Final Exam

Question 1

What does it mean when an argument is valid?

Answer 1

premises logically entail the conclusion

Question 2

What does it mean when an argument is sound?

Answer 2

valid and all premises are true

Question 3

What does it mean when an argument is deductive?

Answer 3

logical conclusion from premises

Question 4

What does it mean when an argument is inductive?

Answer 4

pattern from series of observations

Question 5

What does it mean when an argument is abductive?

Answer 5

inference to best explanation

Question 6

What does it mean when an argument is circular?

Answer 6

conclusions are in the premises

Question 7

What does it mean when an argument is question-begging?

Answer 7

premises are credible for those who already accept it

Question 8

What is a priori physicalism?
Example?

Answer 8

independent from experience and no explanatory gap
2 + 3 = 5 since uk concepts

Question 9

What is a posteriori physicalism?
Example?

Answer 9

knowable from basis of experience and explanatory gap
Earth goes around the sun

Question 10

What is epistemology?

Answer 10

studying knowledge, belief, and evidence

Question 11

What is the skeptical hypothesis?

Answer 11

world is diff from the way u see and ordinary beliefs are false
~ demon/scientist makes you think you are experiencing things

Question 12

What does it mean when a premise is necesary?

Answer 12

premise is needed for another premise

Question 13

What does it mean for a premise to be sufficient?

Answer 13

premise entails/is enough for another premise

Question 14

What happens during an inconsistent triad?

Answer 14

premises are inconsistent and all of them can’t be true

Question 15

What is the Moorean fact?

Answer 15

one has more confidence in any argument to the contrary

Question 16

What is contextualism?
Example?

Answer 16

knowledge is context-sensitive
~ it’s the standard to know that you have hands

Question 17

What is invariantism?

Answer 17

knowledge attributions are context-invariant and depends on environ

Question 18

What does veridical mean?
What does non-veridical mean?

Answer 18

accurate/true ~ beliefs and mental states
inaccurate/false

Question 19

What is the underdetermination principle?

Answer 19

if facing multiple hypotheses, none of them can be true

Question 20

What is dogmatism?

Answer 20

perceptual experience represents the world

Question 21

What is explanationism?

Answer 21

when one hypothesis explains evidence better than another

Question 22

What is kantian humility?

Answer 22

we don’t know intrinsic properties of things (what they are)
only know extrinsic properties (how this relates to that)

Question 23

What is the justified truth belief/theory of knowledge?

Answer 23

that knowledge is abt how the world is and beliefs are a kind of mental state

Question 24

What is Gettier’s example?
What does this entail?

Answer 24

Mr. brown and Mr. white w/ coins in pocket
knowledge may be assumed based on consequences

Question 25

What is Williamson’s example?
What does this entail?

Answer 25

crimson is red + _ , but its circular
can’t break up knowledge: use knowledge first, then beliefs

Question 26

What is propositional knowledge? Example?
What is interrogative knowledge? Example?
What is objective knowledge? Example?

Answer 26

know that ~ ik that the earth is round
know who, what, where, when, how ~ ik how to swim
know of ~ ik the feeling of pain

Question 27

What question does the turing test answer?

Answer 27

if it behaves like its conscious, is it conscious and intelligent?

Question 28

What does it mean when something has substrate independence?

Answer 28

realization comes from multiple things

Question 29

What is Bostrom’s indifference principle?

Answer 29

if % of ppl are living in simulation, you should think that you are also simulated

Question 30

What is Nagel’s argument about dual-aspect monism?

Answer 30

consciousness can’t abstract away from povs

Question 31

Who are physicalists?

Answer 31

Smart, Churchland, and Searle

Question 32

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