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Geo Of Whales Midterm > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Cetacean

A

any member of the entirely aquatic group of mammals; commonly known as whales, dolphins, and porpoises.

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2
Q

Mysticetes

A

any whale of the suborder of cetacean, has symmetrical skull, paired blowholes and baleen plates used for feeding (no teeth)

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3
Q

Odontocete

A

Teethed whales, dolphins, killer whales, and sperm whales. Asymmetrical skulls, single blowhole.

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4
Q

Baleen

A

Type of whale, filter feeder no teeth.

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5
Q

Whale oil

A

obtained from the blubber in whales, mainly composed of fatty acids

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6
Q

Industrial/ commercial whaling

A

process of hunting whales for their useable products such as meat and blubber. Started around the industrial revolution

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7
Q

Whaling station

A

a place where the carcasses of whales are processed

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8
Q

Factory ships

A

a specialized vessel adapted for hunting whales

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9
Q

Attitude change

A

attitude towards something is modified

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10
Q

Paradigm shift

A

fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of scientific discipline (how one views the world)

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11
Q

Non- consumption use

A

The use of something that does not affect the supply (ex. whale watching)

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12
Q

Population estimates

A

describes the total population size as well as demographic characteristics

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13
Q

Passive acoustic monitoring

A

used to measure, monitor, and determine the sources of sound in underwater environments

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14
Q

Population recovery

A

the pattern of breeding successfully enough and sufficiently enough to bring pack healthy population numbers

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15
Q

Behavioral adaptations

A

changes in the behavior that certain organisms or species use to survive in a new environment

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16
Q

threshold shift

A

a shift either temporary or permanent in the ‘auditory threshold’ may occur suddenly or develop rapidly over time

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17
Q

1000 AD - 1864 whaling

A

limited by technology. Basques and aboriginals began whaling

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18
Q

Yankee whaling

A

from 1600 - 1650

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19
Q

Present age whaling

A

From 1864 - 1986

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20
Q

Basques whaling

A

Primarily shoreline whaling, right whales, used small boats of 20 feet. Killed for oil which helped the Industrial Revolution

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21
Q

Basques harpoon

A

thought to be the successful way to hunt whales, Europeans took Basques people with them as harpooners

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22
Q

Yankee Whaling period

A

First small oar-powered boats, then larger sail-powered boats. Hunted the Pacific, Chilean Coast, Galapagos, San Diego, and Hawaii

23
Q

Error in thinking in whaling

A

Thought the population was endless, they killed and caught as many as they could

24
Q

What happened in the 1930s?

A

League of Nations put rules on whaling; and stopped killing females and calfs. Tried to end wasteful practices

25
Q

Whaling Olympics

A

1925 - 1960. Killing the way through whaling species until there was none left of that species

26
Q

1946

A

Start of the International Whaling Commission

27
Q

International Whaling Commission

A

Supposed to be a specific management program for killing whales. (no science involved, no fundamental knowledge set up parameters for ethical hunting)

28
Q

What are the three whaling committees of the IWC

A

Scientific Committee, Technical Committee, and Plenary Committee

29
Q

Scientific Committee

A

Provided science and information to the technical committee

30
Q

Technical Committee

A

Government Bureaucrats, who often doubled the quotas suggested by the science committee

31
Q

Plenary Committee

A

Voted on the quotas

32
Q

Sidney Holt

A

British biologist founder of the fisheries science, 1964-1972 became a lobbyist and writing reports

33
Q

Moratorium

A

Temporary prohibition of an activity

34
Q

Who started the Moratorium?

A

Mexico in 1972 proposed a moratorium

35
Q

What happened in the 1960s and 1970s

A

Events began to draw attention to how bad whaling was and shift in viewing whaling as a bad practice

36
Q

What did the US do in 1972

A

Instituted 2 pieces of legislation, the Marine Mammal Protection Act and the Endangered Species Act

37
Q

What happened in 1982

A

IWC finally passed and ended and commercial whaling ended in 1986

38
Q

What are the two types of whaling

A

pirate whaling and scientific whaling

39
Q

Pirate whaling

A

Illegal whaling practices

40
Q

Scientific Whaling

A

Killing whales for research and the name of science

41
Q

What are some of the whaling activism groups?

A

Seasheppard, Greenpeace, organizations appealing to public consciences

42
Q

How did Australia end whaling?

A

Had a long history of whaling, interviewed citizens, and resulted in a sudden stoppage of whaling

43
Q

How did popular media have a role in the views of whaling

A

TV shows start showing whales and the sea (Jacques Cousteau), Music, Flipper, Free Willy,

44
Q

When did ocean science start?

A

Starts around 1960s

45
Q

How did tourism affect whaling?

A

SeaWorld, Marine Parks, Aquariums, Whale watching

46
Q

What is the issue with ecotourism?

A

People who engage in the activities will care more about whales and ocean issues and be more prone to conservation issues. Nice thinking but not true

47
Q

Why was blackfish important?

A

Exposed SeaWorld for terrible conditions for whales, showed the problems with captivity. Caught the public attention of everyone. Seaworld losses lots of money and never recovered.

48
Q

Threats to whales caused by humans

A
  • Loss of habitat
  • Overfishing (loss of prey)
  • Toxins and pollution
  • Underwater noise
  • Ship Strikes
  • Entanglement
  • Dredging
49
Q

What were the last whales to hunt on the BC coast?

A

Fin whales and Sei Whales

50
Q

What whales were the focus of live capture?

A

Primarily Killer whales, dolphins, and, porpoises

51
Q

How does vessel traffic affect whales?

A

Changes in behavior, increased noise pollution, vessel-mammal interactions

52
Q

How do auditory disturbances affect whales?

A

Increasing noise pollution masking over the range whales use. Forces the behavior of whales to change.

53
Q

How can auditory disturbances be mitigated?

A

Slow down zones, cumulative sound exposure measurements, alternative shipping lanes, decrease vessel traffic

Geo Of Whales Midterm (4 decks)

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