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Biodiversity + Ecology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Two main drivers of evolution

A

Descent and modification

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2
Q

Variation

A

Indivuals that make up the population

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3
Q

Inheritance

A

Some variation between indivuals has a genetic basis and is passed to offspring

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4
Q

Fitness differences

A

Some indivuals contribute more offspring to the next generation

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5
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the DNA sequence that leads to new allele

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6
Q

What level does natural selection occur at

A

Indivual

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7
Q

What level does evolution occur at

A

Population

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8
Q

Direct fitness

A

Direct descendents

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9
Q

Indirect fitness

A

Non-descendant relatives

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10
Q

Adaptation

A

Heritable trait that promotes fitness

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11
Q

Life history

A

-size at birth
-growth pattern
-age of maturity
-number and size of offspring

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12
Q

Habitat

A

Set of resources in an area necessary to support a population

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13
Q

Autotroph

A

Producers, bottom up effects

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14
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Herbivores
Carnivores

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15
Q

Habitat association

A

The regular occurrence of a species in a particular habitat

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16
Q

Habitat use

A

The way animal actually uses resources in a particular area
Distribution: where animals are detected
Abundance: how many indivuals are detected
Density: number of indivuals detected per unit area surveyed

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17
Q

Unsuitable habitat

A

No such thing, habitat is species specific

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18
Q

Habitat preference

A

The likelihood of a resource being chosen if offered on an equal basis with others

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19
Q

Habitat availability

A

The accessibility and procurability of the physical and biological components of a habitat

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20
Q

How to measure habitat preference

A

Compare use vs availability

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21
Q

Habitat selection

A

The hierarchical process of choosing resources in the environment

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22
Q

Scale

A

spatial or temporal dimension of an object or process

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23
Q

Patch

A

a relatively homogenous
area within an ecosystem

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24
Q

Stand

A

a spatially contiguous group
of trees with uniformity in age-class
distribution, competition, and
structure

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25
Q

Landscape

A

A mosaic of patches
that differ in ecological properties

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26
Q

1st order habitat selection – geographic range

A

Geographic range – the spatial extent within which a species is found

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27
Q

2nd order habitat selection – home range

A

Home range – area used by an individual to acquire the resources needed to survive
and reproduce

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28
Q

3rd order habitat selection

A

choosing a patch in the home range

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29
Q

4th order habitat selection

A

how elements in a patch are used

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30
Q

Habitat element

A

a structure or group of structures used by a species (e.g., log, snag,
understory vegetation)

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31
Q

Proximate cue

A

an element of habitat structure and composition, or other aspect of
the biotic community that individuals use to predict resource availability

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32
Q

Decision-making is often influenced by the behavior of others

A

Location cue – based on physical location
Public information – based on performance

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33
Q

ecological trap

A

a low-quality habitat that cannot sustain a population yet is
preferred over available, high-quality habitat

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34
Q

Density dependence

A

a process within a population that is influenced by the
number of individuals in a defined area.

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35
Q

Ecological disturbance:

A

a relatively discrete
event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community,
or population structure and changes resources,
substrate availability, or the physical environment.

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36
Q

Biological legacy

A

living organisms, organic
matter, and biological patterns that persist from
the pre-disturbance ecosystem and influence
development patterns in the post-disturbance
ecosystem.

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37
Q

Allogenic drivers (external):

A

replacement of one community by
the next when processes relatively
external to community causes
change via the physical, chemical,
and biotic environment

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38
Q

Autogenic drivers (internal):

A

replacement of one community by
the next because of changes in
physical, chemical, and biotic
environment produced by resident
organisms

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39
Q

Forest archetype 2

A

(chronic
disturbances)

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40
Q

Forest archetype 1

A

(episodic
disturbances)

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41
Q

Mesophication:

A

removal of fire leads to
the development of
shade-tolerant, less fire-
adapted community, with
a moister microclimate

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42
Q

Components
of forest
structure

A
  1. Live trees
    biomass, basal area, volume, density, tree size,
    spatial patterns, composition, canopy layering,
    canopy structure
  2. Snags
    biomass, basal area, volume, density, size,
    composition, state of decay, presence of cavities
  3. Dead and Down Wood
    biomass, size, state of decay, presence/absence
    of bark
  4. Understory Vegetation
    cover, height, composition, functional groups,
    spatial pattern
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43
Q

old growth

A

There is no one definition for old-growth forests, but key characteristics
include old trees, accumulations of dead wood, and structural
complexity

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44
Q

are there multiple pathways to early seral forests?

A

yes

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45
Q

what is an early seral forests?

A

forest in the initial stage of development post disturbance

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46
Q

Ecological disturbance

A

a discrete event in
time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or
population structure and changes resources,
substrate availability, or the physical
environment

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47
Q

Ecological disturbances are characterized by 3 components

A
  1. Return interval: average time between disturbance events
    Understory burn Volcanic eruption
    Temporal scale
  2. Pattern: size and configuration
    Canopy gap Insect outbreak
    Spatial scale
    Wildfire
  3. Severity: degree of physical change (e.g., amount of vegetation removed)
    High severity - AustraliaMixed severity – Oregon
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48
Q

Ecological succession

A

the change in types, numbers, and grouping of organisms that occupy
an area over time, and concomitant changes in the microenvironment

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49
Q

Sere

A

he series of biotic communities formed by the process of succession

50
Q

Silviculture

A

the art and science of growing stands of forest vegetation

51
Q

Silvicultural system

A

planned set of treatments by which forest
vegetation is regenerated, manipulated, and often harvested

52
Q

Uneven-aged systems

A

leads to a stand that contains ≥ 3 cohorts (age groups)

53
Q

Even-aged systems – result in stands of a relatively uniform age and size,
including 2-aged systems
A single cohort stand with one canopy layer

A

1. Clearcut – stand is harvested to produce a new stand of single or mixed

species; natural or artificial regeneration used
Douglas-fir,
western Oregon
#2. Seed Tree – trees left scattered in otherwise clearcut areas to provide seed for
natural regeneration; trees usually removed after regeneration is established
#3. Shelterwood – trees are left for primarily for protection from temperature
extremes; trees usually removed after regeneration is established
Northern red and pin oak uplands
Brian Lockhart, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
White pine with eastern hemlock regeneration

54
Q

Variable retention harvesting

A

harvesting based on the retaining structural elements
and/or biological legacies from the harvested stand to achieve ecological objectives

55
Q

Three key benefits of variable retention for forest wildlife

A
  1. Structural enrichment of
    established stands
  2. Life-boating to provide
    refugia for limited-dispersal
    species
  3. Connectivity is enhanced
    via “stepping stones”
    Variable Retention Adaptive Management Experiment (VRAM) on Vancouver Island | Beese et al. 2005
56
Q

Uneven-aged systems

A

leads to a stand that contains ≥ 3 cohorts (age groups)
A multiple cohort stand with multiple canopy layers

57
Q

Single-tree selection

A

cutting of individual trees to form small
canopy gaps to release seedlings, saplings, and small trees

58
Q

High-grading

A

cutting only
the most valuable trees on a
stand, leaving low-quality
trees behind
Sometimes called “selective
cutting” (but don’t confuse
with selection systems)
Problematic for wildlife
because many high-value
species produce seeds and

59
Q

Group selection

A

cutting small groups of trees to form canopy gaps across the stand; size
ranges from several trees to ~2 acres, but the size of the patch is important!

60
Q

3. Habitat loss & fragmentation

A

primary causes of species loss

61
Q

Extent

A

how large of an area an animal considers to be important

62
Q

Grain

A

the minimum resolution perceived by an animal

63
Q

Composition

A

What patches are present, and how abundant are they?

64
Q

Configuration

A

What is the size and spatial arrangement of patches?

65
Q

Connectivity

A

How are the patches in the landscape connected?

66
Q

Landscape composition

A

the abundance and variety of patches, but not their spatial arrangement

67
Q

Patch

A

a relatively
homogenous area
within a landscape

68
Q

Matrix

A

amount of
non-habitat within
a landscape

69
Q

Patch isolation

A

distance from one patch to its nearest neighbor

70
Q

Core area

A

the portion of a habitat patch that is not influenced by edge effects

71
Q

Edge effect

A

changes that occur at the occur at the boundary of two or more land cover types
Edge area influenced

72
Q

Hard edge

A

abrupt transition between adjacent stands; stronger structural differences

73
Q

Soft edge

A

gradual transition between adjacent stands; stronger floristic differences

74
Q

Area sensitivity

A

when a species is less likely to occur – or is less abundant – in small patches

75
Q

Forest loss

A

reduction in the total area of forest

76
Q

Forest fragmentation

A

reduction in total forest area + isolation of the remaining patches

77
Q

Four key mechanisms for species loss from fragments

A
  1. Species-area effects: total extent of area is reduced
  2. Species-environment effects: changes in abiotic conditions alter habitat quality
  3. Species-interaction effects: changes in food web organization
  4. Species-isolation effects: poor dispersing species cannot recolonize after local extinction
78
Q

Landscape connectivity

A

the functional relationship among habitat patches due to the (1) spatial
arrangement of habitat and (2) movement responses of organisms to landscape structure

79
Q

Structural connectivity

A

measured by analyzing
the landscape structure independently of an
organism

80
Q

Functional connectivity

A

measured by
analyzing the behavioral response of a
particular organism to landscape elements

81
Q

There are three patch-based measures of connectivity

A
  • Nearest neighbor: limited info on patch network, contains no info on dispersal of focal species
  • Neighborhood buffer: easy to implement, but results are sensitive to radius selected
  • Incidence-function model: more biologically realistic, but requires much more information
82
Q

Dispersal

A

movement of an individual from its natal location to the site of reproduction (natal
dispersal), or the movement between successive sites of reproduction (breeding dispersal)

83
Q

Gap crossing

A

the distance between patches that a species is willing, or able, to traverse

84
Q

Perceptual range

A

the greatest distance from which an animal can detect habitat, as determined
by its ability to orient towards a habitat edge

85
Q

Keystone species

A

indirectly modify their
environment disproportionately to their biomass

86
Q

Indicator species

A

indicative of overall
ecosystem function and tied to particular
environmental conditions

87
Q

Umbrella species

A

species with large area
requirements

88
Q

Listed species

A

species with regulatory
requirements for monitoring and/or recovering
populations

89
Q

Coarse filter (landscapes):

A

Maintaining a
diversity of ecosystem types across the
landscape, with the intent of meeting the
needs of most native species

90
Q

TRIAD approach to balance conservation and human needs

A

Reserve: managed for biodiversity conservation, which
typically means little or no intervention

Intensive (= plantation silviculture): planting of native or
exotic tree species, use of herbicide to control competing
vegetation, thinning, and fertilization

Extensive (= ecological forestry): typically characterized by
partial retention, mixed species, minimal use of external
inputs and reliance on natural tree regeneration

91
Q

The fundamental niche

A

the full range of conditions under which a species survives
and persists in the absence of competition; typically based on physiological tolerances

92
Q

The realized niche

A

the
observed environmental
biophysical conditions which a
species uses in the presence of
competition (and interactions)
with other organisms

93
Q

Invasion ecology

A

involves biodiversity and
community ecology, considering which
species are successful invaders – and why –
and asking what properties of ecosystems
facilitate or inhibit invasion.

94
Q

Exotic/non-native species

A

presence due to
intentional or accidental introduction as a result of
human activity

95
Q

Casual species:

A

non-natives that reproduce
occasionally but do not form self-sustaining
populations; instead, they rely on repeated
introductions for persistence

96
Q

Naturalized species

A

non-natives that reproduce
consistently and sustain populations over time
without direct intervention by humans

97
Q

Invasive species

A

non-natives that grows quickly,
and spreads to the point of disrupting communities or ecosystems

98
Q

Biological invasions occur because of

A

Traits: morphological, phenological, functional, competitive ability

Ecosystem: disturbance regime, successional stage, resource availability

Propagule pressure: availability, abundance, mobility, proximity

99
Q

Residence time

A

probability
of invasion depends on
time since introduction,
and subsequent increased
propagule pressure

100
Q

Invasion meltdown hypothesis

A

The invasion meltdown
hypothesis proposes that non-
native species facilitate one
another’s invasion.

101
Q

Umbrella species

A

species with large
area requirements (e.g., Greater Sage-
Grouse)

102
Q

Flagship species

A

charismatic
species with wide popular appeal (e.g.,
Sumatran Tiger)

103
Q

Species richness

A

number of species
in the community

104
Q

Species evenness

A

relative abundance
of different species

105
Q

Species diversity

A

integration of richness
and evenness

106
Q

Alpha Diversity

A

species diversity at a
single location
What is alpha (α) diversity?
Site A: α = 4
Site B: α = 6

107
Q

Beta Diversity

A

difference in species
diversity between
locations

108
Q

Gamma Diversity

A

total species diversity
within a landscape

What is gamma (𝜸𝜸) diversity?
Sites A + B = 10
… but 3 species at both sites, so…
𝜸𝜸 = 7

109
Q

Productivity hypothesis

A

posits that
the more energy in a system, the
more biomass it has and, in turn,
more species can be supported

110
Q

Intermediate disturbance
hypothesis

A

Species diversity is highest when
disturbance is neither too rare nor
too frequent

111
Q

Resilience

A

the capacity of an ecosystem to absorb disturbance so it retains essential
structures, processes, and feedbacks, and to reorganize following disturbance

112
Q

Sustainability

A

the capacity to provide
ecosystem goods and services today
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs

113
Q

Forest ecology
key principle #1

A

Forest ecosystem structure and function is
governed by interactions among living
organisms and their physical environment
Chapin et al. 2011

114
Q

Forest ecology
key principle #2

A

The biological communities and
environmental factors that shape forest
ecosystems are dynamic in space and time.

115
Q

Forest ecology
key principle #3

A

Ecological processes are interconnected
over a wide range of spatial and temporal
scales. What occurs in one location is
influenced by that location’s surroundings.
HJ Andrews Forest

116
Q

Forest ecology
key principle #4

A

Forest ecosystem structure, community
composition, and species traits heavily
influence ecosystem processes and
functions.

117
Q

Forest ecology
key principle #5

A

Forest ecosystem structure and function are
impacted by humans, both directly and
indirectly.

118
Q

Forest ecology
key principle #6

A

There is a vast amount we don’t know about
forest ecosystems, so a precautionary
principle of forest management is needed.
And more science

119
Q

Functional connectivity

A

the degree to
which the landscape facilitates or impedes
movement of ecological processes (e.g.,
organisms, materials, energy)

120
Q

Structural connectivity

A

physical
connectedness among parts of the
landscape

Biodiversity + Ecology (1 decks)

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