final exam

Question 1

Id

Answer 1

the primitive and instinctual part of the mind which is driven by instinctual desires and operates on the pleasure principle.

Question 2

Ego

Answer 2

the conscious part of the mind that mediates the id’s impulses and the demands of the external world.

Question 3

Superego

Answer 3

the moralistic and idealistic part of the mind that represents the internalized values and standards of society and the individual’s parents.

Question 4

Catharsis

Answer 4

Joseph Breuer described this treatment method to Sigmund Freud in which the release of pent-up emotions caused neurotic symptoms to disappear.

Question 5

Rationalization

Answer 5

A psychological defense mechanism where individuals make up justifications or excuses for their actions or emotions to reduce feelings of discomfort or dissonance, often without considering the full picture or the impact of their behavior on themselves or others.

Question 6

Joseph Breuer

Answer 6

developed the concept of catharsis in his work with a patient known as Anna O.

Question 7

Jean-Martin Charcot

Answer 7

pioneered the use of hypnosis for the treatment of hysteria

Question 8

Carl Jung

Answer 8

archetypes are part of the Collective unconscious

Question 9

Sigmund Freud

Answer 9

• develop the theory of id
• he used the methods of dream analysis and free association. to access unconscious motives

Question 10

Edmund Husserl

Answer 10

The “father” of the philosophical movement known as phenomenology.

Question 11

Viktor Franklt

Answer 11

The psychotherapist that developed logotherapy.

Question 12

When presented with facts, what does a phenomenological researcher focus on?

Answer 12

The meanings of the situation as experienced by a person

Question 13

When can phenomenological research be considered to be reliable?

Answer 13

When findings are true to the lived experience of the participants

Question 14

Info on Existential Psychology

Answer 14

arose from philosophical and humanistic concerns, rather than from physiology or other natural sciences.

Question 15

Why are existential therapists reluctant to systematize their approach?

Answer 15

Existential psychotherapists emphasize the uniqueness of each client

Question 16

Clark Hull

Answer 16

Drive reduction.

Question 17

Lloyd Morgan

Answer 17

if the behavior can be explained by a lower mental process.

Question 18

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 18

classical conditioning

Question 19

B. F. Skinner

Answer 19

operant conditioning, freedom was illusory.

Question 20

John Watson

Answer 20

Wrote a controversial book on child-rearing.
-His Famous address at Columbia University in 1913 argued that Psychology had failed as a science.
-Later in his life, he had a career in advertising.

Question 21

What were neo-behaviorists principally interested in?

Answer 21

Learning and motivation

Question 21

4 Main Professional areas of psychology in 20th century America:

Answer 21

Clinical Psychology
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
School Psychology
Counseling Psychology

Question 21

What is the condition known as “shell shock” in World War I called today?

Answer 21

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Question 22

What was the principal activity that defined professional psychologists throughout the 20th century?

Answer 22

Mental testing

Question 23

The first organization for applied psychologists in the US was meant for what type of psychologists?

Answer 23

Clinical Psychologists

Question 24

What was the primary factor that led to the APA eventually accepting professional psychologists who were interested in formal affiliation?

Answer 24

World War II

Question 25

What did the work of American psychologists in World War I involve?

Answer 25

Intelligence testing
job selection testing
assessment of shell shock victims

Question 26

Which professional psychological specialty is the closest to clinical psychology?

Answer 26

Counseling Psychology

Question 27

What is the name of the agreed-upon model for the professional training of clinical psychologists that was developed at a conference held in Boulder, Colorado in the summer of 1949?

Answer 27

Scientist-Practitioner Model

Question 28

In which field of professional psychology have Carl Rogers’ ideas on non-directive therapy been particularly significant?

Answer 28

Counseling Psychology

Question 29

Scientific Racism

Answer 29

A phenomenon where science is used to introduce or maintain beliefs about the superiority of a particular race.

Question 30

Social Action Research

Answer 30

Coined by Kurt Lewin, refers to the use of psychological research to bring about positive social change by addressing practical problems and empowering individuals, groups, and communities.

Question 31

What percentage of the US population do disabled persons make up?

Answer 31

20%

Question 32

Franz Samelson:

Answer 32

the reason for the transition from racism to cultural bias is that it was due to an influx of more diverse psychologists, especially Jewish psychologists, whose interpretations of the data were different.

Question 33

Kurt Lewin

Answer 33

(Social Action Research)
-emphasized Characteristics and demands of the situation when looking for behavioral causes in social psychology.
-studied reducing discriminatory practices, resistance to religious prejudice, resistance to racial prejudice.

Question 34

Helen Thompson

Answer 34

Her pioneering research was on sex differences.

Question 35

Chief Justice Earl Warren:

Answer 35

His citation of the adverse effects of public-school segregation in Brown v. Board of Education marked the first time that a Supreme Court decision invoked findings from research in psychological science.

Question 36

Mamie Clark:

Answer 36

discovered that African American children from segregated schools had lower self-esteem than those in integrated schools.

Question 37

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 37

The whole is different from the sum of its parts.

Question 38

Gestalt psychology is characterized

Answer 38

by holism, which emphasizes the importance of considering the whole, and nativism, which posits that certain perceptual and cognitive abilities are innate, in understanding perception and cognition.

Question 39

The Zeigarnik Effect

Answer 39

Refers to the fact that uncompleted tasks are better remembered.

Question 40

George Miller

Answer 40

the capacity short-term memory is seven items, plus or minus two.

Question 41

Allen Newell

Answer 41

important in the history of cognitive psychology because of their development of Artificial intelligence.

Question 42

Max Wertheimer

Answer 42

founded Gestalt psychology

Question 43

Frederic Bartlett

Answer 43

In his development of the widely adopted concept of the schema, he utilized a Native American folktale entitled “The War of the Ghosts.”

Question 44

Herbert Simon

Answer 44

important in the history of cognitive psychology because of their development of Artificial intelligence.

Question 45

Why did cognitive psychology mostly disappear in America for 50 years?

Answer 45

dominance of behaviorism

Question 46

What responses have cognitive psychologists given to the rapid emergence of computer technology?

Answer 46

computers as ideally suited for modeling human cognitive processes

Question 47

3 of The hazards of professional psychology listed by
Alexander and Shelton:

Answer 47

reinforcing tunnel vision
serving corporate interests at human expense
aiding political oppression

Question 48

According to Alexander and Shelton, many psychologists view their discipline as what?

Answer 48

Losing its coherence as an integrated field
As being absorbed into cognitive neurobiology
As lost to regressive political positions.

Question 49

Information about Bruce K. Alexander & Curtis P. Shelton

Answer 49

They claim that “scholarly” perspectives in psychology feel “more alive” than “professional” perspectives because they were written by practical, successful human beings, not professional experts.

“scholarly” perspectives on psychology are often not very practical.

Both claim that the first step in responding to today’s psychological suffering ought to be Broadening the concept of psychotherapy.

Both assert that psychologists ought to take seriously William James’ claims that psychology should be the study of A pluralism of everyday experiences.

Question 50

What is the source of most professional psychology today?

Answer 50

United States