Final Exam Flashcards
Under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator, the Portuguese emerged as an early sea power. Which of these inventions contributed to Portuguese sea-faring?
Astrolabe
Agriculture arose in North America (and the western hemisphere more generally).
Nearly simultaneously, as in Asia and the eastern hemisphere
Which of the following proved essential to the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs?
All of the above
Most Native Americans understood property rights as primarily relating to which of the following concepts?
Active use
How would you compare the sexual and marital freedom of Native Americans and Europeans before contact?
native Americans enjoyed greater sexual and marital freedom
What is the best term to describe Native American ancestry/descent?
Matrilineal
The first Americans arrived on the North American continent approximately
12-20 thousand years ago
Hernán Cortés relied on a native woman to conquer the Aztecs. What did he call her?
Doña Marina
What was the name of the first native group that Columbus encountered?
Arawaks
What was the name of the largest city in the Mississippian Empire?
Cahokia
What economic system in England helped create the financial resources needed for colonization in the New World?
Mercantilism
How did Native peoples respond to the arrival of Europeans in the New World?
They universally welcomed cooperation with Europeans.
What crop played a pivotal role in saving the Jamestown colony from ruin and spurred the growth of Virginia’s economy in the early 17th century?
Tobacco
What was the primary engine of colonization in North America for Spain in the early seventeenth century?
Missionaries
What event marked Juan de Oñate’s brutal entrance into the Spanish Southwest in 1598?
The sack of the Pueblo city of Acoma
How did French interactions with Native Americans differ from those of the Spanish and English during colonization?
French fur traders married Native American women and prioritized trade relationships
What event in 1588 played a significant role in changing the course of English history and paving the way for English expansion and colonization?
The defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English navy
What were the primary reasons for the establishment of English colonies in New England during the 17th century?
Religious motives, dominated by Puritans, with a focus on reforming the Church of England
How did the Dutch attempt to address labor shortages in New Netherland during the early seventeenth century?
By importing enslaved Africans to work in the colony
What was the primary economic activity of New Netherland (modern-day New York) established by the Dutch in North America?
Fur trade with Native Americans
Why did planters in tropical environments believe that Africans were particularly suited to labor in those regions?
Because Africans had a genetic trait that made them immune to malaria.
Which major power did Britain support in the European part of the Seven Years War?
Prussia
What impact did the Great Awakening have on colonial society?
It encouraged individuals to question authority figures like the King
What was a significant difference between colonial American government and European governments during this period?
Colonial governments were more democratic and had wider white male suffrage.
What idea did many colonists firmly accept, contributing to their involvement in civic duties like voting?
The social contract theory
What event in 1754 marked the beginning of the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) in North America?
The killing of a French diplomat by British colonists.
Why did the Seven Years’ War cause British reforms in taxation?
Because Britain spent over £140 million, an astronomical figure for the day, on the war.
What was the central theme of Jonathan Edwards’ preaching and his most famous sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”?
The idea that God had already determined who would be saved and damned.
Which British colonies in the Western Hemisphere were more important to the Crown than the continental colonies, such as the thirteen colonies?
The Caribbean colonies
What was happening to economic and cultural ties between Great Britain and the North American colonies during the turn of the eighteenth century?
They were becoming even stronger
What was the British response to colonial protests and the Boston Tea Party?
They passed the Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) to punish Massachusetts.
What famous surprise attack boosted the morale of the Continental Army after their retreat from New York?
Battle of Trenton
During the winter at Valley Forge in 1777–1778, what were the primary causes of death among the American soldiers?
Disease and exposure to harsh weather conditions
Which battle is considered to be the one that effectively ended the American Revolutionary War and led to peace negotiations?
The Battle of Yorktown
How did colonists view their relationship with the British Empire in the mid-18th century?
They believed they had equal rights with those in Britain.
What did the Stamp Act of 1765 impose on the American colonies?
Direct taxes
How did the British government respond to the Stamp Act resistance?
By repealing the Stamp Act and acknowledging colonial rights
Approximately how many formerly enslaved people are estimated to have deserted their enslavers during the American Revolution, according to historians?
Between thirty thousand and one hundred thousand
What was the consequence of the American victory for Native American peoples who supported the British?
Their displacement and westward expansion accelerated.
What was a key aspect of George Washington’s military strategy during the American Revolutionary War?
Emphasizing smaller, more frequent skirmishes to avoid risking the entire army.
What happened to Tecumseh’s confederation after the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811?
It floundered and faced failures
What did the Twelfth Amendment introduce in the presidential elections?
Separate tickets for President and Vice President
What term describes the practice of forcing U.S. citizens into military service by the British, which contributed to the decision to go to war in 1812?
Impressment
What was the significance of the “Bobalition” broadsides published in Boston in the 1810s?
They encouraged discussions of liberty and equality
Which group in Congress strongly advocated for the expansion of the United States into Canada, leading to tensions with Britain and eventually the War of 1812?
The War Hawks
Prior to the Revolution, how did many Native American nations maintain diplomacy with European empires?
Through a delicate diplomacy known as the Play-off System
How was the Election of 1800 ultimately decided when Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied in the electoral vote?
The House of Representatives voted to break the tie.
What did Jefferson hope to achieve by reducing taxes and cutting the government’s budget?
To expand the economic opportunities of free Americans
What accusation did James Callender make against Jefferson, which was later supported by DNA evidence?
A sexual relationship with Sally Hemings, one of his enslaved laborers
What did the British Empire do from their position in Canada with regards to Native Americans in the Old Northwest?
They tried to maintain relations for another war with the U.S by supplying goods and weapons
What were the working conditions like for the “mill girls” who worked in the factories of Lowell?
Harsh and relentless
What approach created the textile mill that defined antebellum New England and American industrialism before the Civil War?
The Waltham-Lowell System
By 1860, how many miles of railroads had Americans laid?
Over 30,000 miles
What impact did technology, including cotton gin, have on the supply and demand for cotton?
It increased both the supply of and demand for cotton.
How did the enslaved population change from 1790 to 1820?
It grew from less than 700,000 to more than 1.5 million
According to the idea of separate spheres, what roles were expected of middle and upper-class women in the 19th century?
Mothers and educators
In the first half of the nineteenth century, what shift occurred in American families due to the market revolution?
Work increasingly moved away from the home.
What was the impact of the growth of abolition in the North and the acceleration of slavery in the South?
It created growing divisions between the North and the South
What impact did the Erie Canal have on the transportation of goods?
It facilitated the movement of crops from the Great Lakes region to eastern cities and the reverse journey of goods from eastern factories to midwestern farmers.
Which method was a quicker route to freedom for enslaved individuals
Escape
