Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FCA > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

what is the inflammatory process?

A

steps toward healing of injured tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the ultimate goal of treating an injury?

A

promote a strong, mobile scar
full, pain free movement
full strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is inflammation?

A

immediate, local response to injury & tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

causes of tissue damage (internal / external)

A

trauma, infection, surgery, immune responses, extreme heat / cold, ischemic damage, chemical / radiation damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

types of healing (inflammatory process)

A

simply by replication of missing cells OR structure is created using scar tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

re-epithelialization

A

-only applies if skin is damaged
-epithelial tissue lost, begins to regenerate
-if damage is superficial involving only epithelial layer, healing = regeneration of tissue
-NO scar tissue, normal tissue structure results
-regeneration possible with epithelial cells & nerve hepatic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

granulation tissue

A

-part of any tissue repair where there is 1st/2nd intention healing
-adequate blood supply & nutrients must be present
-fibroblasts = important -> synthesize new collagen fibers that form loose CT matrix
-matrix replaces clot developed in acute stage
-resultant vascular CT = granulation tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

NEOANGIOGENESIS (granulation tissue)

A

new blood vessels develop from venues at edge of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

SCAR TISSUE (inflammatory process)

A

increases loss of epidermal tissue layers / damage to other tissue (muscle, tendon, ligaments)
-healing results from synthesis of new tissue
-requires production of CT with collagen fibers to replace area damaged
-restores structure but with different tissue than original
-MATURE COLLAGEN REPAIR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 types of healing (inflammatory process)

A

first intention healing
second intention healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

primary / first intention healing

A

-some tissue loss, wound edges approximated (tape, sutures, staples)
-healing is efficient, with small amounts of collagen produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

secondary / second intention healing

A

-extensive tissue loss / large area affected
-wound edges cannot be brought together easily
-healing takes longer
-extensive re-epithelialization
-production of large amounts of granulation tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

factors that affect the healing process

A

severity of injury, age, infection, presence of foreign material, nutritional support, existing conditions, adequate blood supply, wound separation, drugs, smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ACUTE STAGE (inflammatory process)

A

-from moment of injury -> 3 to 4 days post
-redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of ROM, bruising (purple)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

EARLY SUBACUTE STAGE (inflammatory process)

A

-within 2 days -> up to 3 weeks
-diminished inflammation, pink, warm, less painful
-muscle spasm diminished
-bruising unchanged
-primary process = filling damaged area with new tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

LATE SUBACUTE STAGE (inflammatory process)

A

-2-3 weeks of subacute
-may be pocket of residual swelling
-minimal discomfort, possible loss ROM
-blood vessels developed with neoangiogenesis
-bruising changes to yellow / green
-pain with overpressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

WOUND CONTRACTION (inflammatory process)

A

-myofibroblasts in wound matrix contain contractile fibers
-purpose: speed healing process (peaks 2 weeks after injury)
-can result in deformation of tissue & possible dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

SCAR REMODELING (inflammatory process)

A

-reshaping & reorganizing of healing begin as existing collagen is broken down, new collagen synthesized, cross links develop among collagen fibers
-strength of site beings to increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CHRONIC STAGE (inflammatory process)

A

-overlaps with late subacute, 2-3 weeks post injury -> 1-2 years
-inflammatory process resolved, no edema
-chronic inflammation may result as part of self-perpetuating cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is an injury?

A

disruption of the continuity of any tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

epidermis

A

-outer layer
-cells have short life span (28-30) days, which results in continuous sloughing & renewal of this layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

dermis

A

-below epidermis
-anchors & nutritionally supports epidermis
-elastin & collagen -> flexibility & strength
-contains sebaceous (oil) & sweat glands, hair follicles, nerve receptors, blood & lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

-contains adipose tissue, larger blood vessels, deep hair follicles
-below layer are muscles & bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

functions of skin

A

-prevent invasion of infective organisms & protects underlying tissue from injury
-nerve endings: inform body of sensory stimuli (temp, pressure, touch, pain)
-control body temp through sweating & shivering
-allows gas exchange through pores & keeps fluids & electrolytes balanced
-absorbs sunlight (vitamin D)
-subcutaneous layer stores fat = insulation & protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is a wound?
disruption of continuity of skin
26
causes of wounds
-thermal sources: extreme temperatures, chemical & electrical sources -mechanical forces: direct trauma / pressure, shear / friction force
27
ABRASION (types of wounds)
-superficial wound with ragged edges -result of scrape or tear causing skin loss -often extremely painful
28
LACERATION (types of wounds)
-increased tissue loss with ragged wound edges -sutures / tape may be used to bring edges together
29
INCISION (types of wounds)
-clean, approximated wound edges -result from sharp-edged object -sutures / tape used to secure edges
30
PUNCTURE (types of wounds)
-clean edges with small entry -can penetrate deeply -can close over entry = infection
31
ANIMAL BITE (types of wounds)
combination of crush, laceration & puncture wound
32
what is a burn?
specific type of wound caused by external thermal agent
33
types of burns
superficial burn partial-thickness burn full-thickness burn
34
SUPERFICIAL BURN
-1st degree burn -affects epidermis -result of prolonged low heat / quick high heat -redness & pain -mild localized edema -healing = rapid without scar tissue
35
PARTIAL-THICKNESS BURN
-2nd degree burn -extends to dermis -redness, pain, edema, BLISTERING -increased edema & risk of infection -decreased pain due to nerve damage -new layer of skin can develop within 14-21 days -can re-epithelialize with good function, minimal scar tissue
36
FULL THICKNESS BURN
-3rd/4th degree burn -affects all tissue layers -burns appear dry & inelastic, white, waxy, charred -painless due to nerve damage -re-epithelialization NOT possible -skin grafts required
37
"Rule of Nines"
percentage of body surface damaged by burn
38
complications of burns
breathing, inhalation injuries, GI complications, renal complications, heterotopic calcification, burned skin, thermoregulation impairment, peripheral vascular damage, sensory impairment/ loss, subluxation & dislocation, amputation
39
what is a spasm?
involuntary sustained contraction of a muscle
40
what is a cramp?
painful, prolonged muscle spasm
41
REFLEX MUSCLE GURADING
-muscle spasm in response to pain, due to local injury, (present in acute) -acts to functionally splint injured structure reducing movement & preventing further injury -guarding stops when pain is relieved
42
INTRINSIC MUSCLE SPASM
-involuntary self-perpetuating pain-spasm cycle -restricts movement of joint crossed by muscle -lack of movement allows tissue ischemia/ circulatory stasis & metabolite retention which irritates nerve endings, registering as pain -muscle responds to pain by staying in spasm
43
what causes an intrinsic muscle spasm?
indirect trauma, inflammation, infection, increase SNS, stress, cold tissue
44
TONE
resistance of a relaxed muscle to passive stretch / elongation
45
TENSION
muscle fibers tend to shorten, causing them to perform work
46
HYPERTONICITY
abnormally high tone usually seen with upper motor neuron disorders
47
how does a muscle contract?
-skeletal muscle = bundle of fascicles -fascicles = grouping of muscle fibers -muscle fibers = thousands of fine strands called myofibrils -myofibrils contain thick & thin filaments in units that repeat along myofibril -units = sarcomeres (basic contractile unit) -thick filaments (myosin) & thin filaments (actin) over lap & produce CONTRACTILE FORCE -actin & myosin slide past each other & shorten sarcomere -repeated actions = muscle contraction
48
MUSCLE SPINDLES
-major sensory organ of muscles, aid in control of muscle movements -in muscle belly -measure degree (length) muscle is stretched & speed it happens
49
GOLGI TENDON ORGAN
-nerve receptors located in TENDON near muscle attachments -sensitive to tension -when they fire, they exhibit contraction of muscle attached to tendon & protect muscle from overstretch injury
50
causes of muscle spasm & cramps
(environmental / internal) -pain -circulatory stasis -increased gamma neuron firing -impaired nutrition supply -lack of vitamin D
51
3 techniques for muscle spasms
-GTO release -O & I -mm approximation
52
what is scar tissue?
fibrous, collagen based tissue that results from inflammatory process -replaces normal tissue that has been destroyed -weaker than tissue it replaces
53
who is more likely to produce increased amounts of scar tissue?
younger people -> due to greater rate of collagen synthesis
54
what areas of the body are hypertrophic scars more likely to be developed?
sternum, upper back, shoulder / deltoid region, buttocks, dorsal surface of foot
55
what areas of the body are keloid scars more likely to be developed?
from ear level to waist & from shoulder to elbow
56
effects of massage on scar tissue
-before scar tissue develops, massage decreases edema -removal of excess interstitial fluid can reduce amount of tissue that develops -enough pressure applied to create blanching followed by hyperemia -helps desensitize scars through tactile stimulation
57
CI's for scars
FRICTIONS: anti-inflammatory medication & proud flesh / keloid scars
58
scar tissue is avascular ...
no hair, sebaceous or sweat glands
59
who developed cross fiber frictions? what does it do?
James Cyriax -intended to disrupt & break down existing & forming adhesions in muscles, tendons, ligaments using compression & motion
60
what is a trigger point?
-hyperirritable spot within discrete taut band of skeletal muscle or its fascia that produces local / referred pain -point tender on site & often has predictable pain pattern -causes affected muscle to shorten
61
theory of what causes a trigger point
-interaction of calcium & ATP on myofascial tissues that have been stressed in some way, causes tissue to shorten & produce taut band -generates localized & uncontrolled metabolic activity in area, localized acidic fluid environment, makes nerve endings hyperirritable
62
perpetuating factors of trigger points
reflexive mechanical systemic
63
ACTIVE TRIGGER POINTS
-painful at rest & with active / passive movements -prevents muscle from fully lengthening & reduces its strength -local tissue exhibits ischemia -tender upon palpation & refers pain -produce LOCAL TWITCH response & possible referred autonomic phenomena
64
LATENT TRIGGER POINTS
-produces pain only when palpated -more common -opposite to active
65
PRIMARY TRIGGER POINTS
directly activated by acute / chronic mechanical strain or overload of affected muscle
66
SECONDARY TRIGGER POINTS
activated in the overworked synergistic or antagonist muscles
67
SATELLITE TRIGGER POINTS
found in muscles that lie within referral pattern of another trigger point
68
what is EDEMA?
local / general accumulation of fluid in interstitial tissue spaces -result of altered physiological function in the body
69
function & anatomy of lymphatic system
-blood: RBCs, WBCs, various proteins -circulatory capillaries: fluid pumped through arterial ends into interstitial spaces than absorbed at venous ends -excess clear, watery interstitial fluid collected, filtered & returned to circulation by lymphatic system
70
what is fluid called once it is in the lymphatic system?
LYMPH
71
what does lymph contain?
WBCs, plasma proteins, fats & debris
72
how is equilibrium maintained in lymphatic system
as long as fluid entering interstitial tissues via arterioles EQUALS fluid leaving through venules & lymphatics -EDEMA results if equalibrium is upset
73
lymphatic vessels contractibility
-have minor contractile capability & pulse of 1-30 beats per minute -stimulated by stretching of vessels internally by vessels filling / externally by massage
74
how is majority of lymphatic flow stimulated?
by movement of skeletal muscles, diaphragm when breathing, peristalsis, contraction of arteries in contact with lymphatic vessels
75
lymphatic flow
initial vessels precollectors collectors ducts
76
INITIAL VESSELS (lymphatic flow)
-begin as tiny, delicate lymphatic capillaries -LACK VALVES -form dense, overlapping network in skin for maximum drainage
77
PRECOLLECTORS (lymphatic flow)
connect subcutaneously to deeper vessels in limbs & trunk HAVE VALVES
78
COLLECTORS (lymphatic flow)
connect to larger vessels HAVE VALVES
79
DUCTS (lymphatic flow)
-largest lymph vessels which collectors connect to -drain into venous system at subclavian veins just before vena cava
80
LYMPHATIC DUCTS (right & left)
RIGHT lymphatic duct: drains right arm, anterior & posterior right shoulder, right side of head LEFT (thoracic) duct: drains rest of body
81
CATCHMENTS
-clustering of several lymph nodes together that form a "bed" or collection -collect lymph from specific body region -found at "hinge" areas -rate of flow = slower than other vessels -susceptible to blockage
82
2 main catchments in the body
axilla (upper limbs) inguinal (lower limbs)
83
WATERSHEDS
-boundary line that gives regional organization to multiple lymphotomes -form single pathway for lymph flow -high concentration of anastomoses between body regions
84
watersheds of the torso
one at level of clavicles & scapular spines one at umbilicus vertical line at midsagittal
85
types of edema
circulatory lymphedema traumatic
86
CIRCULATORY EDEMA
-caused by dysfunction/ disease in cardiovascular system -imbalance between dynamic forces of capillary filtration & reabsorption -causes: hypertension, venous insufficiency, kidney dysfunction, obesity
87
LYMPHEDEMA
dysfunction / failure in lymphatic system opposite to circulatory -primary & secondary
88
PRIMARY LYMPHEDEMA
-congenital/ genetic defect in lymphatic system -results in insufficient fluid return -evident in early childhood -> begins as swelling in legs
89
SECONDARY LYMPHEDEMA
-when nodes / vessels are damaged or destroyed -scar tissue develops / catchment damaged & lymph movement compromised -swelling covers ENTIRE body -causes: surgery, radiation, virus/ infection, repeated compression
90
TRAUMATIC EDEMA
localized & temporary swelling of tissue associated with soft tissue injury & exertion of exercise -primary & secondary
91
PRIMARY TRAUMATIC EDEMA
amount of fluid actually spilled out of stretched & torn soft tissue
92
SECONDARY TRAUMATIC EDEMA
amount of fluid drawn into area of damage due to increased interstitial oncotic pressure of that arm
93
causes of edema
increased permeability of capillaries obstruction of lymphatic flow increased capillary pressure decrease of plasma protein
94
what is lymphedema?
chronic accumulation of interstitial fluid spaces
95
who developed MLD?
Emil Vodder, Danish PT 1930's
96
what is a contusion?
a crush injury to a muscle -damage of muscle fibers & bleeding into subcutaneous tissue & skin -skin over contusion is intact
97
HEMATOMA
-large area of local hemorrhage following trauma -pooling of blood causes swelling & pain -swelling more rapid than edema
98
MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS
-complication following hematoma where blood within muscle CALCIFIES -fibroblasts replaced by osteoblasts which lay down new bone over 6 weeks -may form within muscle or existing bone
99
causes of contusions
DIRECT BLOW TO A MUSCLE -contact sports -MVA -a fall
100
mild, moderate, severe loss of ROM (contusions)
MILD: 5-20% MODERATE: 20-50% SEVERE: more than 50%
101
why should you avoid stretching & vigorous massage within 7-10 days of a moderate to severe contusion?
risk of rebleeding (heat & contrast also CI'd for same reason)
102
non-pitted edema
firm & discoloured results from coagulation of serum proteins in interstitial spaces, usually following local trauma / infection
103
pitted edema
boggy to touch tissue retains indentation after pressure is applied accumulation of fluid exceeds absorption rate
104
MLD techniques - pressure & repetition
pressure of 20-40mmHg each stroke repeated 5-7x strokes = unidirectional toward the heart -> start proximal & work distally to site

FCA (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions