Final Exam

Question 1

Under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator, the Portuguese emerged as an early sea power. Which of these inventions contributed to Portuguese sea-faring?

Answer 1

Astrolabe

Question 2

Agriculture arose in North America (and the western hemisphere more generally).

Answer 2

Nearly simultaneously, as in Asia and the eastern hemisphere

Question 3

Which of the following proved essential to the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs?

Answer 3

All of the above

Question 4

Most Native Americans understood property rights as primarily relating to which of the following concepts?

Answer 4

Active use

Question 5

How would you compare the sexual and marital freedom of Native Americans and Europeans before contact?

Answer 5

native Americans enjoyed greater sexual and marital freedom

Question 6

What is the best term to describe Native American ancestry/descent?

Answer 6

Matrilineal

Question 7

The first Americans arrived on the North American continent approximately

Answer 7

12-20 thousand years ago

Question 8

Hernán Cortés relied on a native woman to conquer the Aztecs. What did he call her?

Answer 8

Doña Marina

Question 9

What was the name of the first native group that Columbus encountered?

Answer 9

Arawaks

Question 10

What was the name of the largest city in the Mississippian Empire?

Answer 10

Cahokia

Question 11

What economic system in England helped create the financial resources needed for colonization in the New World?

Answer 11

Mercantilism

Question 12

How did Native peoples respond to the arrival of Europeans in the New World?

Answer 12

They universally welcomed cooperation with Europeans.

Question 13

What crop played a pivotal role in saving the Jamestown colony from ruin and spurred the growth of Virginia’s economy in the early 17th century?

Answer 13

Tobacco

Question 14

What was the primary engine of colonization in North America for Spain in the early seventeenth century?

Answer 14

Missionaries

Question 15

What event marked Juan de Oñate’s brutal entrance into the Spanish Southwest in 1598?

Answer 15

The sack of the Pueblo city of Acoma

Question 16

How did French interactions with Native Americans differ from those of the Spanish and English during colonization?

Answer 16

French fur traders married Native American women and prioritized trade relationships

Question 17

What event in 1588 played a significant role in changing the course of English history and paving the way for English expansion and colonization?

Answer 17

The defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English navy

Question 18

What were the primary reasons for the establishment of English colonies in New England during the 17th century?

Answer 18

Religious motives, dominated by Puritans, with a focus on reforming the Church of England

Question 19

How did the Dutch attempt to address labor shortages in New Netherland during the early seventeenth century?

Answer 19

By importing enslaved Africans to work in the colony

Question 20

What was the primary economic activity of New Netherland (modern-day New York) established by the Dutch in North America?

Answer 20

Fur trade with Native Americans

Question 21

Why did planters in tropical environments believe that Africans were particularly suited to labor in those regions?

Answer 21

Because Africans had a genetic trait that made them immune to malaria.

Question 22

Which major power did Britain support in the European part of the Seven Years War?

Answer 22

Prussia

Question 23

What impact did the Great Awakening have on colonial society?

Answer 23

It encouraged individuals to question authority figures like the King

Question 24

What was a significant difference between colonial American government and European governments during this period?

Answer 24

Colonial governments were more democratic and had wider white male suffrage.

Question 25

What idea did many colonists firmly accept, contributing to their involvement in civic duties like voting?

Answer 25

The social contract theory

Question 26

What event in 1754 marked the beginning of the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) in North America?

Answer 26

The killing of a French diplomat by British colonists.

Question 27

Why did the Seven Years’ War cause British reforms in taxation?

Answer 27

Because Britain spent over £140 million, an astronomical figure for the day, on the war.

Question 28

What was the central theme of Jonathan Edwards’ preaching and his most famous sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”?

Answer 28

The idea that God had already determined who would be saved and damned.

Question 29

Which British colonies in the Western Hemisphere were more important to the Crown than the continental colonies, such as the thirteen colonies?

Answer 29

The Caribbean colonies

Question 30

What was happening to economic and cultural ties between Great Britain and the North American colonies during the turn of the eighteenth century?

Answer 30

They were becoming even stronger

Question 31

What was the British response to colonial protests and the Boston Tea Party?

Answer 31

They passed the Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) to punish Massachusetts.

Question 32

What famous surprise attack boosted the morale of the Continental Army after their retreat from New York?

Answer 32

Battle of Trenton

Question 33

During the winter at Valley Forge in 1777–1778, what were the primary causes of death among the American soldiers?

Answer 33

Disease and exposure to harsh weather conditions

Question 34

Which battle is considered to be the one that effectively ended the American Revolutionary War and led to peace negotiations?

Answer 34

The Battle of Yorktown

Question 35

How did colonists view their relationship with the British Empire in the mid-18th century?

Answer 35

They believed they had equal rights with those in Britain.

Question 36

What did the Stamp Act of 1765 impose on the American colonies?

Answer 36

Direct taxes

Question 37

How did the British government respond to the Stamp Act resistance?

Answer 37

By repealing the Stamp Act and acknowledging colonial rights

Question 38

Approximately how many formerly enslaved people are estimated to have deserted their enslavers during the American Revolution, according to historians?

Answer 38

Between thirty thousand and one hundred thousand

Question 39

What was the consequence of the American victory for Native American peoples who supported the British?

Answer 39

Their displacement and westward expansion accelerated.

Question 39

What was a key aspect of George Washington’s military strategy during the American Revolutionary War?

Answer 39

Emphasizing smaller, more frequent skirmishes to avoid risking the entire army.

Question 40

What happened to Tecumseh’s confederation after the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811?

Answer 40

It floundered and faced failures

Question 41

What did the Twelfth Amendment introduce in the presidential elections?

Answer 41

Separate tickets for President and Vice President

Question 42

What term describes the practice of forcing U.S. citizens into military service by the British, which contributed to the decision to go to war in 1812?

Answer 42

Impressment

Question 43

What was the significance of the “Bobalition” broadsides published in Boston in the 1810s?

Answer 43

They encouraged discussions of liberty and equality

Question 43

Which group in Congress strongly advocated for the expansion of the United States into Canada, leading to tensions with Britain and eventually the War of 1812?

Answer 43

The War Hawks

Question 44

Prior to the Revolution, how did many Native American nations maintain diplomacy with European empires?

Answer 44

Through a delicate diplomacy known as the Play-off System

Question 45

How was the Election of 1800 ultimately decided when Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied in the electoral vote?

Answer 45

The House of Representatives voted to break the tie.

Question 46

What did Jefferson hope to achieve by reducing taxes and cutting the government’s budget?

Answer 46

To expand the economic opportunities of free Americans

Question 46

What accusation did James Callender make against Jefferson, which was later supported by DNA evidence?

Answer 46

A sexual relationship with Sally Hemings, one of his enslaved laborers

Question 47

What did the British Empire do from their position in Canada with regards to Native Americans in the Old Northwest?

Answer 47

They tried to maintain relations for another war with the U.S by supplying goods and weapons

Question 48

What were the working conditions like for the “mill girls” who worked in the factories of Lowell?

Answer 48

Harsh and relentless

Question 49

What approach created the textile mill that defined antebellum New England and American industrialism before the Civil War?

Answer 49

The Waltham-Lowell System

Question 50

By 1860, how many miles of railroads had Americans laid?

Answer 50

Over 30,000 miles

Question 51

What impact did technology, including cotton gin, have on the supply and demand for cotton?

Answer 51

It increased both the supply of and demand for cotton.

Question 52

How did the enslaved population change from 1790 to 1820?

Answer 52

It grew from less than 700,000 to more than 1.5 million

Question 53

According to the idea of separate spheres, what roles were expected of middle and upper-class women in the 19th century?

Answer 53

Mothers and educators

Question 54

In the first half of the nineteenth century, what shift occurred in American families due to the market revolution?

Answer 54

Work increasingly moved away from the home.

Question 55

What was the impact of the growth of abolition in the North and the acceleration of slavery in the South?

Answer 55

It created growing divisions between the North and the South

Question 56

What impact did the Erie Canal have on the transportation of goods?

Answer 56

It facilitated the movement of crops from the Great Lakes region to eastern cities and the reverse journey of goods from eastern factories to midwestern farmers.

Question 57

Which method was a quicker route to freedom for enslaved individuals

Answer 57

Escape