final exam Flashcards
what are the three entities of the criminal justice system?
law enforcement, courts, and corrections
what is the responsibilities of the courts
the courts are responsible for interpreting and applying the law
what is the most reported street crime
motor vehicle theft
what government agency is responsible for the UCR program
the FBI
what is mens rea
guilty mind (done with intent)
who is more likely to get charged:
- a black man who murdered a white woman
- a black man who murdered a black woman
- a white man who murdered a black man
- a white man who murdered a white woman
a black man who murdered a white woman
after a person is charged for a crime, what is the next step in the criminal justice system?
a judge informs the defendant of their charges – an arraignment
murder, rape, and robbery are commonly categorized as which type of crime?
street crimes
_________ is the most reported street crime
motor vehicle theft
the president of a financial consultant firm is accused of stealing money from the company that normally would have gone to shareholders. this is an example of what?
white collar crime
online identity theft is an example of what category of crime?
cybercrime
what evidence is necessary to claim justifiable homicide
imminent threat to human life
__________ perspective holds the belief that if a punishment is weak criminals won’t feat the punishment
crime control
a criminal justice advocate argues that all people accused of crimes must be treated fairly and equally, regardless of personal characteristics in accordance with the US constitution. the advocate’s argument reflect the _______________ perspective
due process
one of the biggest problems with the media’s portrayal of the criminal justice system is the
spread of inaccurate views of crime and victimization
the two primary ways in which researchers collect nationwide data on crime are via official reports from law enforcement and
voluntary surveys of citizens
the two organizations that collect crime data on a federal level are the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the FBI. which agency is responsible for maintaining the Uniform Crime Report?
the FBI
what is the general public’s perception of crime rates?
crime has gotten worse and people feel less safe than 20 years ago
the media is a key factor in the fear of victimization because
it tends to exaggerate stories that lead people to believe they are going to be victims (lack of media literacy)
the central assumption of classical crime theory is that crime occurs
when the benefit of committing the crime outweighs the potential punishment
in incidents with multiple crimes, the hierarchy rule records only the first crime committed for statistical purposes (true or false)
false; it records the more serious one not the first
larceny in the most common form of property crime according to the national crime victims survey. true or false
true
___________ is a foundation for punishment that is directed towards individual people who are incarcerated to discourage reoffending
specific deterrence
what is the difference between general deterrence and specific deterrence
general deterrence: meant to deter all members of society
specific deterrence: directed towards a specific individual’s behavior
____________ is a sentencing goal that aims to protect the public by removing the person who’s incarcerated from society
incapacitation
__________ is a sentencing goal that aims to reduce crime by treating the person who is incarcerated via educational programs, drug and alcohol programs, and other treatments
rehabilitation
a state is instituting a new program aimed at reducing offending. the program offers academic and vocational training in prisons to improve employment opportunities for people who are incarcerated after the are released. which concept best describes that goal of training programs that are mandated by law
rehabilitation
the origin of us legal tradition is
english common law
what kind of law provides a template for governmental powers, civil rights, and civil liberties.
constitutional law
a teenager was stopped by the police for having a broken tail light. the police proceeded to search the vehicle and find marijuana. they arrested him. the judge, however, dismissed the charges because they decided that the police did not have sufficient cause to search the car. the judges ruling is guided by what
procedural law
what is the source of procedural law involving arrests, warrants, searches and seizures, and trials
the bill of rights
what is the difference between statutes and ordinances
statutes: involve issues that impact the entire state or country
ordinances: deal with local matters
what type of law is based on previous court decisions
case law
what is another term for previous court decisions that judges used to establish case law
precedent
mens rea refers to
guilty mind (intent)
the elements of a crime must be proven
beyond a reasonable doubt
most cases of misdemeanors are punished by what
less than a year in jail
serious crimes such as murder, rape, and robbery are classified as
felonies (indictable crimes)
a __________ defense claims that the defendant could not have committed the crime for which they were charged because they have proof that they could not have been at the crime scene at the time of the crime
alibi
the origins of american policing are based on what
english common law and policing traditions
who is considered the father of american policing?
august volmer
what is the one difference between the duties of white and black police officers in the early days of american policing
black officers were not permitted to arrest white citizens
most police agencies have a ___________ structure with a clear chain of command
paramilitary
the _______ is ultimately responsible for everything that occurs in a police department
chief of police
________ is considered the backbone of policing
patrolling
the __________ have the power to change the meaning of due process
supreme court
due process rights are based primarily upon
case law
a police officer pulls over a motorist for a broken tail light. they smell marijuana in the car and decide to search the vehicle for drugs. what was the basis of the officer’s decision to conduct a search?
probable cause
__________ is a measure based on minimal or no evidence that leads an officer to believe that someone committed a crime
reasonable suspicion
the ________ amendment guarantees the right against self-incrimination
fifth
an individual’s miranda rights must be read when
custodial interrogation occurs (arrest and interrogation) (under custody already but read before questioning starts)
what is the supreme law of the land in the U.S.?
U.S. constitution
advocacy model
defendant and government are represented by advocates acting on their behalf
adversarial system
a quality of the U.S. justice system in which prosecutors and defendants compete to reveal the truth
prosecutor
represents the government or the “people” (represents victim in certain cases)
U.S. Attorney General (3)
chief law enforcement officer in the government, head of the Department of Justice; advisor appointed by president
U.S. Attorneys
responsible for trying cases at the federal court level; also appointed by president, supervised by AG
Special Prosecutors
special prosecutors may be appointed to investigate an official’s wrongdoing, historically appointed by president
state & local prosecutors
most states elect district attorneys (DAs)
prosecutor’s discretion (4)
encompasses who is charged and with what, whether to offer plea bargain, when or whether to drop charged, and refiling charges
influential factors (prosecutors) (5)
evidence, seriousness of crime, odds of winning, court resources, wishes of the victim, family, or public
exculpatory evidence
evidence which clears some or all guilt during criminal proceedings
legal and ethical concerns (prosecutors)
procedural missteps
discovery (the prosecutor)
process of defense learning about prosecution’s evidence
Brady v. Maryland (1963)
prosecutorial misconduct
defense attorney
advocates for client’s constitutional rights (nothing to do with guilt or innocence –> makes sure a client’s rights are not violated)
defense attorney is often misunderstood
negative public perception, misconception of proving innocence or guilt
only ______________ of defendants can afford to hire a private counsel; majority rely on ______ or private attorneys appointed ______________
a small percentage; public defenders; pro bono
process of charging defendant (four steps)
(1) crime is allegedly committed
(2) an arrest is made
(3) prosecuting attorney will decide whether or not to file charges (complaint = document that initiates legal proceedings)
(4) the grand jury
grand jury (6)
prosecutor may decide to seek an indictment from a grand jury; only hears evidence from prosecution, ranges from 16 to 23 jurors, no determination of guilt, serve 1 -12 months at state level and 18 at federal level; operate in secret, have subpoena power, unbound by rules of evidence
petit jury
jury that determines guilt/innocence in a single criminal trial
bail reform act of 1966
right to be released on bond or recognizance
recognizance
agreeing to show up for court (if you do not show up, you get a warrant out for your arrest)
victims rights vary by state, and may include (3):
- notifications of release
- pretrial release hearings (notification and/or participation)
- location monitoring of defendant
court may consider these reasons to grant/deny bail (5)
- type of offense
- character of suspect
- ties to the community
- employment status
- past record
preliminary hearing
determines the extent of evidence and if charges will be pressed; use less stringent rules of evidence to establish probable cause
arraignment
formal reading of charges in front of defendant
different kind of pleas
guilty, not guilty, nolo contendere (accept charges without admitting guilt)
plea bargain
prosecutor offers less charge or fewer charges in exchange for guilty plea; judge must determine that the plea was entered voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently (once a judge accepts the plea, the sentence may be imposed immediately;; if sentencing was not agreed upon, a sentencing hearing will be scheduled)
motion
to put in writing to the court; motions can be denied, they do not have to be approved
motion to suppress
request to disallow illegally obtained evidence
motion to limine
request to evaluate admissibility of evidence
motion for a change of venue
request for geographical change
motion for a discovery
mandate for prosecution to provide defense with evidence
motion for recusal
request for removal of a trial judge or prosecutor
motion for expenses of experts
request for the state to pay for expenses related to expert testimony
trial management order
a full schedule created by the court and court participants that designates what will happen and when as the parties work toward the trial date
- extensive scheduling is designed to meet the speedy trial deadline guarantee, which generally requires trial to be conducted within 6 months of arraignment
venire
list of potential jurors used to select jury
challenge to the array
argument that venire should be discharged due to the selection process
voir dire
questioning jurors under oath to uncover inappropriate jurors
challenge for cause
defense, prosecutor, or judge believes a juror cannot be unbiased
peremptory challenge
removing a prospective juror from the venire without legal justification
sixth amendment to the constitution requires:
impartial jury from area where crime was committed
defense or prosecution may file for sequestration of witnesses, which means
witnesses not allowed in the courtroom during other witness testimonies
_________ are less likely to be offered bail or reduced charges in plea bargains
blacks
___________ are less likely to be offered bail or lenient plea bargains in drug-related crimes
hispanics
civil rights act of 1875
federally prohibited racial exclusion from jury selection
technology has made it easier in bail by (3)
- post bail online quickly with e-forms and credit cards
- bond companies can easily follow up with those on bail in various ways
- GPS tracking helps check for risky behavior
no bill
they do not have enough evidence to believe that this case should be heard at a grand jury level —> they pass it back down to municipal courts (remand it back)
true bill
there is enough evidence to say that the case needs to be heard by a grand jury
criminal trials
ascertain guilt in those charged with crimes
legal guilt
prosecutor persuages judge or jury that defendant is guilty
factual guilt
whether the defendant actually committed a crime
civil trials
settling disputes between two noncriminal parties
traffic hearings
used to deal with traffic offenses
adjudicate
rendering formal judgment on dispute
bench trial
judge is fact finder instead of jury (there is no jury)
jury trial
jury is the fact finder and renders verdict
presentation of opening statements
- purpose: to offer a picture of what actually transpired
- not evidence but predictions of what will be presented
perjury
swearing of a false oath
federal rules of evidence
guide what constitutes evidence and what can be introduced at a trial. evidence must be relevant, material, and competent
direct evidence
doesn’t require fact-finder to draw an inference
circumstantial evidence
requires interpretation of evidence (not strong) (you can be convicted based off circumstantial evidence alone) (totality of circumstances)
hearsay
out-of-court statement offered in court to prove truth.
hearsay rule
hearsay is inadmissible in court
exceptions to hearsay
(1) dying declaration: final words of a crime witness
(2) excited utterance: words blurted out under stress/excitement
(3) reputation concerning character: may testify about social reputation
presentation of closing arguments
- summarize evidence and arguments for the jury
- rebuttal: prosecutors may receive the last opportunity to speak
judge’s charges to the jury
- judge instructs jury on the legal aspects of reaching a verdict
- pattern jury instructions: language template used in charging jury
charging instructions generally note (3):
- innocent until proven guilty
- beyond a reasonable doubt: level of proof required for a criminal case conviction
- required objectivity
jury deliberation
jury process of determining guilt
sequestered (jury)
jury may be isolated to prevent outside influences from affecting verdict
hung jury
deadlocked; unable to agree on guilt or innocence of defendant
acquittal
to free someone from criminal charge, following a non-guilty verdict
jury nullification
ability of jury to ignore the law and acquit a guilty defendant
mistrial
trial ending prior to normal conclusion
exceptions to double jeopardy (3)
same facts but different elements of each crime, different jurisdictions, trial in civil and criminal court
reading of the verdict
a formal courtroom event in which jury offers their verdict on charge(s)
principles of punishment (3)
- proportionality: severity of sentence matches crime
- equity: similar crimes should be punished similarly
- social debt: accounts for criminal past in sentencing
five primary goals of sentencing
retribution, incapacitation, deterrence (dissuading offenders and others from crime), rehabilitation, restoration (addressing harm to victims and community)
presentence investigation
background info (history and extenuating circumstances) to consider in sentencing
indeterminate sentencing (3)
allowed greater judicial discretion to craft an individualized sentenced with emphasis on rehabilitation
(1) sentenced to a range of years with a stated minimum and maximum
(2) parole boards make the actual determination as to when the prisoner is released
parole boards
reviews prior acts and behavior to determine when a prisoner is ready for release
structured sentencing (3)
(1) sentences are generally given in the form of fixed terms with an anticipated date of release
(2) far more impersonal, removes or greatly curtails judicial discretion and reflects a shift away from rehabilitation towards greater retribution
(3) removes an offender’s motivation to participate in programs as a means to shorten the sentence
determinate sentencing (3)
- established by legislative statute
- rules out prison alternatives
- increases the likelihood that offenders are imprisoned and increases the length of their sentence
violent crime control and law enforcement act of 1994
requires prisoners to serve at least 85% of their sentence in order for states to qualify for federal financial aid
(as offending decreases, prison population is increasing)
mandatory minimum
applies minimum sanctions to particular types of crime
- doesn’t allow for discretion or alternative sanctions
diversity in sentencing
most felony defendants sentenced in the US are poorly educated, minority males with a mean age of 35.3 years
capital case
federal government and several states try capital cases for: premeditated or first degree murder, murder of federal agents and politicians, and some crimes against children. defendant may face execution if convicted
difference between criminal trial and capital case
- prosecutors are required to file a notice of their intent to seek the death penalty in a case
- during voir dire, attorneys ascertain if prospective jurors are death qualified.
death qualified
suitable to serve on a case in which the punishment might be execution
correctional responses in the community:
criminal sanctions less serious than full-time incarceration but more severe than probation
decisions to sentence an offender to community corrections is influenced by (7):
- structured sentencing guidelines
- nature and circumstances of crime
- motivations of offender
- offender characteristics such as employment, childcare responsibilities, etc.
- resource availability
- statutes (local, state, and federal)
- the perceptions of community tolerance
father of probation
john augustus
- in 1841, posted bail for one man accused of being a drunk
- persuaded judge to release the drunk into his custody for 3 weeks
- end of the 3 weeks, augustus convinced the judge the man had been reformed
- from 1841 to 1859, august acted as a volunteer probation officer for more than 1800 individuals
- assisted with education, employment, and housing
- recruited others to volunteer later became a paid position filled by police
problem solving courts
- specialized to meet the needs of a particular group of offenders
- intensive judge/probation oversight
privatized community corrections services
- budget shortages and rapid growth in the number of probationers have forced officials to consider private options
- require probationers to post a bond as insurance
goals of correctional responses in the community (4)
- punishment: designed to deter criminals
- ensuring safety
- rehabilitation and nonintervention (helps with coping skills, addiction, education, and enables the offender to better maintain employment, develop new skills, and remain engaged with family)
- restorative justice (emphasize that crime is criminal behavior and lawbreaking harms the victims and the community; accomplished when the victim offender, and community work together to develop an appropriate response to criminal behavior)
two types of community corrections
probation and intermediate responses
probation
individual on probation is not incarcerated but rather lives in the community and must prove he/she can live within the constraints of the law and conditions set by the judge. probation may be terminated if rules and conditions are violated, resulting in incarceration.
intermediate response
probation plus additional community sanctions. frequent drug testing, therapies, and other forms of behavior modfiications
fine
financial sanctions
forfeiture
seizure of material possessions related to a crime
electronic monitoring
probationer wears a monitor on the body that identifies their location
intensive supervised probation (ISP)
offenders undergo extreme monitoring
home confinement/house arrest
offenders cannot leave their homes
split sentence/shock probation
short incarceration before release into corrections
boot camps
militaristic training camp for offenders
residential community housing
offenders are secured at night but released for work and treatment
work-release program
offenders live in secure facility but leave for work purposes
two basic types of community corrections conditions
general conditions: rules that all offenders are required to follow
special conditions: based on the nature and motivation of the crime and on the background characteristics of the offenders
probation fees
offender pays to cover costs of services
technical violation
occurs when rules of the probation contract are violated, for example, failing to submit a drug test, being late for curfew, failing to pay required restitution, or consuming alcohol or drugs
legal violation
the commission of a new criminal act; handled on a case-by-case basis by the probation officer
arm of the court
refers to the probation officer acting as the court’s fact finder
role conflict
law enforcement and social work
duties of probation officers
probation investigation and presentence report
probation investigation
gathering positive and negative information on offenders’ lives and community ties
presentence report
aggregation of facts gathered during investigation
risk assessment
determination of offender’s propensity to harm themselves or others
static risk predictors
unchangeable characteristics
dynamic risk predictors
changeable characteristics
remote alcohol detection (RAD)
bracelet that can detect ethanol excreted in perspiration
eye scans
biometric technology used to determine drug/alcohol use or fatigue
social media monitoring
probation officers can follow their caseloads
interlock device
blow into the machine, won’t allow you to drive or start the car unless you blow 0.0%
institutional corrections
facilities used to detain individuals in criminal justice system
early america institutional corrections
jails served as holding pens
institutional corrections changed in terms of __________, ___________, and ____________ of punishment
purpose, philosophy, and structure
early america institutional corrections were based on
philosophy of lex talionis
hanging
used in early days of the United States as penalty for worst offenses
flogging
serious beatings or whippings
mutilation
amputation of body parts to curtail a perpetrator’s ability to reoffend
gossip’s bridle or scold’s helm
heavy iron device that covered an offender’s head
branding
served as record to alert others of past offenses
stocks
painful punishment generally administered with public humiliation
pennsylvania system
a penitentiary system based on the guiding philosophy that isolation and silence are necessary for offender reflection, reformation, and rehabilitation. also known as the separate system (silent and lack of interpersonal interaction)
auburn system
a style of incarceration based on reformation. individuals were housed separately and not allowed to communicate. during the day they worked and stayed in silence. also known as the congregate system (silent congregation)
penitentiary
a correctional facility used to imprison criminal offenders
contract system
prison officials sold the labor and services of inmates to private contractors
correctional officers
people charged with managing inmates who are incarcerated
the reformation movement
born during the 1870 meeting of national prison association
declaration of principles
called for institutions focused on reformation and rejected notion punishment was the main goal
Indiana Women’s Reformatory, 1873
first all-female maximum-security facility under Declaration of Principles
solitary confinement (9)
type of imprisonment in which an inmate is physically, visually, and audibly confined.
- often overused and misused
- also referred to as “the hole”, SHU, and ad Seg
- usually kept in small cell 23 hours a day
- can be used as punishment or to protect inmate from self or others
- negative physical and psychological consequences
- more frequently used with black inmates
- educational bias
- LGBTQ+ inmates much more likely to be placed in solitary in prison setting
jail
local facilities managed by cities and counties (used as holding cells for short sentences, usually not felonies)
lockups
local facilities used to detain individuals for 24 to 48 hours
contemporary prisons
prisons house convicted offenders serving sentences of 1+ year of felony offenses
super-maximum prisons
also called supermax prisons, the most secure and restrictive of all prisons, which are (in theory) reserved for the most dangerous of offenders
maximum-security prisons
the most secure facilities available in many states. most individuals incarcerated in maximum-security facilities have committed violent crimes such as murder, rape, child abuse, and human trafficking
medium-security prisons
these facilities house individuals who have committed less serious crimes, such as theft and assault
minimum security prisons
these facilities house mainly nonviolent, white-collar criminals who are thought to pose little or no physical risk to the members of the community
corrections embrace the use of technology
telemedicine: provide medical care to inmates remotely
body-imaging scanners: detect contraband
_________ responsible for safety and well-being of those it incarcerates and the public
state
housing one inmate costs average of _________ annually in federal facility
$35,000
Megan’s Law
public information of the sex offender registry, look up addresses, and see how close Megan’s law offenders live
correctional officers and administrators face behavior and ethical issues
correctional officers take oath to protect and serve. officers may be tempted to introduce contraband
total institutions
isolated, closed social system designed to control people
prison argot
prison slang
subcultures of prison
three models used to explain inmate subculture: deprivation, importation, and situational
deprivation model
where prisons require inmates to adapt to being deprived of basic rights and needs
importation model
experiences and socialization from outside world brought contribute to behavior
situational model
emphasizes place, time, and person to understand behavior
white collar criminals in prison
white collar criminals incarcerated with other types of criminal; white collar criminals may cope better in the transition to prison
rioting
violence among inmates beyond control of prison staff
parole
parole is conditional release from prisons, inmates must meet conditions established by parole board
employment post incarceration
inmates often have problems finding work due to criminal history; requirements of successful reentry
state is legally responsible for:
safety and medical care of inmates
treatment of children before juvenile justice
- during the 18th and 19th centuries in england, juveniles were treated with harsh punishment
- children living on the streets engaged in petty crimes just to survive
foundation of american juvenile justice system is in
english common law
lawyer sir william blackstone
infants too young to understand their actions and consequences (late 1760s)
development of a different system for juveniles (5)
- 18th Century: children were treated like adults
- 19th Century: U.S. juvenile justice system began to develop
- child savers: advocates who fought to reform brutal juvenile system
- 1899: true reform started with creation of juvenile courts
- juvenile courts: designed specifically for juveniles
parens patriae
in the best interest of the child; the philosophical basis for juvenile justice
ex parte crouse (1838)
state has right and obligation to remove children from questionable households
Kent v United States (1966)
established procedural safeguards for juveniles charged with serious offenses.
in re gault (1967)
altered adjudication process and established due process rights
in re winship (1970)
changed standard of evidence for juvenile courts
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)
juveniles not guaranteed right to jury trial (cannot have a jury of their peers because juveniles cannot serve on a jury)
Roper v. Simmons (2005)
execution for crimes committed as a minor was an eighth amendment violation
graham v. florida (2010)
eliminated sentences of life without parole for non homicide cases for juveniles
miller v. alabama (2012)
eliminated mandatory sentences of life without parole for juveniles
montgomery v. louisiana (2016)
SCOTUS decided that miller v. alabama must be applied retroactively, affecting more than 2,300 cases in the U.S. – individuals who received life sentences without parole as juveniles had to be resentenced or considered for parole
the contemporary juvenile justice system (4)
- youthful offenders usually 17 years or younger
- states with different ages
- juvenile courts may supervise young adults until 20-24
- lack of consensus apparent across jurisdictions
delinquency
illegal actions by a youthful offender
status offenses
apply only to juveniles, such as smoking or curfew violations
juvenile justice and delinquency prevention act
1974 law that was designed to prevent delinquency
racial disparities: violence and arrests - juveniles (4)
- minorities represent disproportionate number of juvenile arrest
- law enforcement detection efforts focus on minority neighborhood
- violent crimes committed by juveniles has decreased
- reasons for disparities in arrest rates for violent crimes
police role in the juvenile justice system (6)
- usually first point of contact with CJS
- juveniles present many challenges
- loco parentis: actions taken in place of parents when dealing with juveniles
- for minor violations, juveniles are typically taken to a police station and released to parents
- factors in the relationship between officers and juveniles
- efforts to build bridges between police and juveniles
court role in the juvenile justice system (4)
- juvenile justice process roughly mirrors the adult system but takes more informal path
- diversion: decision to keep low-risk youth offenders from entering more formal processing
- intake: first step in the JJS
- intake outcomes: detention hearing (prosecutorial decisions to transfer a juvenile case to adult court) and adjudication (hearing to ensure that juvenile’s due process rights have not been violated)
disposition hearing
judge decides best placement of delinquent. available dispositions: probation, boot camps, restorative justice, graduated sanctions
victims in JJS
victims of juvenile delinquency afforded most or all rights afforded to victims of adults. statutes include language requiring parents of delinquent to pay restitution
terrorism
completed or threatened use of coercion/violence against a population
international terrorism
occurs outside the United States
domestic terrorism
occurs within the United States
FBI’s three elements of terrorism
(1) must violate federal/state law and involve violent acts
(2) purpose must be to intimidate or coerce population/government
(3) transcend national boundaries (mostly for international)
homeland security act of 2002
made department of homeland security (DHS) a cabinet-level department
terrorism and the criminal trial
domestic terrorists tried in federal courts
domestic human and sex trafficking
human trafficking has long history in the united states
human trafficking
trade in humans for labor and/or sex and/or extraction of organs and tissues
hate crimes
crimes committed targeting victims and/or their property due to their perceived membership in a group. person convicted of a hate crime often subject to harsher punishment. establishing a hate crime can be difficult. have to prove the motive
civil rights act of 1871
federal protection to fourteenth amendment rights
matthew shepard and james byrd jr. hate crimes prevention act
federal legislation that expanded earlier federal hate crime laws
forms of forensic analysis occurs
fingerprints, DNA analysis, AFIS system
CSI effect
distorted understanding of the role of forensic science; result of way forensic science portrayed in media. results in misconceptions and misunderstandings
bail bondsman
a person who pays the bail amount for a criminal defendant who cannot afford it themselves; the defendant then owes the bondsman money rather than the government
sir robert peel
established london metropolitan police force; father of modern policing (england)
retribution
a goal of law that states that punishment is deserved or morally right. in addition, it is a goal of sentencing that seeks to punish the offender for criminal behavior
recidivism
a measure that identifies relapse into criminal offending behavior
rehabilitation
sentencing goal that seeks to reduce chances of future offending through education, drug programs, psychological programs, and other treatment
restitution
repayment as part of a punishment for injury or loss
restoration
sentencing goal that addresses the harm done to victims, family and friends of victims, and the community
