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Semester 1 Biological Sciences 1 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system mediates _______ ___________ across the body.

A

rapid communication

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2
Q

The central nervous system contains the….

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

The peripheral nervous system contains….

A

all other nervous tissue outside the CNS

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4
Q

responsible for processing sensory information and coordinating actions

A

central nervous system

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5
Q

relays information to and from the CNS and can be divided into the afferent and efferent divisions

A

peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

collects sensory information and sends that information to the CNS

A

afferent

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7
Q

relays command information from the CNS to effectors such as muscles to bring about a response by the body

A

efferent

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8
Q

What are the two divisions of the efferent peripheral nervous system

A

somatic and autonomic

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9
Q

relays commands to skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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10
Q

relays involuntary commands to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

A

autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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12
Q

sends commands to bring about a “fight or flight” state

A

sympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

sends commands to bring about a “rest and digest” state

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

information and commands are sent in the form of ______ ________ throughout the nervous system

A

action potentials

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15
Q

What types of cells are action potentials located in

A

neurons

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16
Q

_________ receive information through dendrites and send information via axons

A

neurons

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17
Q

Neurons can be what three things

A

multipolar, bipolar, or unipolar

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18
Q

transmit sensory information from receptors

A

sensory neurons

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19
Q

transmit commands to effectors

A

motor neurons

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20
Q

relay information between other neurons

A

interneurons

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21
Q

cells that support neurons

A

neuroglia

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22
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes located

A

CNS

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23
Q

Where are Schwann cells located

A

PNS

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24
Q

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells both wrap around neuron axons forming an insulating ______ ______

A

myelin sheath

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25
Q

Where do axons carry action potentials to

A

synapses with other neurons or effector cells

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26
Q

_________ _________ are propagated changes in membrane potential

A

action potentials

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27
Q

refers to the distribution of charges across a cell membrane

A

membrane potential

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28
Q

If there are more positive charges outside of a cell, membrane potential is….

A

negative

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29
Q

If there are more positive charges inside the cell, membrane potential is…..

A

positive

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30
Q

Neurons have a resting membrane potential of…

A

-70 mV

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31
Q

if a sodium channel in the membrane opens, sodium will move into the cell causing membrane potential to increase

A

depolarization

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32
Q

What ways can channels be opened

A

ligands, mechanical stimulus, and a change in membrane potential

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33
Q

What can lead to an action potential if neighboring voltage-gated channels in the are are open

A

depolarization

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34
Q

For an action potential to start, the membrane potential must be depolarized to…

A

-55mV

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35
Q

What is the voltage at which voltage-gated sodium channels open and is known as the action potential threshold

A

-55mV

36
Q

What kind of response are action potentials

A

all or nothing

37
Q

The presence of what will increase action potential speed

A

myelin sheath

38
Q

the junction between the axon terminal and the other cell

A

synapse

39
Q

at chemical synapses, ________ are released at the axon terminal when an action potential arrives

A

neurotransmitters

40
Q

muscle tissue is specialized for ________

A

contraction

41
Q

muscle cell contraction is driven by interaction between ______ and ________

A

actin and myosin

42
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

43
Q

What type of muscle tissue is voluntarily controlled

A

skeletal

44
Q

What type of muscle tissue is involuntarily controlled

A

smooth and cardiac

45
Q

What type of muscle tissue is the most abundant

A

skeletal

46
Q

the cells in skeletal muscle tissue are called…..

A

skeletal muscle fibers

47
Q

skeletal muscle fibers contain _____ and _______ arranged in sarcomeres, which are joined end to end to form _______

A

actin and myosin, myofibrils

48
Q

When skeletal muscle fibers contract where do action potentials travel across

A

sarcolemma > t-tubules > sarcoplasmic reticulum

49
Q

What stops troponin and tropmyosin blocking access to actin

A

calcium

50
Q

myosin heads bind to _____ and pull it to the center of the sarcomere

A

actin

51
Q

muscle fibers in skeletal muscles are surrounded by connective tissue and bundled into……

A

fascicles

52
Q

sheets of connective tissue within a muscle come together at each end of a skeletal muscle to form a ______ or an _______

A

tendon or an aponeurosis

53
Q

more moveable, origin of muscle less moveable

A

insertion of muscle

54
Q

What type of connective tissue is blood

A

fluid connective tissue

55
Q

What do the formed elements of blood originate from

A

red bone marrow

56
Q

99.9% of formed elements

A

red blood cells

57
Q

red blood cells are involved in what

A

O2 and CO2 transport

58
Q

make up the rest of the formed elements in fluid connective tissue

A

white blood cells and platelets

59
Q

What activates the common pathway

A

extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

60
Q

What activates prothrombin to thrombin

A

Factor Xa

61
Q

What do prothrombin and thrombin convert to

A

fibrinogen and fibrin

62
Q

are essential for blood clotting

A

calcium and vitamin k

63
Q

facilitates repair

A

clot retraction

64
Q

dissolves the clot

A

fibrinolysis

65
Q

What are the goals of immunity

A

prevent pathogens entering body, distinguish self from nonself, and remove foreign particles, pathogens, and abnormal cells from the body

66
Q

Innate immunity is….

A

present at birth
non-specific
faster
no memory

67
Q

adaptive immunity is…

A

not fully functional at birth
specific
slower
has memory

68
Q

innate immunity consists of…

A

physical barriers, phagocytosis, inflammation, immune surveillance, interferons, complement system, and fever

69
Q

skin, hair, sebaceous glands and sweat glands, mucous membranes, tears and saliva, and stomach acid are all what

A

physical barriers

70
Q

macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils, and dendritic cells are all what

A

phagocytosis

71
Q

in response to damage they stimulate increased blood flow and attract white blood cells

A

mast cells

72
Q

vasodilation = blood to area = plasma and white blood cells to area

A

histamine

73
Q

inhibition of blood clotting = clotting occurs around damaged area but not within it, temporarily sealing off the are from neighboring healthy tissue

A

hepatin

74
Q

medicated by natural killer cells

A

immune surveillance

75
Q

a type of cytokine released by tissue cells infected with viruses

A

interferons

76
Q

substances that can stimulate a rise in body temperate by signaling to thermoregulatory center in brain

A

pyrogens

77
Q

cutaneous membrane and accessory structures

A

integumentary system

78
Q

What is cutaneous membrane made of

A

epidermis and dermis

79
Q

superficial papillary layer and deep reticular layer

A

dermis

80
Q

secrete into hair follicles

A

apocrine

81
Q

sweat glands can be….

A

apocrine or eccrine

82
Q

secrete directly onto skin to help with cooling body

A

eccrine

83
Q

release oily sebum into hair follicles by holocrine secretion

A

sebaceous glands

84
Q

release oil directly onto skin surface

A

sebaceous follicles

85
Q

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium consisting of several layers

A

epidermis

86
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis

A

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

87
Q

blood flow in dermis and production of ______ by melanocytes in epidermis determine skin color

A

melanin

Semester 1 Biological Sciences 1 (1 decks)

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