Final Exam Flashcards
What are the areas of occupation?
ADLs
IADLs
Health management
Rest and sleep
Education
Work
Play
Leisure
Social Participation
What are the performance skills?
Motor skills
Process skills
Social interaction skills
Examples of motor skills:
Stabilizes
Aligns
Positions
Reaches
Bends
Grips
Manipulates
coordinates
Moves
Lifts
Walks
Transports
Calibrates
Flows
Endures
PAces
Examples of process skills:
Paces
Attends
Heeds
Chooses
Uses
Handles
Inquires
Initiates
Continues
Sequences
Terminates
Searches/Locates
Gathers
Organizes
Restores
Navigates
Notice/Responds
Adjusts
Accommodates
Benefits
Examples of social participation skills:
Approaches/Starts
Concludes/Disengages
Produces speech
Gesticulates
Speaks fluently
Turns toward
Looks
Paces self
Touches
Regulates
Questions
Replies
Discloses
Expresses emotions
Disagrees
Thanks
Transitions
Time response
Time duration
Takes turns
Matches language
Clarifies
Acknowledgee/Encourages
Empathizes
Heeds
Accommodates
Benefits
What are the client factors?
Values, beliefs, spirituality
Body functions
Body structures
Examples of body functions:
- Mental functions
- Sensory functions
- Neuromusculoskeletal functions
- Cardiovascular/ Hematological/Immune/Respiratory functions
- Voice/Speech functions
- Skin functions
- Global mental functions
- Muscle functions
- Movement functions
Examples of mental functions?
Higher level cognitive
Attention
Memory
Perception
Thought
Mental functions of sequencing
Emotional
Experience of self and time
Examples of global mental functions:
Consciousness
Orientation
Psychological
Temperament and personality
Energy
Sleep
Examples of sensory functions:
Visual
Hearing
Vestibular
Taste
Smell
Proprioceptive
Touch
Interoception
Sensitivity to temp/pressure
Examples of neuromusculoskeletal and movement related functions:
Joint mobility
Joint stability
Examples of muscle functions:
Muscle power
Muscle tone
Muscle endurance
Examples of movement functions:
Motor reflexes
Involuntary movement reactions
Control of voluntary movement
Gait patterns
Examples of Cardiovascular/ Hematological/Immune/Respiratory functions:
- Blood pressure, heart rate, etc
- Avoiding infection and allergic reactions
- Rate, rhythm, & depth of respiration
- Physical endurance, stamina, etc
Examples of body structures:
Nervous system
Eyes & ears
Voice and Speech
Cardiovascular, etc
Digestive, etc
Reproductive, etc
Movement
Examples of performance patterns:
Habits
Routines
Rituals
Roles
Examples of environmental contexts:
Physical geography
Population
Plants (flora)
Natural events
Human-caused events
Light
Time-related changes
Products and technology
Support and relationships
Attitudes
Services, systems, & Policies
Examples of personal contexts:
- Age
- Sexual orientation
- Gender identity
- Sex/Race
- Cultural identification/attitudes
- Social background, socioeconomic status, social status
- Habits and past behavioral patterns
- Individual psychosocial assets
- Education
- Lifestyle
- Profession & professional identity
- Other health conditions and fitness
What are the approaches to intervention?
- Create/promote
- Establish/restore
- Maintain
- Modify
- Prevent
This type of intervention approach is designed to provide enriched contextual and activity experiences that will enhance performance for all people in the natural contexts of life.
Create and Promote Approach
This type of intervention approach is designed to change client variables to establish a skill or ability that has not yet developed or to restore a skill or ability that has been impaired.
Establish and Restore Approach
This intervention approach is designed to provide supports that will allow clients to preserve the performance capabilities that they have regained and that continue to meet their occupational needs.
Maintain Approach
This intervention approach is directed at finding ways to revise the current context or activity demands to support performance in the natural setting (compensation or adaptation)
Modify Approach
This intervention approach is designed to prevent the occurrence or evolution to barriers to performance in context. It also address the need of people with or without a disability who are at risks for occupational performance problems.
Prevent Approach
therapeutic intervention in which task demands are changed to be consistent with the individuals’ ability level; may involve modification by reducing demands, use of assistive devices, or changes in the physical or social environment
Adaptation
systematically increasing [or decreasing the demands of an activity of occupation to stimulate improved function or reducing the demands to respond to client difficulties in performance.
Grading
analysis that is performed with an understanding of “the specific situation of the client and therefore the specific occupations the client wants or needs to do in the actual context in which these occupations are performed.
Occupational analysis
a generic and decontextualized analysis that seeks to develop an understanding of typical activity demands within a given culture.
Activity analysis
What aspects are included in a occupational and activity analysis?
- Description of activity
- Tools, materials, and equipment
- Space demands
- Social demands
- Sequence, timing, patterns
- Required skills
- Required body structures/functions
- Safety hazards
- Adaptability to promote participation
- Grading
Occupational engagement
The therapeutic use of everyday life activities (occupations) with individuals or groups for the purpose of enhancing or enabling participation in roles, habits, and routines in home, school, workplace, community, and other settings.
Occupational Therapy
process used by practitioners to plan, direct, perform, and reflect on client care
Professional (Clinical) reasoning
a task that is manageably demanding, neither too difficult nor too easy
Just-right challenge
What are the occupational therapy process steps?
Evaluation
Intervention
Re-evaluation
Continue or Discontinue
What do the evaluation consist of?
Occupational Profile
Occupational or activity analysis
Formal assessments
What do the intervention consist of?
- Intervention Plan & Implementation
- Types of Interventions
- Approaches to Intervention
- Occupation as means and as the end goal
What do the Re-evaluation and Discontinue consist of?
Progress toward goals
Functional level
Influenced by third-party payers, service-setting policies, etc.
beginning and ending with the occupation
Occupation as means and ends
performance of occupations as the result of choice, motivation, and meaning within a supportive context.
Engagement in occupation
The MOHO concepts address the:
- Motivation for occupation
- Routine patterning of occupation
- Nature of skilled performance
- Influence of environment on occupation
(Volition, Habituation, Performance capacity)
refers to persons’ motivation and choices of activities
Volition
refers to processes people use “to organize their actions into patterns and routines”
Habituation
refers to a person’s underlying mental and physical abilities and how they are used and experienced in occupational performance
Performance capacity
MOHO concept of environment:
All occupation results from an interaction of the person with characteristics of the physical and social environment
MOHO concept of person:
Volition
Habituation
Performance capacity
Examples of Ecological models:
- The Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model
- The Person-Environment-Occupational-Performance (PEOP) model
- Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (CMOP-E)
- The Ecology of Human Performance (EHP) framework
Ecological models
All 4 have similar definitions of the person:
1. A unique and holistic view of the person that acknowledges the mind, body, and spirit.
2. Variables associated with the person include:
Values and interests (CMOP uniquely focuses on spirituality)
Skills and abilities
Life experience
What ecological model uniquely focuses on spirituality ?
Canadian model of occupational performance and engagement (CMOP-E)
What happens in the environment aspect of ecological models?
occupational performance takes place
What ecological model focuses on task?
Ecology of Human Performance
This ecological model focuses on:
activities > tasks >occupations
PEO
This ecological model focuses on:
Actions > tasks >occupation
PEOP
This ecological model focuses on:
Occupation is the link between the person and the environment
CMOP-E
This ecological model focuses on:
Task is intentionally used to foster interdisciplinary communication and collaboration
EHP
Organization created in 1952 that worked to expand OT services worldwide to an estimated 1 billion persons with disabilities
World Federation of Occupational Therapy (WFOT)
Organization incorporated in 1917 that is responsible for:
1. guiding/developing professional standards and professional development
2. they summarize resources and provide resources for OT practitioners in all settings
3.Advocating on behalf of practitioners and clients
American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA)
Organization that:
1. Municipal structures of each country shapes associated professional organizations
2. U.S. state organizations are independent of AOTA allowing adaptation to state laws
Maryland Occupational Therapy Association (MOTA)
Organization that accredits education programs.
ACOTE
Organization that certifies you to become a registered Occupational Therapist (the “R”) State Boards: licenses you to practice in a state (the “L”
NBCOT
the leading journal in the US that supplies evidence for OT practice
AJOT
a screening developed by an OT to assess problem-solving skills/cognition
Allen Cognitive Level Screen (ACLS)
The integration of clinical expertise, patient values, and the best research evidence into the decision making process for patient care
Evidence-based practice
A way of thinking that enables an understanding of occupation, the occupational nature of humans, the relationship between occupation, health and wellbeing, and the influence that shape occupation.
Occupational science
“equity and fairness…[in] the everyday individual, group, and population experiences within broad social conditions and structures that shape options for and against justice in the lives of people in different cultures around the world”
Occupational justice
Index to simply assess a client’s level of independence with ADLs
Barthel Index
A clinical-administered assessment that measures mastery of developmental milestones in the global domains of communication, social-emotional, adaptive, motor, and cognitive development. It is appropriate for use with children from birth to 7 years, 11 months.
Battelle Developmental Inventory
Who enforces the code of ethics?
AOTA
What are the principles of the code of ethics?
Beneficence
Nonmaleficence
Autonomy
Justice
Veracity
Fidelity
This principle involves the concern for the safety and well-being of the recipients of services.
Beneficence
This principle means to do no harm.
Nonmaleficence
This principle involves respecting the right of the individual to self-determination.
Autonomy
This principle involves providing services in a fair and equitable manner.
Justice
This principle involves providing comprehensive, accurate, and objective information when representing the profession.
Veracity
This principle involves treating colleagues and other professionals with respect, fairness, and integrity.
Fidelity
This movement involved social justice and addressing inequalities.
Arts and Crafts movement
changing conditions of deprivation in mental health care.
Moral Treatment
type of reasoning that can include establishing rapport with a client through eye contact, body positioning, or carefully-timed praise during a session
Interactive reasoning
type of reasoning guided by physiological conditions and symptoms
Diagnostic reasoning
Adolf Meyer
a psychiatrist who helped shape OT and is known for his perspectives on the use of work-cure
type of professional reasoning that might include the therapist’s own timing and goals
Pragmatic reasoning
an example of occupation used as this would be stringing fishing lures on a line to increase fine motor control
Means
a type of hospital setting where OT would complete screening/assessments, treat for about 20-30 minute sessions, and plan for discharge after a few days
Acute
type of grip utilizing all five fingers and the palm
Power grip
aspirational qualities or elements listed in the OT code of ethics
values
in EHP, interventions for the person, environment, or occupation maximizes this
Fit
one of the professions represented at the initial meeting in 1917 that established OT as a formal profession
Architecture
process skill that can describe “putting away supplies”
terminates
Area of occupation that includes personal device care (including glasses, orthotics, hearing aids, contraceptives, contacts, etc.)
Personal device and care management
Type of professional reasoning that asks the questions, “what is the evidence? what if we try this?”
Scientific
in PEO, the concept includes values, skills, and life experiences
Person
smaller chunks of activity that can organize time and can be addictive or detrimental
Habits
one of the founders and early presidents of the profession who was originally a social worker and is commemorated with a lecture each year at the AOTA conference
Eleanor Slagle
walker that is particularly useful for someone with one-sided weakness in an upper extremity because it can be used with just one arm
Hemi-walker
the skill affected if you can’t reach into your purse and grab chapstick without looking and using both hands
stereognosis
include values, joint mobility, and stability, and energy and drive
client factors
A weight-bearing status when your injured leg should not touch the floor
Non-weight-bearing
civilian women during WWI that provided direct care and rehabilitative services to soldiers
Reconstruction aides
motor skills required for shaping a clay pot using appropriate force
Calibrates
A weight-bearing status when the injured leg can lightly rest on the floor to aid with balance
Toe-touch weight bearing
created by environments, not something inherent within a person, as influenced by the “participation” focused language of the WHO and the disability rights movement in the US
Disability
a code of this is needed because issues will arise in day-to-day practice
Ethics
Given to OTs by state boards
License
an example of occupation used as this would be stacking measuring cups to improve the fine motor skills in order to return to baking
Ends
Who are the main founding characters of the profession?
- William Dunton
- Isabel Newton
- Thomas Kidner
- Susan Cox Johnson
- George Barton
- Eleanor Clark Slagle
