Final Exam Flashcards
What are the functions of the nasal mucus and nasal cavity?
Moistens air
traps dust particles
Olfaction occurs
What are the order for steps of respiration?
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Internal respiration
What happens with internal respiration?
Exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
What is external respiration?
Exchange of gases between the pulmonary alveoli and the blood capillaries across the respiratory membrane.
What is pulmonary ventilation?
Inhalation and exhalation of air and involves the exchange of air between atmosphere and pulmonary alveoli in the lungs
What is the laymen term for pharynx?
Throat
What is the laymen term for trachea?
Windpipe
What is the laymen term for larynx?
Voice box
What parts are involved the with the respiratory system?
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
What parts of the body are in lower respiratory system
Larynx, treachery, bronchi and lungs
What are the zones in the RS that are divided functionally?
Conducting zone and respiratory zone
What are the parts involved in the conducting g zone and what happens?
Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Role: filter, warm and moisten the air and conduct it into the lungs; no gas exchange.
What parts are involved in the respiratory zone and what’s it’s role?
respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts, alveolar saccules (sacs), and
pulmonary alveoi
Role: main sites of gas exchange happens.
What are the main functions of the RS?
Provides gas exchange
Helps regulate blood pH
Provides for gas exchange: intake of O2 for delivery to body cells and removal of CO2 produced by body cells.
Helps regulate blood pH.
Contains receptors for sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces vocal sounds (phonation), and excretes small amounts of water and heat.
What forms the walls of the nostrils
alar cartilages
What cavities lead to nasal vestibules?
Nostrils
What are the functions for the Interior structures of the external nose?
(1) warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air; (2) detecting olfactory stimuli
(3) modifying speech
What is the term resonance?
Resonance refers to prolonging, amplifying, or modifying a sound by vibration.
What is the total surface of the lungs?
50m2-100m2
What are the dimensions of the pharynx?
13cm (5in.) long
Starts at. Blane and extends to cricoid cartilage.
What is the order of normal breathing g in the pharyngeal parts.
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharyx
What are the two types of tonsils found in the Oropharynx
Palatine and lingual tonsils
What is the larynx located?
C4-C5
What is the adams apple?
Thyroid cartilage or laryngeal prominence. Consists of two fused plates of hyaline cartilage.
What does epiglottis refer to.
Epiglottis cartilage and it’s mucous membrane covering.
What is the cricoid cartilage? What does it form?
Ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx
What structures give the voice and individual quality of sound?
Pharynx
Mouth
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
What are the dimensions for the trachea and where is it located?
12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter
Located anterior to the esophagus
Extends from larynx to superior border of the fifth thoracic vertebra
What are the layers of the trachea, walk from deep to superficial?
(1) respiratory mucosa
(2) submucosa
(3) hyaline cartilage
(4) adventitial layer (composed of areolar connective tissue)
What is the purpose for the open part of the c shaped cartilage ring in the trachea?
important in maintaining efficient airflow.
What is In the membranous wall of the trachea? What are their purpose?
smooth mm trachealis mm and elastic connective tissue that allow the diameter of the trachea to change during inhalation and exhalation.
What is the purpose of the solid c shaped cartilage in the trachea?
Maintain patency so the tracheal wall does not collapse inward and obstruct the air passageway
What is CPAP?
A noninvasive type of ventilation.
machine that contains a motorized fan that draws air in from a room, humidifies it, and gently pressurizes it.
The air is delivered through a hose that connects to a mask placed over the nose and/or mouth
What is CPAPi dictated for?
Sleep apnea
At the point where the trachea divides into right and left main bronchi an internal ridge called what?
Carina
branching from the trachea through the terminal bronchioles resembles an inverted tree and is commonly referred to as the___________.
Bronchial tree
The respiratory passages from the trachea to the alveolar ducts contain about how many generations of branching?
23
What happens to the SNS in respiratory system during exercise?
Increases and suprarenal medulla releases the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
Causing relaxation to the smooth mm I’m bronchioles to dilate airways.
Air reaches the pulmonary alveoli more quickly
Lung ventilation improves
What happens to the RS when PSNS kicks in?
Mediators of allergic reactions of histamine cause contraction of bronchiole smooth mm resulting in construction of distal bronchioles.
What is the action for the intercostals?
Depress the ribs during forced expiration.
What is the alveoli?
Thin walled structure that allows gas exchange.
In what order does air move into area of gas exchange?
Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, and alveolar saccules (sacs)
What are the mm of respiration?
Internal and external intercostals
Diaphragm
What is Valsalva
Forced expiration with closed glottis
What is hyper/hypocarnia?
Hypercapnia is an increase of CO2
Hypocapnia is a decrease in CO2
What is the purpose of surfactant
Surfactant lowers the surface tension of pulmonary alveolar fluid, which reduces the tendency of pulmonary alveoli to collapse and maintain patency
A layer of pneumocytes type I and type II and associated alveolar macrophages that constitutes what layer of the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar wall
lungs receive blood via two sets of arteries, what are they?
pulmonary arteries and bronchial arteries
What are the only arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary arteries
These arteries which branch from the aorta, deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs
Bronchial arteries
What are the two main mm for inhalation
Diaphragm (75%)and external intercostals (25%) of contraction during normal quiet breathing
What are the accessory mm of inhalations
SCM
SCALENES
PEC MINOR
Is the process of inhalation active?
Yes
Is the process of exhalation passive? Why? When will it become active?
Yes bc no mm contractions are involved.
During exercise of forceful breathing using abdominals and internal intercostals
What deficiency of what causes respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants.
Surfactant
