Final Exam

Question 1

Toxic Vs. Hazardous

Answer 1

Hazardous refers to a dangerous physical or chemical agent. toxic refers to a substance with the potential to have adverse effects at certain concentrations.

Question 2

Define “toxin”

Answer 2

Poison produced by living things

Question 3

Define “Toxicant”

Answer 3

poison manufactured by humans or released by human activities

Question 4

Define “Xenobiotic”

Answer 4

Substances “strange to” the organism

Question 5

Define “toxicity”

Answer 5

Property of being poisonous

Question 6

Define “Xenoestrogen”

Answer 6

A substance that imitates estrogen

Question 7

Irritants

Answer 7

Corrosives, caustics, and other substances that damage tissue on contact

Question 8

Asphyxiants

Answer 8

Any substance, especially a gas, that restricts or causes a reduced intake of oxygen into the body, leading to unconsciousness or death

Question 9

Canarys in the coal mine

Answer 9

they were used to indicate when gas levels elevated to warn the miners to get out

Question 10

Neurotoxin

Answer 10

Something that specifically attacks nerve cells

Question 11

Respiratory fibrotic agent

Answer 11

cause formation of scar tissue o lungs which leads to reduced respiratory capacity

Question 12

Allergens

Answer 12

Activate immune system response directly as antigens or indirectly by turning other substances into antigens

Question 13

Endocrine Disruptors

Answer 13

Substances that interfere with or mimic the normal action of hormones (Example: BisPhenol A)

Question 14

Carcinogens

Answer 14

Cancer causing agents

Question 15

Teratogens

Answer 15

Results in birth defects by altering normal cellular differentiation or growth processes

Question 16

Mutagens

Answer 16

Change the structure of genetic material

Question 17

Major routes of exposure of toxicants

Answer 17

-inhalation
-skin contact/dermal absorption
-ingestion

Question 18

Environmental factors affecting toxicity

Answer 18

1)Extrinsic
2)Intrinsic

Question 19

Extrinsic factors affecting toxicity

Answer 19

1)Biotic: factors resulting from the activities of a living things or any living component in an environment
2)Abiotic: non-living factors that effect the living organism community, air, water, soil, temperature, and climate

Question 20

Intrinsic factors affecting toxicity

Answer 20

1) Effects of previous exposure to toxicants
2)genetics
3)sex, age, life stage, activity level
4)nutritional status
5)disease status
6)stress

Question 21

what are the four steps to toxicity?

Answer 21

1)delivery
2)reaction
3)cellular dysfunction and resultant toxicity
4)repair and adaptation

Question 22

Modes of cellular dysfunction

Answer 22

Chemicals that causes DNA adducts, protein adducts, oxidative stress, and chemicals that specifically interact with protein targets

Question 23

Red tide

Answer 23

common name used for a harmful algal bloom. High concentrations of karenia brevis, a microscopic marine algae. can cause death in aquatic life and respiratory issues in humans

Question 24

Types of mutations

Answer 24

1)point mutation
2)chromosomal mutations
3)Genomic Mutations

Question 25

How are mutagens detected?

Answer 25

1)Human exposures using historical data
2)animal tests
3)bacterial tests