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final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Id

A

the primitive and instinctual part of the mind which is driven by instinctual desires and operates on the pleasure principle.

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2
Q

Ego

A

the conscious part of the mind that mediates the id’s impulses and the demands of the external world.

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3
Q

Superego

A

the moralistic and idealistic part of the mind that represents the internalized values and standards of society and the individual’s parents.

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4
Q

Catharsis

A

Joseph Breuer described this treatment method to Sigmund Freud in which the release of pent-up emotions caused neurotic symptoms to disappear.

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5
Q

Rationalization

A

A psychological defense mechanism where individuals make up justifications or excuses for their actions or emotions to reduce feelings of discomfort or dissonance, often without considering the full picture or the impact of their behavior on themselves or others.

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6
Q

Joseph Breuer

A

developed the concept of catharsis in his work with a patient known as Anna O.

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7
Q

Jean-Martin Charcot

A

pioneered the use of hypnosis for the treatment of hysteria

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8
Q

Carl Jung

A

archetypes are part of the Collective unconscious

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9
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • develop the theory of id
  • he used the methods of dream analysis and free association. to access unconscious motives
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10
Q

Edmund Husserl

A

The “father” of the philosophical movement known as phenomenology.

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11
Q

Viktor Franklt

A

The psychotherapist that developed logotherapy.

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12
Q

When presented with facts, what does a phenomenological researcher focus on?

A

The meanings of the situation as experienced by a person

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13
Q

When can phenomenological research be considered to be reliable?

A

When findings are true to the lived experience of the participants

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14
Q

Info on Existential Psychology

A

arose from philosophical and humanistic concerns, rather than from physiology or other natural sciences.

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15
Q

Why are existential therapists reluctant to systematize their approach?

A

Existential psychotherapists emphasize the uniqueness of each client

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16
Q

Clark Hull

A

Drive reduction.

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17
Q

Lloyd Morgan

A

if the behavior can be explained by a lower mental process.

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18
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

classical conditioning

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19
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

operant conditioning, freedom was illusory.

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20
Q

John Watson

A

Wrote a controversial book on child-rearing.
-His Famous address at Columbia University in 1913 argued that Psychology had failed as a science.
-Later in his life, he had a career in advertising.

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21
Q

What were neo-behaviorists principally interested in?

A

Learning and motivation

21
Q

4 Main Professional areas of psychology in 20th century America:

A

Clinical Psychology
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
School Psychology
Counseling Psychology

21
Q

What is the condition known as “shell shock” in World War I called today?

A

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

22
Q

What was the principal activity that defined professional psychologists throughout the 20th century?

A

Mental testing

23
The first organization for applied psychologists in the US was meant for what type of psychologists?
Clinical Psychologists
24
What was the primary factor that led to the APA eventually accepting professional psychologists who were interested in formal affiliation?
World War II
25
What did the work of American psychologists in World War I involve?
Intelligence testing job selection testing assessment of shell shock victims
26
Which professional psychological specialty is the closest to clinical psychology?
Counseling Psychology
27
What is the name of the agreed-upon model for the professional training of clinical psychologists that was developed at a conference held in Boulder, Colorado in the summer of 1949?
Scientist-Practitioner Model
28
In which field of professional psychology have Carl Rogers' ideas on non-directive therapy been particularly significant?
Counseling Psychology
29
Scientific Racism
A phenomenon where science is used to introduce or maintain beliefs about the superiority of a particular race.
30
Social Action Research
Coined by Kurt Lewin, refers to the use of psychological research to bring about positive social change by addressing practical problems and empowering individuals, groups, and communities.
31
What percentage of the US population do disabled persons make up?
20%
32
Franz Samelson:
the reason for the transition from racism to cultural bias is that it was due to an influx of more diverse psychologists, especially Jewish psychologists, whose interpretations of the data were different.
33
Kurt Lewin
(Social Action Research) -emphasized Characteristics and demands of the situation when looking for behavioral causes in social psychology. -studied reducing discriminatory practices, resistance to religious prejudice, resistance to racial prejudice.
34
Helen Thompson
Her pioneering research was on sex differences.
35
Chief Justice Earl Warren:
His citation of the adverse effects of public-school segregation in Brown v. Board of Education marked the first time that a Supreme Court decision invoked findings from research in psychological science.
36
Mamie Clark:
discovered that African American children from segregated schools had lower self-esteem than those in integrated schools.
37
Gestalt Psychology
The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
38
Gestalt psychology is characterized
by holism, which emphasizes the importance of considering the whole, and nativism, which posits that certain perceptual and cognitive abilities are innate, in understanding perception and cognition.
39
The Zeigarnik Effect
Refers to the fact that uncompleted tasks are better remembered.
40
George Miller
the capacity short-term memory is seven items, plus or minus two.
41
Allen Newell
important in the history of cognitive psychology because of their development of Artificial intelligence.
42
Max Wertheimer
founded Gestalt psychology
43
Frederic Bartlett
In his development of the widely adopted concept of the schema, he utilized a Native American folktale entitled “The War of the Ghosts.”
44
Herbert Simon
important in the history of cognitive psychology because of their development of Artificial intelligence.
45
Why did cognitive psychology mostly disappear in America for 50 years?
dominance of behaviorism
46
What responses have cognitive psychologists given to the rapid emergence of computer technology?
computers as ideally suited for modeling human cognitive processes
47
3 of The hazards of professional psychology listed by Alexander and Shelton:
reinforcing tunnel vision serving corporate interests at human expense aiding political oppression
48
According to Alexander and Shelton, many psychologists view their discipline as what?
Losing its coherence as an integrated field As being absorbed into cognitive neurobiology As lost to regressive political positions.
49
Information about Bruce K. Alexander & Curtis P. Shelton
They claim that "scholarly" perspectives in psychology feel "more alive" than "professional" perspectives because they were written by practical, successful human beings, not professional experts. “scholarly” perspectives on psychology are often not very practical. Both claim that the first step in responding to today's psychological suffering ought to be Broadening the concept of psychotherapy. Both assert that psychologists ought to take seriously William James’ claims that psychology should be the study of A pluralism of everyday experiences.
50
What is the source of most professional psychology today?
United States

psych 210 (1 decks)

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