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Curriculum, Theories, and Approaches > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

True or False?

According to Bennet, there are two primary approaches to curriculum design.

A

True!

Social pedagogical and pre-primary

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2
Q

True or False?

Nowhere in the country is the same curriculum extended to both kindergarten and child care.

A

True!

This is because it is not supported at the federal level.

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3
Q

True or False?

Aboriginal Head Start Initiatives are being expanded in off-reserve and on-reserve communities.

A

True!

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4
Q

True or False?

Curriculum frameworks articulate the importance of the role of early learning professionals.

A

True

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5
Q

True or False?

A curriculum framework is a thinking document?

A

True!

Examples include HDLH and the KP

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6
Q

True or False?

According to Bennet, in order for a curriculum framework to be successfully implemented, the following 3 conditions must be present:

  1. Well-qualified, motivated staff who have been trained to understand the framework and ways to effectively implement curriculum
  2. Adequate investment in buildings, outdoor play environments, and human resources, including adequate ratios of qualified educators to children and an array of materials that support children’s interest
  3. Monitoring processes and support systems that offer early learning staff information about, and opportunities to continuously improve, program quality and accountability
A

True!

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7
Q

True or False?

When using the term “power”, we are not referring to power over others. Power is the combination of the person and the strategies used to empower others and yourself.

A

True!

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8
Q

True or False?

Social constructivism is based on the theory of Skinner.

A

False!

Social constructivism is based on Vygotsky.

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9
Q

True or False?

Early learning professionals bring meaning to their programming goals by reflecting critically on their beliefs.

A

True!

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10
Q

True or False?

Wisdom is the knowledge gained from life experience and a professional’s ability to apply it to professional practice.

A

True!

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11
Q

True or False?

Giving voice to children’s interests and wonder does not require adults to be comfortable with themselves and their wisdom.

A

False!

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12
Q

What are the 3 purposes of frameworks?

A
  1. To provide a guide for early learning professionals
  2. To support in creating pedagogical documentation
  3. To provide a focus for the child care and early learning community
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13
Q

The social pedagogical approach is based on what theory?

A. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
B. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model
C. Erikson’s stages of development
D. Skinner’s operant conditioning theory

A

B. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model

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14
Q

Curriculum frameworks offer a variety of assessment strategies including all but which of the following?

A. Learning stories
B. Observations
C. Anecdotal Records
D. Standardized Tests

A

D. Standardized Tests

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15
Q

Programming decisions are aligned with all but which of the following core concepts?

A. Social Injustice
B. Voice
C. Rights
D. Democracy

A

A. Social Injustice

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16
Q

Basset’s emergent wisdom model is based on what?

A. Discerning
B. Engaging
C. Respecting
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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17
Q

Which approach is based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model?

A. Pre-primary approach
B. Inquiry-based approach
C. Social pedagogical approach
D. Constructivist approach

A

C. Social pedagogical approach

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18
Q

Which 2 pedagogies guide early learning professionals in creating and maintaining social and physical environments that support children?

A. The pedagogy of listening
B. Intra-active pedagogy
C. Culturally responsive pedagogy
D. Critical pedagogy

A

A. The pedagogy of listening
B. Intra-active pedagogy

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19
Q

True or False?

Learning stories help connect children experiences in early learning programs with their families.

A

True!

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20
Q

True or False?

Visioning, discourse, and consideration of ethics can support your pedagogy of practice.

A

True!

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21
Q

True or False?

Early learning professionals seek clarity on the image of the child, as this guides their practices.

A

True!

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22
Q

True or False?

Children use their own knowledge and ways of knowing to expand personal possibilities.

A

False!

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23
Q

True or False?

As part of the process of determining your philosophical beliefs about and approaches toward children and working with children it is necessary to clarify your own beliefs and values.

A

True!

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24
Q

The curriculum framework for Head Start programs is based on how many component areas?

A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6

A

D. 6

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25
Q

Programming decisions are based on meaningful interactions with children as well as which of the following?

A. Pedagogy of Listening
B. Concepts of wisdom, voice, and rights
C. Democracy
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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26
Q

You define yourself by it; your practice reflects it. What is it?

A. Philosophy
B. Theories
C. Program

A

A. Philosophy

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27
Q

Some ways to respect children’s democracy, voice, and rights is by:

A. Listening, being aware of your actions, giving them opportunities to speak, and reflecting
B. Not giving them opportunities or choices
C. None of the above

A

A. Listening, being aware of your actions, giving them opportunities to speak, and reflecting

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28
Q

True or False?

Children use their interactions with and observations of only their peers and the environment to construct meaning.

A

False!

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29
Q

True or False?

Through play, children gain understanding and competence to interact with people and things.

A

True!

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30
Q

True or False?

The pre-primary approach is focused on teaching, child outputs and preparation for entry to the school system.

A

True!

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31
Q

What is not a type of intelligence according to Gardeners multiple intelligences theory?

A. Bodily-kinesthetic
B. Intrapersonal
C. Artistic
D. Logical-mathematical

A

C. Artistic

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32
Q

First Nations communities prioritize early childhood care and education as an important strategy because it helps…

A. Maintain and build on their traditional culture
B. Maintain their language
C. All of the above
D. None of the above

A

C. All of the above

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33
Q

Which provincial framework is designed for the Francophone population?

A. Prince Edward Island
B. Quebec
C. New Brunswick

A

C. New Brunswick

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34
Q

What are Ontario’s two curriculum frameworks?

A
  1. How Does Learning Happen
  2. Early Learning for Every Child Today
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35
Q

True or False?

First Nations communities prioritize early childhood care and education as an important strategy to promote the optimal development of their children while maintaining and building on their traditional culture, their language, and the overall prosperity of their communities and societies

A

True!

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36
Q

What are the Head Start programs 6 component areas?

A
  1. Culture and language
  2. Education and school readiness
  3. Health promotion
  4. Nutrition
  5. Social support
  6. Parental and family involvement
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37
Q

What is the social pedagogical approach?

A
  1. Based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model focusing on children’s learning opportunities evolving from their environment
  2. The teachers, children, and, families make decisions and plan together
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38
Q

What is the pre-primary approach?

A
  1. Focuses on teaching, child outputs, and preparation for entry to the school system
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39
Q

True or False?

Of the existing frameworks, some are mandatory, and some are optional.

A

True!

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40
Q

In Canada, why is the same curriculum not used in both kindergarten and childcare?

A

It is not supported at the federal level.

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41
Q

Describe 3 points of emerging frameworks.

A
  • pre public education system
  • guides practice
  • increases the quality of programming
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42
Q

What is the purpose of a framework?

A

Intended to bring change to practice that enhances opportunities for children to have optimal play

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43
Q

What are the variety of assessment strategies that curriculum frameworks offer?

A
  1. Pedagogical narration
  2. Learning stories
  3. Anecdotal records
  4. Portfolios
  5. Observations
  6. Albums of learning events
  7. Project webs
  8. Various samples of children’s creations and work
44
Q

What is 1 professional responsibility?

A

To distinguish between curriculum and curriculum frameworks.

45
Q

Describe curriculum.

A

How early learning professionals organize the overall programs, experiences, and environments

46
Q

True or False?

The curriculum framework is a thinking document that articulates the importance of the role of early learning professionals.

A

True!

47
Q

True or False?

Bennett also says that in early learning environments, there are many examples of insufficient/inadequate interactions with children, little appreciation of horizontal learning for other children, a lack of training in managing groups and classrooms effectively.

A

True!

48
Q

Written Response:

Design your own framework.

A
  • 0 to 6 years
  • early development sets the stage for later life
  • social pedagogical approach
  • holistic, child-centred, and play-based
  • views children as happy active learners
  • contains guiding principles for all settings
  • curriculum and programming would reflect children, family, and local community diversity
  • educators must be knowledgable and responsive, educated and receive ongoing professional training, reflective practitioners
  • children, adults and environments are interrelated
  • children, adults, and families work in partnership
49
Q

What are the 3 purposes of curriculum frameworks?

A
  1. Provides a guide and foundation for early learning professionals
  2. Supports the creation of pedagogical documentation
  3. Provides a focus for the child care and early learning community
50
Q

Define professional capital.

A

A social term that defines people in society who we believe to be powerful.

51
Q

True or False?

The federal, provincial, territorial, and municipal governments are involved in different aspects of early learning programs.

A

True!

52
Q

True or False?

Early learning professionals have a role to play in understanding governments, politics, and the ethics and politics within the early learning field.

A

True!

53
Q

True or False?

Moss urges early childhood professionals to question what we think is right and what we think is the norm

A

True!

54
Q

True or False?

Moss cautioned governments about developing universal programming as a way to promote social stability and economic success because it will most likely lead to public policies that emphasize “control, regulation and surveillance”.

A

True!

55
Q

True or False?

The political landscape can be changed to focus on the image of the child rather than on political agendas.

A

True!

56
Q

Define the social pedagogical approach.

A

This model is based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model, with the contextual focus of children’s learning opportunities evolving from their environment—the people, places, and things within their environment, and past and current experiences within that environment.

57
Q

Define the pre-primary approach.

A

The pre-primary approach focuses on teaching, child outputs, and preparation for entry into the school system.

58
Q

True or False?

One of the first strategies for early learning professionals is to clearly distinguish between the terms curriculum and curriculum frameworks as “a curriculum framework is not the same thing as a curriculum”

A

True!

59
Q

Define curriculum.

A

How early learning professionals organize the overall programs, experiences, and environments for children that align with the centre’s goals and philosophy.

60
Q

Define curriculum framework.

A
  • a “thinking” document
  • a guide or tool to support early learning professionals in determining their values, principles, and perspectives related to pedagogy, how children learn, and how programs and environments can be designed to reflect their pedagogy
61
Q

True or False?

Curriculum frameworks articulate the importance of the role of early learning professionals in working with children and their families and suggest that high-quality early learning programs are ones where children’s play and experiences are co-constructed by the children and adults.

A

True!

62
Q

What are the benefits of using curriculum frameworks?

A
  1. Increase knowledge
  2. Offer theoretical perspectives
  3. Offer practical suggestions
63
Q

True or False?

The federal, provincial, territorial, and municipal governments are involved in different aspects of early learning programs, such as funding models, standards and regulations, and availability of subsidized spaces.

A

True!

64
Q

True or False?

Moss contended that by creating discourse among the critical thinkers in early childhood, the political landscape can be changed to focus on the image of the child rather than on political agendas and on practices that impede children from guiding their childhood experiences and meeting their needs for exploration, play, and learning.

A

True!

65
Q

True or False?

Moss did not caution governments about developing universal programming as a way to
promote social stability and economic success because it will most likely lead to public policies that emphasize “control, regulation and surveillance”.

A

False!

66
Q

To gain knowledge about politics requires
what?

A

Acknowledging the definition and the
application of healthy power processes to
your practice.

67
Q

True or False?

The word politics has different meanings for
individuals based on their experiences. For
example, some may align the term with
government parties. Others may view the
word politics in relation to the tension that
they may feel among colleagues in the
workplace or learning environment

A

True!

68
Q

True or False?

Learning is a messy process rather than a linear progression.

A

True!

69
Q

True or False?

Early learning professionals seek clarity on the image of the child, as this guides their practice. They also consider the meaning of knowledge in their work.

A

True!

70
Q

Define social constructivism.

A

-knowledge is constructed within a social context

71
Q

What are the 5 fundamental aspects of social constructivism?

A
  1. Children use their interactions with and observations of people and the environment to construct meanings.
  2. Children are influenced by and construct their ideas about relations of power such as race, gender and class power by their experiences.
  3. Children present multiple alternative ways of knowing, not inferior ways of knowing
  4. Children use their peer’s knowledge and ways of knowing to expand personal possibilities
  5. Children offer a new lens for examining social justice and equality
72
Q

True or False?

As part of the process of determining your philosophical beliefs about, and approaches toward, children and working with children, it is not necessary to clarify your own beliefs and values.

A

False!

73
Q

True or False?

Early learning professionals bring meaning to their programming goals by reflecting critically on their beliefs, values, ways of interacting with
children, and approach to teaching and learning.

A

True!

74
Q

Define epistemology.

A

The study of knowledge or knowing something in a particular way.

75
Q

True or False?

Personal knowledge can sometimes be seen as fact, but we all have our own biases.

A

True!

76
Q

Laws are made to what?

A
  1. Protect
  2. Support
77
Q

What does protection mean?

A
  1. Feeling safe
  2. Having money
78
Q

What does support mean?

A
  1. Feeling loved
  2. Having knowledge
79
Q

Define wisdom.

A

Knowledge gained from life experience and a professional’s ability to apply it to professional practice.

80
Q

What are the 4 parts of Bassett’s emergent wisdom model?

A
  1. Discerning
  2. Engaging
  3. Respecting
  4. Transforming
81
Q

What does “discerning” mean?

A

The ability to distinguish between different qualities and characteristics of others.

82
Q

What does “engaging” mean?

A

Pushing ourselves to action, changing past practices, doing things that we never thought we would or could do.

83
Q

What does “respecting” mean?

A
  • ability to express caring and empathy for others
  • gratitude and consideration are evident
84
Q

What does “transforming” mean?

A
  • reflective process
  • thinking deeply about people, relationships, and actions associated with the common good
85
Q

True or False?

The process of pedagogical documentation gives children a voice. These visual, artistic representations—often referred to as “panels”—reveal children’s thinking and theory building and, as identified in Reggio Emilia, allow for a hundred languages to be spoken, often without an audible word

A

True!

86
Q

True or False?

To see children as protagonists of their own experiences of learning is to support them in having the right to express their understanding of the world through many languages.

A

True!

87
Q

What does democracy refer to from an early learning perspective?

A

A way of life that maximizes “opportunities for sharing, exchanging and negotiating perspectives and opinions

88
Q

What are some ways to give children a voice, rights, and democracy?

A
  1. Actions
  2. Listening
  3. Reflection
  4. Opportunities to speak
89
Q

Define the pedagogy of listening.

A

Relates to learning and teaching and involves the search by children and adults for meaning and understanding through listening

90
Q

Define intra-active pedagogy.

A
  • the relationship between all living organisms and the materials found within the environment
  • artifacts, spaces, and places that are used on a daily basis
91
Q

True or False?

One of the core goals in becoming an early learning professional is to develop the skills
to constantly reflect on how politics and ethics can influence early learning policies and
program quality indicators. This requires an openness to rethink beliefs and values and
to change some practices to reflect new growth

A

True!

92
Q

Social justice programming for young children includes what 5 things?

A
  1. Educated educators
  2. Time and resources
  3. Ongoing professional learning
  4. Professional discourse
  5. Political support
93
Q

What are the 7 roles and responsibilities of an Early Learning Professional?

A
  1. Practise ethical encounters
  2. Focus on the pedagogy of relationships
  3. Respect the Other
  4. Use pedagogical documentation
  5. Program in a way that supports children’s right to play
  6. Include everyone’s voice in the planning process
  7. Design environments that support and enhance children’s play and programming
94
Q

Define play.

A
  • self-chosen activity
  • offers children opportunities to engage in a process of experimentation, exploration, and discovery,
  • not meant for achieving or creating a defined outcome or product
95
Q

True or False?

Through play, children gain understanding and competence to interact with people and things in their social, communal, and cultural world.

A

True!

96
Q

True or False?

Learning stories help connect children’s experiences in early learning programs with their families.

A

True!

97
Q

True or False?

Understanding of the influence of environmental design on program design is enhanced when early learning professionals evaluate environments and make the necessary
adjustments so that children are comfortable within them.

A

True!

98
Q

Describe 3 aspects of the pre-primary approach.

A
  1. Core centralized curriculum with defined goals and outcomes
  2. Teacher provides instruction toward achieving defined knowledge or skills to meet curriculum goals and standards
  3. Evaluation processes are used to assess each child with respect to the defined goals and competencies achieved
99
Q

Describe 3 aspects of the social pedagogical approach.

A
  1. Focuses on broad-based curricluum outcomes with a local curriculum to relefect diversity among children, families, cultures, and community
  2. The teacher-child relationships is collaborative in exploring and learning about ideas that are derived from the children’s interests or broad curriculum goald
  3. The teacher, child, and parents together determine goald and outcomes. Assessment strategies such as narrative stories, portfolios, or pedagogical documentation and are used to facilitate children’s learning and areas of interest
100
Q

True or False?

A current trend in the early learning sector in Canada is the adoption of either pedagogical curriculum frameworks or curricula to guide practice.

A

True!

101
Q

Define constructivism.

A
  • knowledge that is acquired through active involvement with content and experimentation
  • learning by doing, experimenting, and using problem-solving and critical-thinking skills to create new knowledge and skills
102
Q

Define social constructivism.

A
  • knowledge is developed through experiential learning communities
103
Q

How does epistemology and social constructivism work together? List 1 concrete example.

A
  • Epistemology is the study of knowledge or a particular way of knowing something. Social constructivism is a theory that states we learn by doing things in social learning communities.
  • Example: Jaywalking. Whether or not jaywalking is seen as acceptable or not depends on the social norms and cultural practices. In some places, jaywalking might be common and tolerated, while in others, it could be strictly enforced and frowned upon. Our understanding of jaywalking is shaped by our social interactions, norms, and cultural values. In a busy urban area where jaywalking is common, people may see it as a normative behaviour rather than a traffic violation
104
Q

How can we use pedagogical documentation and learning stories to respect voice, rights, and/or democracy? Pick 1.

A
  • Pedagogical documentation and learning stories uphold children’s rights by respecting their voices, autonomy, and democratic participation in the learning process.
  • Through observations and interactions, educators capture children’s actions, behaviours, and voices, validating their perspectives and experiences. By incorporating children’s voices into documentation, such as allowing them to write on photos or share their thoughts, educators foster a sense of agency and ownership over their learning. This process ensures that children feel seen, heard, and respected, enhancing their engagement and participation in the learning process.
105
Q

True or False?

Early learning is a critical time, and there’s a distinction between teaching and learning
within the early years sector.

A

True!

106
Q

True or False?

Research shows that early childhood education in psychology has determined there is one right way for children to learn.

A

False!

107
Q

True or False?

In addition to the developmental benefits that children acquire form environments that follow curriculum frameworks, there is an economic rationale for frameworks to be used to guide and support early learning programs.

A

True!

Curriculum, Theories, and Approaches (4 decks)

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