Final Exam Flashcards
The nervous system mediates _______ ___________ across the body.
rapid communication
The central nervous system contains the….
brain and spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system contains….
all other nervous tissue outside the CNS
responsible for processing sensory information and coordinating actions
central nervous system
relays information to and from the CNS and can be divided into the afferent and efferent divisions
peripheral nervous system
collects sensory information and sends that information to the CNS
afferent
relays command information from the CNS to effectors such as muscles to bring about a response by the body
efferent
What are the two divisions of the efferent peripheral nervous system
somatic and autonomic
relays commands to skeletal muscles
somatic nervous system
relays involuntary commands to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
autonomic nervous system
What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
sends commands to bring about a “fight or flight” state
sympathetic nervous system
sends commands to bring about a “rest and digest” state
parasympathetic nervous system
information and commands are sent in the form of ______ ________ throughout the nervous system
action potentials
What types of cells are action potentials located in
neurons
_________ receive information through dendrites and send information via axons
neurons
Neurons can be what three things
multipolar, bipolar, or unipolar
transmit sensory information from receptors
sensory neurons
transmit commands to effectors
motor neurons
relay information between other neurons
interneurons
cells that support neurons
neuroglia
Where are oligodendrocytes located
CNS
Where are Schwann cells located
PNS
oligodendrocytes and schwann cells both wrap around neuron axons forming an insulating ______ ______
myelin sheath
Where do axons carry action potentials to
synapses with other neurons or effector cells
_________ _________ are propagated changes in membrane potential
action potentials
refers to the distribution of charges across a cell membrane
membrane potential
If there are more positive charges outside of a cell, membrane potential is….
negative
If there are more positive charges inside the cell, membrane potential is…..
positive
Neurons have a resting membrane potential of…
-70 mV
if a sodium channel in the membrane opens, sodium will move into the cell causing membrane potential to increase
depolarization
What ways can channels be opened
ligands, mechanical stimulus, and a change in membrane potential
What can lead to an action potential if neighboring voltage-gated channels in the are are open
depolarization
For an action potential to start, the membrane potential must be depolarized to…
-55mV
What is the voltage at which voltage-gated sodium channels open and is known as the action potential threshold
-55mV
What kind of response are action potentials
all or nothing
The presence of what will increase action potential speed
myelin sheath
the junction between the axon terminal and the other cell
synapse
at chemical synapses, ________ are released at the axon terminal when an action potential arrives
neurotransmitters
muscle tissue is specialized for ________
contraction
muscle cell contraction is driven by interaction between ______ and ________
actin and myosin
What are the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
What type of muscle tissue is voluntarily controlled
skeletal
What type of muscle tissue is involuntarily controlled
smooth and cardiac
What type of muscle tissue is the most abundant
skeletal
the cells in skeletal muscle tissue are called…..
skeletal muscle fibers
skeletal muscle fibers contain _____ and _______ arranged in sarcomeres, which are joined end to end to form _______
actin and myosin, myofibrils
When skeletal muscle fibers contract where do action potentials travel across
sarcolemma > t-tubules > sarcoplasmic reticulum
What stops troponin and tropmyosin blocking access to actin
calcium
myosin heads bind to _____ and pull it to the center of the sarcomere
actin
muscle fibers in skeletal muscles are surrounded by connective tissue and bundled into……
fascicles
sheets of connective tissue within a muscle come together at each end of a skeletal muscle to form a ______ or an _______
tendon or an aponeurosis
more moveable, origin of muscle less moveable
insertion of muscle
What type of connective tissue is blood
fluid connective tissue
What do the formed elements of blood originate from
red bone marrow
99.9% of formed elements
red blood cells
red blood cells are involved in what
O2 and CO2 transport
make up the rest of the formed elements in fluid connective tissue
white blood cells and platelets
What activates the common pathway
extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
What activates prothrombin to thrombin
Factor Xa
What do prothrombin and thrombin convert to
fibrinogen and fibrin
are essential for blood clotting
calcium and vitamin k
facilitates repair
clot retraction
dissolves the clot
fibrinolysis
What are the goals of immunity
prevent pathogens entering body, distinguish self from nonself, and remove foreign particles, pathogens, and abnormal cells from the body
Innate immunity is….
present at birth
non-specific
faster
no memory
adaptive immunity is…
not fully functional at birth
specific
slower
has memory
innate immunity consists of…
physical barriers, phagocytosis, inflammation, immune surveillance, interferons, complement system, and fever
skin, hair, sebaceous glands and sweat glands, mucous membranes, tears and saliva, and stomach acid are all what
physical barriers
macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils, and dendritic cells are all what
phagocytosis
in response to damage they stimulate increased blood flow and attract white blood cells
mast cells
vasodilation = blood to area = plasma and white blood cells to area
histamine
inhibition of blood clotting = clotting occurs around damaged area but not within it, temporarily sealing off the are from neighboring healthy tissue
hepatin
medicated by natural killer cells
immune surveillance
a type of cytokine released by tissue cells infected with viruses
interferons
substances that can stimulate a rise in body temperate by signaling to thermoregulatory center in brain
pyrogens
cutaneous membrane and accessory structures
integumentary system
What is cutaneous membrane made of
epidermis and dermis
superficial papillary layer and deep reticular layer
dermis
secrete into hair follicles
apocrine
sweat glands can be….
apocrine or eccrine
secrete directly onto skin to help with cooling body
eccrine
release oily sebum into hair follicles by holocrine secretion
sebaceous glands
release oil directly onto skin surface
sebaceous follicles
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium consisting of several layers
epidermis
What are the layers of the epidermis
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
blood flow in dermis and production of ______ by melanocytes in epidermis determine skin color
melanin
