Final Exam Flashcards
For mtuner
1
Q
General definition of discrimination
A
responding to some stimuli but not others
~ santa beard = not scared mouse = scared
2
Q
S^D
A
cue that makes you respond a way
3
Q
S^Δ
A
cue that doesn’t reinforce the same behav
4
Q
What happens when S^D is an antecedent?
A
behav is reinforced
5
Q
What happens when S^Δ is a consequence?
A
behav is extinct
6
Q
What does it mean to have good stimulus control?
Example?
A
strong correlation b/t occurrence of stimulus and response
~ red light = always stop
7
Q
What happens during stimulus discrimination?
Example?
A
response occurs to S^D and not S^Δ
~ jokes w/ friends vs. parents
8
Q
Two-choice discrimination task
A
S^D and S^Δ on same stimulus dimension
~ red / green light
9
Q
Shaping
A
successive events can occur w/o subject being aware
gradual change of response while stimulus stays the same
10
Q
What is variability of a behav?
A
behav isn’t repeated exactly in same form
11
Q
What do response classes do?
A
⬆ strength/likelihood of other responses with sim effects
12
Q
What are the dimensions of behav?
A
topography, amount, intensity, latency
13
Q
What is a pitfall of shaping?
A
shape unwanted behav
~ superstitions
14
Q
Stimulus fading and an example
A
stimulus changes while response stays same
~ hold on while biking and slowly let go
15
Q
Types of stimulus fading prompts
A
verbal, physical, modelling, environmental
16
Q
What is errorless discrimination training
A
not trial and error, gradually fade for stimulus discrimination
17
Q
Behavior chaining/stimulus-response chain
A
1 stimulus triggers other behavs for an outcome
use fork to put food in mouth
18
Q
Types of gradual change procedures/methods
A
total-task presentation, backward-chaining, forward-chaining, adventitious
19
Q
Total-task presentation method
A
teach full sequence
~ kicking a ball
20
Q
Backward-chaining method
A
start with last behav w/ reinforcer and slowly go until the first behav
21
Q
Forward-chaining method
A
start with first behav and then second
~ learning how to brush teeth
22
Q
Adventitious chain
A
non functional component reinforced to behav
~ superstitition and yee haw
23
Q
Which method of gradual change procedures/methods is the most effective and why?
A
total-task presentation since they know the final goal
24
Q
When would backward-chaining be best?
A
when they aren’t motivated, don’t understand, or difficult to work with
25
What is a downside of the forward-chaining method?
some behavs can't be reversed
26
What are the respondent components of emotion?
reflexes of digestive/respiratory/circulatory system or skeletal reflexes
27
What is the operant component of emotion?
how to be aware of emotions
differs for everyone ~ shouting
28
Respondent component of thinking
conditioned seeing and sensing
29
Conditioned seeing
pair words w/ images to produce image in brain
30
What is sensing in regards to thinking?
senses can be imagined
~ imagine to touch, smell, and hear something
31
Operant component of thinking
self-talk or relive past scenarios
~ talk to ourselves since we were scolded for thinking out loud as kid
32
What are the antecedent control procedures?
rules, goals, modelling, physical guidance, situational inducement, motivating operation
33
What are partial rules?
How can we improve them?
rules that don't identify all abc's
make specific, significant consequences, and deadlines
34
What are some ways to improve goals?
be specific, make them public, mastery criteria, and deadline
35
How does modelling work biologically?
What can improve modelling?
neurons mirror and engage in similiar behav that they see
if look up to person and there's rules
36
What is physical guidance?
physical contact to go through motions of the desired behav
37
What is generalized imitation?
after learning to initiate behav, learns to initiate new response
38
What is situational inducement?
How can we improve this?
things that influence behav through situations that already reinforce
rearranging things/location/ppl/time of activity ~ sleep only at night
39
What is a motivating operation?
event/operation that is value-altering and behav-altering effect
40
What is value-altering effect?
alters effectiveness of punisher/reinforcer
41
What is a behaviour-altering effect?
influences behav that leads to reinforcer/punisher
42
What is a motivating establishing operation/MEO?
increases value and behav-alter effect
43
What is a motivating abolishing operation/MAO?
decreases value and behav-alter effect
44
What is an unconditioned motivating operation/UMO?
value-altering effect is innate ~ satiation
behav-altering effect is learned ~ bell = getting food
45
What is a conditioned motivating operation/CMO?
both value and behav-effects are through learning
46
What does a conditioned motivating establishing operation/CMEO do?
cue that makes you want something and
tells you how to get it
47
What does a conditioned motivating abolishing operation/CMAO do?
cue that makes you not want a consequence and will
decreas behav that will lead to consequence
48
What is a contingency-shaped behaviour?
devs from immediate consequence through trial and error
~ red door = broken
49
What is a rule-governed behaviour?
from rules and don't need trial and error
~ sign saying "red doors are broken"
50
What are mands?
Who usually uses this?
motivating operations conditioned with a consequence ~ say "more" to get more food
children with autism/dev disabilities
51
What can decreasing self-injurious behaviour through attention be categorized as?
Example?
a motivating operation use for self-harming
give attention every 10 seconds and if self-injure, no attention
52
What is stimulus generalization?
trained behav transfers from training situation to target situations
53
What is response generalization?
training leads to developing new behav that wasn't specifically trained
54
What is behav maintenance?
trained behav persists in target situations over time
55
What is generalization of operant behaviours?
BB SPITS on ur CV
behavioural momentum, behavioural trapping, self control to allow to assess behav, program common stimuli, intermittent schedules in target situation, train target situation with similar stimuli, sufficient stimulus exemplars, change behav of ppl in natural environ, vary the training conditions
56
What is behavioural momentum?
Example?
once u start something, its easier to continue doing the task
bite ice cream first, again, again, then bite pasta
57
What is behavioural trapping?
Example?
forces the behav to happen
face group of children and come back, go up to group and come back, talk to group
58
What is self control to allow and assess behav?
keeping track of own behav, set personal goals, and punish if necessary
59
What can be an example of program common stimuli?
to practice for baseball, you first start batting in yard and then batting cages
60
What can be an example of intermittent schedules in target situation?
the lottery and how you occasionally win
61
What can be an example of training in a target situation with similar stimuli?
reading at school library vs classroom
62
What can be an example of using sufficient stimulus exemplars?
practicing talk to staff wearing more colours to prevent generalizing that "staff only wear black shirts"
63
What can be an example of changing behav of other ppl in a natural environ?
tell parents/friends to reinforce behav
64
What can be an example of varying training conditions
practice golf in good and bad weather
65
What is generalization of respondent behaviours?
Why do we want this to happen?
when stimuli is similar to CS so it elicits a response
we want stimulus generalization to occur so that u aren't exclusively
66
What are the steps for a behavioural program design?
screening, baseline, treatment, follow-up
67
What are indirect assessment procedures and some examples
interviews with client/significant others, role-playing, questionnaires
68
What are direct assessment procedures?
Why are they bad sometimes?
directly observe behav
time consuming, needs to train how to observe, no covert behav
69
What is a functional assessment?
Who did they do this on?
What were the types of conditions that were set?
directly assessing effects of potential controlling variables on problem behav
self-injurious children w/ dev disabilities
ADAC (attention, demand, alone, control)
70
What was the attention condition of a functional assessment?
What question did this condition answer?
only engaged with child if self harming, if not, paper work
does the child only hurt themselves to get attention?
71
What was the demand condition of a functional assessment?
What question did this condition answer?
ask child to do hard task and ask them to stop if they self harm
will the child hurt themselves to avoid a task?
72
What was the alone condition of a functional assessment?
What question did this condition answer?
no toys and alone in room
does the child hurt themselves because they are understimulated?
73
What was the control condition of a functional assessment?
What question did this condition answer?
played with child
will engaging with the child still lead to self harm?
74
What are some limitations of functional assessment?
time consuming, can't apply to dangerous behavs (cutting), many problem behavs happen less than once a day or week
75
What are the types of interview/questionnaire functional assessments?
verbal: client may be able to say why they engage in behav
nonverbal: ppl close to client can say why
76
What are observational functional assessments?
observes/describes antecedents and consequences of behav in natural setting
77
What are internal operant reinforcements also known as?
automatic
78
What is social positive reinforcement?
Example?
developed by social attention, attention is S^D
smiles then hits themselves
79
What is internal self-stimulatory positive reinforcement?
Example?
sensory thing that produces internal pleasure
foot tapping
80
What is external sensory positive reinforcement?
Example?
sights/sounds of nonsocial things
rewarding sound of video game
81
What is social negative reinforcement?
Example?
does behav to avoid demands
cry to avoid doing chores
82
What is internal sensory negative reinforcement?
Example?
do action to remove internal discomfort
pull hair when stressed
83
What is external sensory negative reinforcement?
Example?
escape from external sensory stimuli
cover ears when hearing thunder
84
When is respondent learning tied with reinforcement?
Example?
when certain stimuli aren't followed by consequences
thunder but not striked by lightning so no fear of thunder anymore
85
What are the factors to consider in assessing causes of behav?
GOTSS
general setting, organismic variables, task variables, specific antecedents, specific-consequences
86
How do tasks vary when it came to assessing causes of behav?
if tasks are too hard, no variety, or isn't perceived as important
87
What are some examples of specific consequences that children want?
escape, attention, getting their way
88
What are the types of recordings for recording behav?
continuous/event-frequency recording, interval recording, time-sampling recording
89
What is continuous/event-frequency recording?
recording every instance of behav during intervals
90
What is interval recording?
Example?
log behavs that are occurring or not in short intervals equal to duration
~ record every 10 seconds for 30 minutes
91
What is time-sampling recording?
log behav that are occurring or not during intervals separated by much long periods
~ record for 5 minutes and after an hour, record for 5 minutes again
92
What are some errors that can affect accuracy?
FOCOR
feedback, observer drift, complexity of observations, observer expectancy, reactivity
93
How can feedback affect accuracy?
it can positively/negatively influence base on supervisor's feedback
94
How can observer drift affect accuracy?
tend to shift away from original definition that observer was given
95
How can complexity of observations affect accuracy?
tend to be less accurate if you need to observe lots of behavs at same time
96
How can observer expectancy affect accuracy?
tend to inaccurately show improvement since they expect improvement
97
How can reactivity affect accuracy?
tend to believe they are monitored and will react differently
98
What is internal validity?
if independent variable caused observed change in dependent variable
99
What is external validity?
if findings can be generalized to outside the study
100
Which is the most common research design in research?
Which is the most rare to be used?
ABAB (reversal design)
AB (comparison)
101
What is another word for comparison within-subjects design?
What does it mean?
Benefits and drawbacks?
A-B
baseline vs. treatment
determines if behav changed after treatment, can't be replicated
102
What is another word for reversal within-subjects design?
What does it do?
Benefits and drawbacks?
ABAB
baseline vs. treatment and then baseline vs. treatment
shows functional relationship b/t behav and treatment, is it reversible and safe?
103
What happens in a multiple-baseline-design?
1 behav is maintained while 1 behav is treated
104
What is a multiple-baseline-across-situations design?
for 1 person, same behav but diff situations
2 or more situations, after 1 treatment, next
105
What is a multiple-baseline-across-people design?
start with 1 person but then with another person for next stage
1: A and _ and _ 2: B and A and _ 3: C and B and A
106
What is a multielement?
for 1 person, trying all interventions
alternating b/t 2 or more treatment conditions at one session
107
True or false: being assigned home assignments are more successful
True
108
What would an absolutist thinker say?
"I must do..."
109
What would an overgeneralizer say?
"I'll never be a good student due to that one mark"
110
What would a catastrophizer say?
"things are so horrible, they can't possibly get worse"
111
What are the types of anxiety disorders?
phobias, panic DO, generalized anxiety DO, OCD, PTSD
112
What are ways in helping phobias?
systematic desensitization, flooding, participant modelling
113
What is systematic desensitization?
expose to fear while conditioning another response
114
What is participant modelling?
imitate another person approaching feared object
115
What is a panic disorder?
Cure for someone who has panic attacks in a car?
fear from no stimulus or cue
in vivo: take small car trips to longer ones
116
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
Cure?
constantly worrying and can't sleep at night
treatment package: CBT, acceptance therapy (worrying won't help/affect it)
117
What is OCD?
Cure?
unwanted intrusive thoughts w/ repetitive behav
in vivo: engage obsession but no compulsive behav
cognitive therapy: self-statements to maintain obsession
acceptance: learn that thoughts don't control behav
118
What is PTSD?
Cure?
fear from trauma, leads to depression, can't sleep/concentrate
prolonged exposure therapy: events similar to problem
cognitive therapy: generate alternative balanced thoughts
119
What is Beck's cognitive theory?
cognitive schemas lead to negative interpretation of life
120
How does behavioural activation relate to depression?
imbalance of punishment/positive reinforcement can cause depression
121
What is alcohol and substance use disorder?
Cure?
can't control themselves, higher tolerance and withdrawal
behav couple therapy: partner will reinforce nondrinking
find triggers: find S^D or establishing operations, self monitor
122
What is contingency management?
measures abstinence of addictive substance and reinforces
123
What are the types of eating disorders?
bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, binge eating DO, obesity
124
What is bulimia nervosa?
Cure?
obsessed with being thin and eats lots and then purges
cognitive therapy to counter beliefs of food/weight/appearance
125
What is anorexia nervosa?
obsessed with being thin and eats little to malnourish
126
What is binge eating disorder?
life threatening of eating lots of food
127
What is obesity?
overweight to have health problems
128
What is countercontrol?
allowing the person in the study to have control over the study
they can opt out anytime
