rigid and may not account for individual patient preferences and values
C. EVB promotes excessive reliance on expert opinion and ignores scientific evidence
D. EVP does not prioritize cost-effectiveness and may lead to wasteful health-care spending

A

B. EBP can be overly rigid and may not account for individual patient preferences and values

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4
Q

which of the following research designs is typically used to establish cause-and-effect relationships in quantitative research?
A. descriptive longitudinal design
B. ethnographic design
C. correlational design
D. quasi-experimental design

A

D. qausi-experimental design

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4
Q

which of the following options correctly represents the evidence hierarchy in research from the highest level of evidence to the lowest?
A. randomized controlled trials, case-control studies, cohort studies, meta-analysis, expert opinions
B. systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, case-control studies, cohort studies, expert opinions
C. systematic reviews, randomized control trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, expert opinions
D. randomized controlled trials, meta-analysis, cohort studies, case-control studies, expert opinions

A

C. systematic reviews, RCT, cohort studies, case-control studies, expert opinions

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5
Q

which of the following statements best describes a key difference between quantitative and qualitative research?
A) Quantitative research designs tend to require larger sample sizes, while qualitative research involves
smaller sample sizes.
B) Quantitative and qualitative research designs use
both open-ended and close-ended questions.
C) Quantitative research uses probability and
non-probability sampling methods, while qualitative
research emphasizes probability sampling methods.
D) Quantitative research prioritizes an in-depth understanding of individual experiences, while qualitative
research aims for generalizability.

A

A. quantitative research designs tend to require larger sample sizes, while qualitative research involves smaller sample sizes

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6
Q

within which qualitative tradition would the following question be addressed? “what is the essence of men’s experiences of chemotherapy treatment for prostate cancer?”
A) Grounded theory
B) Ethnography
C) Phenomenology
D) Qualitative description

A

C. phenomenology

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7
Q

which design question is relevant in both quantitative and qualitative studies?
A) How will confounding variables be controlled?
B) How often will data be collected?
C) Will the independent variable be manipulated?
D) Who will be blinded?

A

B. how often will data be collected?

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8
Q

Kendall randomly assigned postsurgical patients to aromatherapy or usual care, to assess effects on nausea. indicate whether the designs is:
A) Experimental
B) Quasi-experimental or
C) Non-experimental

A

A. experimental

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9
Q

Madden compared levels of agitation in two groups of nursing home residents, one group living in a home where they received a daily foot massage for two weeks and the other in a home without the massages. indicate whether the study design is:
A) Experimental
B) Quasi-experimental or
C) Non-experimental

A

B. quasi-experimental

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10
Q

dean studied daily pain ratings over a 10 week period for a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who began a tai chi program in week 5. indicate whether the study design is:
A) Experimental
B) Quasi-experimental or
C) Non-experimental

A

B. quasi-experimental

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11
Q

Abraham compared pregnant women who did or did not have a miscarriage in terms of subsequent marital satisfaction. indicate whether the study design is:
A) Experimental
B) Quasi-experimental or
C) Non-experimental

A

C. non-experimental

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12
Q

Theriault compared patients who were assigned at random to a program to manage urinary incontinence or to a wait list group who received the program 6 months later. indicate whether the study design is:
A) Experimental
B) Quasi-experimental or
C) Non-experimental

A

A. experimental

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13
Q

Quinn studies the experience of learning about a parent’s cancer diagnosis, from the perspective of adolescents aged 15-18 years. indicate which qualitative tradition would most likely be used:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded Theory

A

B. phenomenology

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14
Q

Petrik studies end-of-life caregiving for elders living on a Hopi reservation in Arizona. indicate which qualitative tradition would most likely be used:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded Theory

A

A. ethnography

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15
Q

moore studied basic social processes women use to maintain balance through their menopausal transition. indicate which qualitative tradition would most likely be used:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded Theory

A

C. grounded theory

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16
Q

futterer studied the meaning of the respite experience of family caregivers of patients with dementia. indicate which qualitative tradition would most likely be used:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded Theory

A

B. phenomenology

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17
Q

viator explored how pregnant women managed the process of deciding on and arranging a home birth. indicate which qualitative tradition would most likely be used:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded Theory

A

C. grounded theory

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18
Q

neumanns study focused on reciprocal care seeking and care giving behavior among patients within the culture of a mental health facility. indicate which qualitative tradition would most likely be used:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded Theory

A

A. ethnography

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19
Q

Kane sampled every 25th nurse on a roster of licensed nurses in Florida to study their use of personal digital assistants. the starting number of 12 was selected at random. indicate whether the sampling design is:
A. nonprobability
B. probability

A

B. probability

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20
Q

casey randomly assigned 152 elders recruited from five nursing homes to a foot massage or a wait-list group to assess effects on levels of depression. Indicate whether the sampling design is:
A) Nonprobability
B) Probability

A

A. nonprobability

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21
Q

marshall randomly selected 250 students from a large university to study their use of drugs and alcohol. Indicate whether the sampling design is:
A) Nonprobability
B) Probability

A

B. probability

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22
Q

turner randomly assigned 50 men and 50 women smokers who responded to a recruitment notice to a smoking cessation intervention or to a control group. Indicate whether the sampling design is:
A) Nonprobability
B) Probability

A

A. nonprobability

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23
Q

solomon studied circadian rhythms in a sample of pregnant women consecutively admitted to a hospital in the first 6 months of 2016 because of sever preeclampsia. indicate whether the sampling design is:
A. nonprobability
B. probability

A

A. nonprobability

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24
Q

armer explored nightmares in hospitalized children and recruited both boys and girls from different socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. Indicate which
type of sampling was used:
A) Convenience or snowball
B) Purposive
C) Theoretical

A

B purposive

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25
Q

dinsmores grounded theory study involved sampling patients whos experiences helped to better understand the emerging category of lost control. Indicate which
type of sampling was used:
A) Convenience or snowball
B) Purposive
C) Theoretical

A

C. theoretical

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26
Q

oppenheim in his study of regret among patients who had had genetic testing asking early participants to refer friends with similar experiences. Indicate which
type of sampling was used:
A) Convenience or snowball
B) Purposive
C) Theoretical

A

A. snowball

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27
Q

skaines study of eating patterns and self esteem in adolescents involved interviews with both anorexic and obese teenagers aged 14-17 years. Indicate which
type of sampling was used:
A) Convenience or snowball
B) Purposive
C) Theoretical

A

B. purposive

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28
Q

in her study of injection drug users use of health care facilities, meagher recruited participants by posting a notice on a homeless shelter bulletin board. Indicate which
type of sampling was used:
A) Convenience or snowball
B) Purposive
C) Theoretical

A

A. convenience

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29
Q

in the study of the culture of an infertility clinic, hornecks analysis is focused on the domain of shared responsibility. Indicate the relevant tradition:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenologic or Hermeneutic
C) Grounded Theory

A

a. ethnographic

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30
Q

in her study of the process of recovering from a still birth, Lucaas began her analysis using open coding. Indicate the relevant tradition:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenologic or Hermeneutic
C) Grounded Theory

A

C. grounded theory

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31
Q

mcgregor integrated materials from poems about love and death in a study of the experience of being a young widow or widower. Indicate the relevant tradition:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenologic or Hermeneutic
C) Grounded Theory

A

B. phenomenologic

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32
Q

schumacher and collegues searched for paradigm cases in their study of the experience of memory loss in nursing home residents Indicate the relevant tradition:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenologic or Hermeneutic
C) Grounded Theory

A

B. hermeneutic

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33
Q

in a study of stress in operating room nurses, Casey identified the core category as moral reckoning, Indicate the relevant tradition:
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenologic or Hermeneutic
C) Grounded Theory

A

C. grounded theory

34
Q

which of the following is not always required in systematic review?
A. protocol development
B. search strategy
C. involvement of more than one author
D. meta-analysis

A

A. protocol development

35
Q

systematic review of evidence from qualitative studies is also known as a meta-analysis?
A. true
B. false

A

B. false

36
Q

clinical practice guidelines:
A. require uni-disciplinary team participation
B. involve critical appraisal of research evidence
C. do not include recommendations for practice
D. are the highest quality of pre-appraisal evidence

A

B. involve critical appraisal of research evidence

37
Q

a researcher conducts a study in a controlled labatory setting to examine the ffects of a new exercise program on weight loss among adults. the study involves a sample of 30 participants, all of whom are colege students aged 18-22. the exercise program consists of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and is conducted under strict supervision. the study finds a significant reduction in body weight among the participants. in this case study what aspects of the study is most relevant to the external validity?
A. controlled laboratory testing
B. sample size of 30 participants
C. college students aged 18-22
D. HIIT exercise program

A

C. college students aged 18-22

38
Q

a researcher conducted a study to examine the effects of a new teaching method on student performance in math. the participants are divided into two groups: group a consisting of 50 students, receives the new teaching method, while group B composed of 50 students receives traditional teaching method. the researcher measures the students math scores at the end of the semester. which of the following features of the study indicates that it is quasi-experiemental?
that it is quasi-experimental?
A) Blinding of participants was not possible.
B) Participants were assigned to Group A or B based
on the math class the students enrolled in.
C) Participants were randomly assigned to Group A or
Group B.
D) Participants were blinded.

A

B. participants were assigned to group a or b based on the math class the students were enrolled in

39
Q

a nurse beings an EVB endeavor with the following question “is massage therapy more effective than music therapy in reducing agitation in nursing home residents with dementia?” in this question which of the PICO components is massage therapy?
A) Outcome
B) Population
C) Intervention or influence
D) Comparison

A

C. intervention

40
Q

a nurse beings and EVP endeavor with the following question: “does alternating pressure air mattresses reduce the incidence of pressure ulcers among icu clients?” in this question which of the PICO components is the “incidence of pressure ulcers”
A) Outcome
B) Population
C) Intervention or influence
D) Comparison

A

B. outcome

41
Q

the primary goal of ethnography is which of the following?
A) To identify and categorize descriptors
B) To abstract major themes
C) To find patterns in the behavior and thoughts of
participants
D) To collect, describe, and record data

A

C. to find patterns in the behaviours and thought of participants

42
Q

qualitative researchers often count on recruiting by referral, which is called which of the following?
A) Convenience sampling
B) Snowball sampling
C) Volunteer sampling
D) Purposive sampling

A

B. snowball samplng

43
Q

Which of the following statements about sampling in qualitative research is true?
) Convenience sampling is considered the most appropriate method of selecting sample members.
B) Larger samples are considered more rigorous than
smaller samples.
C) Using randomness in the sampling process is desirable.
D) The type of sampling approach can change and
evolve over the course of data collection.

A

D. the type of sampling approach can change and evolve over the course of data collection

44
Q

which of the following terms is especially controversial among qualitative researchers?
A) Dependability
B) Validity
C) Transferability
D) Credibility

A

B. validity

45
Q

which of the following is true regarding qualitative and quantitative research?
) Quantitative research and qualitative research both
develop eligibility criteria before consenting participants.
B) Quantitative research and qualitative research both
use random samples whenever possible, to enhance
the ability to predict within a wider population.
C) Quantitative research and qualitative research both
determine sample size in the same manner.
D) Quantitative research and qualitative research both
prefer a large sample to a small one, because it produces stronger statistical results.

A

A. quantitative research and qualitative research both develop eligibility criteria before consenting participants

46
Q

ethnographers strive to do which of the following?
A) Understand human cultures
B) Develop an etic perspective
C) Link the etic and emic perspectives into a unified
whole
D) Understand the essence of a phenomenon

A

A. understand human cultures

47
Q

a critical concern for qualitative researchers in their sampling decisions is which of the following?
A) Obtaining a sample that is representative of the
population under study
B) Accessing information-rich sources of data
C) Recruiting a sample that can facilitate saturation
quickly and efficiently
D) Obtaining a sample with high potential for generalizability

A

B. accessing information-rich sources of data

48
Q

which of the following statements describes a population?
A) All traumatic brain injury clients hospitalized in an
intensive care unit during January 2022
B) Four hundred nurses selected from a membership
list of Canadian Nurses’ Association
C) Selected members of families of clients undergoing surgery
D) A sample of clients diagnosed with COPD and who
currently smoke

A

A. all traumatic brain injury clients hospitalized in an ICU during jan 2022

49
Q

the nurse wishes to study the opinions of high school students concerning the availability of health care services at XYZ high school during the past school year which research design best fits with the study objective?
A) Trend study
B) Cross-sectional study
C) Longitudinal study
D) Follow-up study

A

B. cross-sectional study

50
Q

the term validity refers to which of the following?
A) Truth of an inference
B) Honesty of the report
C) Accuracy of the measurement
D) Preparation of the researcher

A

A. truth of an inference

51
Q

quasi-experimental research designs lack what feature found in true experimental research?
A) Control groups
B) Pretests
C) Randomization
D) Placebos

A

C. randomization

52
Q

A group of nurse researchers specializing in the care
of pediatric oncology decide to perform interviews
on nurses caring for pediatric oncology patients to
determine patterns of caring. After deciding on fifteen
interview questions, they submit their draft to five
pediatric oncology nurse practitioners for input. This
practice illustrates obtaining which of the following?
A. internal consistency
B. content validity
C. face validity
D. equivalency

A

B. content validity

53
Q

a study that followed over a 20 year period 500 users and 500 non0users of oral contraceptives to determine if there were any long term side effects would be which of the following?
A) Time series
B) Retrospective study
C) Prospective study
D) Crossover study

A

C. Prospective

54
Q

strata are incorporated into the design of which of the following sampling approaches?
A) Systematic
B) Purposive
C) Quota
D) Consecutive

A

C. quota

55
Q

sampling may be defined as which of the following?
A) Selection of a accessible population for a study
B) Selection of a subset of a population to represent
the entire population.
C) Assignment of study participants to treatment
groups
D) Technique for ensuring that every element in the
population has an equal chance of being included in
the study

A

B. selection of a subset of a population to represent the entire population

56
Q

a research hypothesis:
A) Predicts the expected results or outcomes of the
study.
B) Defines the theoretical framework for the study.
C) Identifies the source of the problem under study.
D) Clarifies the concepts used in the study.

A

A. predicts the expected results or outcomes of the study

57
Q

what is a character of an independent variable?
A) It is the variable that is predicted to change.
B) It varies with a change in the dependent variable.
C) It is manipulated by the researcher.
D) It can be identified only by changes in the dependent variable.

A

C. it is manipulated by the researcher

58
Q

the nurse develops the following hypothesis: elderly women receive less aggressive treatment for breast cancer than younger women, which would be considered the dependent variable?
A) Degree of treatment received.
B) Age of the patient.
C) Type of cancer being treated.
D) Use of inpatient treatment.

A

A. degree of treatment recieved.

59
Q

what is the purpose of grounded theory?
A) To support theoretical frameworks.
B) To generate theory from data.
C) To develop explanatory models.
D) To find significant differences among groups of
people.

A

B to generate theory from data

60
Q

in which type of research is there high researcher control, random sampling, and laboratory settings?
A) Descriptive
B) Correlational
C) Quasi-experimental
D) Experimental

A

D. experimental

61
Q

which of the following study designs indicates the highest level of evidence?
A) A randomized controlled trial (RCT)
B) A quasi-experimental study
C) A meta-analysis
D) A case study

A

C. meta-anaysis

62
Q

which title suggests an ethnographic study?
A) The challenge of retaining femininity after mastectomy
B) The phenomenon of breast self-examination in
among African American women
C) The lived experience of breast cancer in postmenopausal women
D) The experience of teens and parents receiving cancer prevention patient education materials

A

B the phenomenon of breast self-examination in among african american women

63
Q

which of the following research topics would most likely be studied through a qualitative design?
A) What is the relationship between perceived risk and
willingness to interact with individuals with HIV/AIDS
in older adults diagnosed with HIV/AIDS?
B) Is there a change in measures of hope and coping
in adults over 65 after completing rehabilitation from
a hip fracture?
C) What is the meaning of health and health promotion
among low-income, Southern, rural women?
D) What are the effects of exercise on fatigue rate
and level of emotional distress in patients undergoing
radiation therapy for breast cancer?

A

C. what is the meaning of health and health promotion among low-income southern rural women?

64
Q

the nurse researcher is conducting a qualitative research study using one participant who will be interviewed regarding her experience with postpartum depression. What is the rationale for using a qualitative
instead of quantitative study design in this case?
A) Qualitative research seeks to explain cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
B) Quantitative research is usually conducted in natural settings using data that are words rather than numbers
C) Quantitative research typically uses a convenience
sample, seeking to answer a clinical question about a
human experience.
D) Qualitative research seeks to understand meaning,
allowing for in-depth understanding of an experience
or phenomenon.

A

D. qualitative research seeks to understand meaning, allowing for in-depth understanding of an experience of phenomenon

65
Q

what is the primary value of EBP?
A) Differentiate nursing research as unique from the
research of other disciplines, such as medicine or
social work.
B) Develop new nursing theories to promote the
growth of nursing science.
C) Implement the most cost-effective nursing practices when providing patient care.
D) Incorporate research findings with clinical expertise when individualizing patient care.

A

D. incorporates research findings with clincal expertise when individualizing patient care

66
Q

how is PICO used in EBP? it is used:
A) To formulate the practice question
B) To grade the evidence
C) To critique practice guidelines
D) To present a project plan to nursing faculty

A

A. to formulate the practice question

67
Q

a nurse on in intensive care unit is engaged in nursing practice that is evidence based. The nurse recognizes which sequence of steps that will result in
evidence-based practice?
A) Appraise and assess the evidence, act, evaluate,
gather evidence, ask a clinical question
B) Evaluate, act, appraise and assess the evidence,
gather evidence, ask a clinical question
C) Ask a clinical question, gather evidence, assess
and appraise the evidence, act, and evaluate
D) Act, evaluate, ask a clinical question, assess and
appraise the evidence, gather evidence

A

C. ask a clinical question, gather evidence, assess and appriase the evidence, act and evaluate

68
Q

florence nightingale is most noted for which of the following contributions to nursing research?
A) Case study approach to research
B) Data collection and analysis
C) Framework and model development
D) Quasi-experimental study design

A

B. data collection and analysis

69
Q

which characteristics is a key criterion for causality?
A) Cause occurring before the effect.
B) Third variable involved with the cause and effect.
C) No empirical relationship between the cause and
effect.
D) Single-source evidence about the relationship

A

A. cause occurring before effect

70
Q

n experimental research design involves a nonrandomized control trial
A) True
B) False

A

B. false

71
Q

a true experiment requires that the researcher manipulated the independent variable by administering an experimental treatment or intervention to some subjects while withholding it from others.
A. true
B. false

A

A. true

72
Q

which design is considered a quasi-experimental research design?
A) Pretest-Posttest design
B) Posttest-only design
C) Crossover design
D) Within-subject design

A

D. within-subject design

73
Q

cross sectional research designs are helpful in showing patterns of change
A. true
B. false

A

B. false

74
Q

what process is associated with descriptive phenomenology?
A) Emic perspective
B) Bracketing
C) Fieldwork
D) Lived Human Relation

A

B. bracketing

75
Q

when applying grounded theory methods the researcher obtains the sample first then collects data?
A. true
B. false

A

B. false

76
Q

which phrase best describes the key objective of critical theory research?
A) Long-term data collection
B) Gender domination
C) Transformation
D) Vulnerable groups

A

C. transformation

77
Q

which of the following bet describes rigour in the context of a RCT?
A) The willingness of participants to comply with the
study protocol.
B) The level of ethical scrutiny applied to the study
design.
C) The accuracy and precision in measuring outcomes and data collection.
D) The number of treatment groups included in the
trial.

A

C. the accuracy and precision in measuring outcomes and data collection

78
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the
purpose of using the AGREE II tool?
A) AGREE II assesses the clinical effectiveness of the
guideline’s recommendations.
B) AGREE II evaluates the credibility and methodological rigour of the guideline development process.
C) AGREE II measures the impact of the guideline on
patient outcomes.
D) AGREE II provides an overall rating of the guideline’s alignment with healthcare policies

A

B agree 11 evaluates the credibility and methodological rigour of the guideline development process

79
Q

nurse researcher is conducting research to explore
the lived experiences of individuals who have undergone major life transitions, such as divorce or job
loss. She wants to use a research design that allows
her to deeply understand the subjective perspectives
of her participants and uncover the essence of their
experiences. What research design would be most appropriate for the researcher to use in her study exploring the lived experiences of individuals undergoing
major life transitions?
A) Ethnographic research design
B) Grounded theory design design
C) Phenomenological research design
D) Case study research design

A

C. phenomenological research design

80
Q

eet Emma, a dedicated nurse working in a community health center. She is assigned to provide patient
teaching to Lisa, a newly diagnosed diabetic patient,
about the most effective strategies to manage her
diabetes at home. Emma knows the importance of evidence-based practice and decides to start her teaching with a thorough research evidence search. Why is
it essential for Emma to use evidence-based practice
in her patient teaching?
A. to impress her colleagues and showcase her research skills.
B) To ensure the patient feels confident in her abilities
as a nurse.
C) To provide the most up-to-date and effective care to
the patient.
D) To save time and avoid making unnecessary
changes to her teaching.

A

C. to provide the most up to date and effective care to the patient

81
Q

. After realizing the importance of evidence-based
practice, Emma decides to use preappraised sources
of evidence. What is the advantage of using pre-appraised sources of evidence?
A) They provide information that aligns with Emma’s
personal opinions.
B) They offer a quick and easy way to access evidence-based information.
C) They are more likely to have biased information.
D) They contain detailed research studies for in-depth
analysis.

A

B. they offer a quick and easy way to access evidence based information

82
Q

ccording to the 6S Pyramid of Pre-appraised Evidence, which level of evidence would be the most
appropriate to determine evidence-based strategies
for managing diabetes at home?
A) Original studies (e.g., individual randomized controlled trials).
B) Synopses of single studies (e.g., single study summaries).
C) Syntheses (e.g., systematic reviews or meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials).
D) Summaries (e.g., evidence-based clinical practice
guidelines)

A

D. summaries e.g. EBP guidelines

83
Q

Emma prepares for her patient teaching session with
Lisa on managing diabetes at home, she recognizes
the importance of integrating other ways of knowing
alongside research evidence to provide holistic care. Which of the following best exemplifies Emma’s integration of other ways of knowing with the research
evidence in her patient teaching?
A) Emma emphasizes using traditional herbal remedies for diabetes management based on anecdotal
evidence from her other clients.
B) Emma dismisses the research evidence in favour
of her personal clinical experiences, believing it to be
more accurate for her client base.
C) Emma encourages Lisa to modify the evidence-based strategies she provides to suit her
lifestyle.
D) Emma integrates the evidence with her clinical
expertise to tailor personalized diabetes management
strategies for Lisa.

A

D. emma integrates the evidence with her clinical expertise to tailor personalized diabetes management strategies for Lisa.