Final Exam

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of behavior that passes the dead man’s test?

Saying “I’m depressed”

Feeling depressed

Not texting your friends

Receving advice

Answer 1

Saying “I’m depressed”

Question 1

Which of the following illustrates a mentalistic/trait-based view of socially withdrawn behavior

They don’t come to parties because they work early

They don’t come to parties because they are insecure

They don’t come to parties because nobody talks to them

They don’t come to parties because it’s too loud

Answer 1

They don’t come to parties because they are insecure

Question 2

Which environmental variable is most likely to account for changes in behavior?

Depressed mood

Allergies

Phase of the moon

Color of the walls

Answer 2

Allergies

Question 3

One practical advantage of the BMod approach is:

Focus on observable correlates of thoughts and feelings

Focus on symptoms of psychological disorders

Focus on current causes of behavior

Focus on original causes of behavior

Answer 3

Focus on current causes of behavior

Question 4

One practical disadvantage of the BMod approach is:

Hard to predict future behavior of one specific person

Hard to identify environmental variables that may influence behavior

Hard to tell people their thoughts and feelings are unimportant

Hard to measure group, organizational, or cultural level changes in behavior

Answer 4

Hard to measure group, organizational, or cultural level changes in behavior

Question 5

BMod approaches to anxiety include:

Relaxation training

Mild electric shock

Flooding

Monetary incentives

Answer 5

Relaxation training

Question 6

Which of the following illustrates a behavioral view of soccer skills?

They excel at soccer because they are a descendent of Argentinian people

They excel at soccer because of their athletic ability

They excel at soccer because of practice and coaching

They excel at soccer because they are competitive

Answer 6

They excel at soccer because of practice and coaching

Question 7

When deciding whether to provide exposure therapy to 7-year-old who is terrified of water, a behavior modifier should consider

Whether the parent has pure motives

When the child first developed their fear of water

When the parent learned to swim

Whether the child provides voluntary consent

Answer 7

Whether the child provides voluntary consent

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a condition necessary for reinforcement?

a. The consequence must strengthen behavior.

b. The consequence must be immediate.

c. The consequence must be positive.

d. The response must be a reflex.

Answer 8

The response must be a reflex.

Question 9

Mrs. Knight gives her class 30 minutes of time to play non-academic computer games on Fridays if they all complete their homework with 80% accuracy. After a few weeks, the class has increased their homework accuracy to 80% or above. In this case, the 30 minutes of computer time was most likely functioning as _____________.

a. Positive reinforcement

b. Negative reinforcement

c. Extinction

d. Automatic reinforcement

Answer 9

a. Positive reinforcement

Question 10

Based on our discussion of overjustification effect / the idea that external rewards diminish internal motivation, which of the following scenarios would most likely lead to a loss of intrinsic motivation:

a. Evan’s parents told him he would get a new video game if he studied math, his favorite class, every night for 2 weeks straight.

b. Patrick’s football coach gave him high praise in front of the team when he scored two touchdowns during a game.

c. When the high school chess club team won a match at the tournament, the advisor gave them $20 points toward a new chess set.

d. Jenell struggled and became frustrated while learning to play a challengin song on the piano so her instructor gave her a coupon for ice cream when she made a small improvement the following week.

Answer 10

a. Evan’s parents told him he would get a new video game if he studied math, his favorite class, every night for 2 weeks straight.

Question 11

When students follow directions in class, the teacher gives them praise. This is an example of:

a. Acknowledging student behavior.

b. Positive reinforcement.

c. Negative reinforcement.

d. Countercontrol.

Answer 11

a. Acknowledging student behavior.

Question 12

Curtis is being picked on by a bully. He knows the bully hangs out in front of the school after dismissal so Curtis is increasingly likely to leave for home through the back of the school even though it takes him 10 minutes longer. In this scenario, avoiding the bully is functioning as ____.

a. Punishment

b. Negative reinforcement

c. Positive reinforcement

d. Respondent conditioning

Answer 12

b. Negative reinforcement

Question 13

Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer?

a. Food

b. Warmth

c. Smiles

d. Drink

Answer 13

c. Smiles

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of shaping?

a. Teaching someone a cheer that includes a sequence of chants and movements, beginning with the last step and then adding a step until the cheer is mastered.

b. Helping someone execute a cartwheel by slowly requiring a more independent and complete movement.

c. Giving your partner a hug every time they check their phone fewer than 3 times an hour.

d. Posting a monthly graph that shows each employee’s percentage of paperwork submitted on time.

Answer 14

b. Helping someone execute a cartwheel by slowly requiring a more independent and complete movement.

Question 15

Damon smiles and says, “thank you” to the customer service person who winks in return. If Damon’s behavior increases under similar conditions in the future, saying “thank you” most likely serves a _________ function.

a. Escape

b. Tangible

c. Attention

d. Sensory

Answer 15

c. Attention

Question 16

Bella goes grocery shopping on Friday afternoon and a vendor gives her a box of granola bars and bottle of shampoo as part of “free sample Fridays.” If Bella’s behavior increases under similar conditions in the future, grocery shopping on Fridays most likely serves a ________ function.

a. Escape

b. Attention

c. Sensory

d. Tangible

Answer 16

d. Tangible

Question 17

Arnaud is a behavior analyst helping to reduce one resident’s wandering in a dementia-care program. Arnaud learns from this interview with nursing staff and his own observations that the resident is most likely to wander away from the dining room and the community room during the most crowded and noisy times of day in those spaces. The most appropriate conclusion for Arnaud to draw is:

a. The resident’s wandering may serve an escape function

b. The resident’s wandering definitely serves an attention function

c. The resident’s wandering definitely serves and escape function

d. The resident’s wandering may serve an attention function

Answer 17

d. The resident’s wandering may serve an escape function

Question 18

Sam is a behavior analyst helping to reduce the self-injurious hand biting of a special education student. Sam visits the student’s classroom and records events that took place immediately before and after each instance of hand biting. Sam’s assessment method is called:

a. Functional analysis

b. ABC assessment

c. Indirect assessment

d. Direct experimental assessment

Answer 18

b. ABC assessment

Question 19

One advantage of function-based treatment over arbitrary treatment to reduce problem behaviors is that:

a. Function-based treatments take less time to develop

b. Function-based treatments overpower natural contingencies with bigger consequences

c. Function-based treatments focus on building alternative behaviors

d. Function-based treatments utilize punishment, therefore no presence of an extinction burst

Answer 19

c. Function-based treatments focus on building alternative behaviors

Question 20

Function-based differential reinforcement of alternative behavior for escape-maintained property destruction (e.g., ripping math worksheets, breaking pencils) would involve:

a. Breaks for requesting a time out from work, no breaks for property destruction

b. Stickers for requesting a time out from work, no stickers for property destruction

c. Stickers for naming your emotion when frustrated, no stickers for property destruction

d. Breaks for destroying property, no breaks for requesting a time out from work

Answer 20

a. Breaks for requesting a time out from work, no breaks for property destruction

Question 21

Fern has a new job in the area of medical billing and finds that she becomes very nervous and scattered when insurance companies require her to meet and discuss a specific claim. Lately Fern has been studying a flashcard of dos and don’ts for these meetings, and she covertly repeats the rules to herself before speaking aloud during any tense moments that arise. Fern’s cognitive behavior in this case is most likely serving the function of:

Discriminative stimuli (SD)

Reinforcement

Nothing

Task Analysis

Answer 21

Discriminative stimuli (SD)

Question 22

A therapist is working with Carter who is going through a recent breakup and frequently has the thought, “I lost the best possible match for me and it’s all my fault”. His therapist helps him change this thought to, “We didn’t work out for a reason. There are billions of people and it is very possible that I will find a connection with somebody”. Carter’s initial thought is a_____ and his therapist used _____ to address it.

cognitive flaw; acceptance

cognitive distortion; acceptance

cognitive distortion; restructuring

cognitive flaw; restructuring

Answer 22

cognitive distortion; restructuring

Question 23

Sam and Lemi are roommates who agree to start a fitness training program. Sam’s boss agrees to serve as the contract manager, and Sam and Lemi agree to take a date- and time-stamped picture of themselves at the gym each week. If Sam or Lemi go to the gym 3 times each week, Sam’s boss pays that individual $10 towards new workout shoes. If Sam or Lemi go to the gym three times or less in a week, the boss takes back all the money in that person’s shoes fund. What type of behavioral contract is illustrated?

Public commitment contract

Quid-pro-quo contract

Unidirectional contract

Parallel contract

Answer 23

Parallel contract

Question 24

If Sam and Lemi’s behavioral contract to increase gym sessions works, this is most likely due to rule-governed behavior is what is true?

In the past, Lemi and Sam have followed rules yet experienced unwanted consequences

Lemi and Sam have limited language abilities

In the past, Lemi and Sam have avoided unwanted consequences by following rules

Lemi and Sam trust eachother to give their best effort

Answer 24

In the past, Lemi and Sam have avoided unwanted consequences by following rules

Question 25

Which of the following statements is most likely to cue an acceptance-based therapist to help their client develop the psychological flexibility skill of being present?

“My heart is racing and I’m having the thought that I might pass out”

“If I get close to someone again, they will just end up rejecting me eventually”

“I’m looking for a partner who shares my love of the outdoors”

“I feel a bit sleep deprived today, and I notice my mood is a little low”

Answer 25

“If I get close to someone again, they will just end up rejecting me eventually”

Question 26

Reggie has been practicing for a very important dance competition next month. Some nights after rehearsal, he lays in bed imagining what he will look like making errors or injuring himself and receiving a low score from the judges. Reggie feels dread and worry as he imagines these scenes. Reggie’s cognitive behavior in this example is most likely serving a function of:

Discriminative stimuli

Consequences

Conditioned eliciting stimuli

Antecedents

Answer 26

Conditioned eliciting stimuli

Question 27

An example of a cognitive behavior is…

Telling my brother he’s stupid

Thinking, “I’m too stupid to try a new activity”

My heart racing

Forgetting something at home

Answer 27

Thinking, “I’m too stupid to try a new activity”

Question 28

Which of the following illustrates “referring to basic principles of behavior,” a defining practice of ABA?

Monetary incentives worked best for participants with high self-efficacy

Male participants engaged in heavy drinking more than female participants

Participants were less likely to drink when wearing the TAC device

Monetary incentives differentially reinforced harm reduction behaviors

Answer 28

Monetary incentives differentially reinforced harm reduction behaviors

Question 29

Which of the following illustrates “pinpointing measurable behavior,” a defining practice of ABA?

Using transdermal monitoring to detect whether people are above or below 0.03 g/DL blood alcohol level each day

Asking people to rate their alcohol consumption

Asking people whether they drank more or less than 2 beers in a day (equivalent of 0.03 g/dL blood alcohol level)

Using observational monitoring to detect whether people act more or less tipsy

Answer 29

Using transdermal monitoring to detect whether people are above or below 0.03 g/DL blood alcohol level each day

Question 30

Which of the following misconceptions (or myths) of alcohol use are addressed by Motivational Interviewing, a preventive intervention adopted by some university campuses:

At least I don’t drink as much as most people my age.

Drinking contributes to accidental deaths and sexual violence on college campuses

Red wine is good for your heart

Underage drinking is more culturally acceptable in France than in the US

Answer 30

At least I don’t drink as much as most people my age.

Question 31

Which of the following illustrates “focusing on current behavior-environment relations,” a defining practice of ABA?

Providing social support for coping without drinking

Discussing career aspirations

Discussing clients’ adverse childhood experiences (ACES)

Providing psychoeducation about the impact of alcohol use on sleep, immune functioning, and heart disease

Answer 31

Providing social support for coping without drinking

Question 32

According to your readings, what is one thing that ABA providers should do to ensure their services are effective and humane?

Seek oversight and guidance from autistic adults

Stop using discrete-trial teaching

Combine ABA with speech, OT, and music therapy

Teach society to accept all forms of challenging behavior

Answer 32

Seek oversight and guidance from autistic adults

Question 33

What is one major reason that autistic advocates criticize ABA-based early intervention for people with autism?

Early developers of ABA described the goal of making people with autism behave “normally”

Brain scans suggest that people who receive ABA “lose” some of their autism

Most implementers of ABA use punitive consequences such as noxious odors and reprimands

Twenty hours per week is too many hours of intervention for kids under 5 years old

Answer 33

Early developers of ABA described the goal of making people with autism behave “normally”

Question 34

Which of the following was NOT an option for children with autism and other disabilities until disability rights activists influenced the passing of laws such as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1975:

Psychoanalysis for “refrigerator mothers”

Institutionalization

Pseudoscientific interventions such as holding therapy

Inclusive early childhood programs

Answer 34

Inclusive early childhood programs

Question 35

Based on course materials (Dougherty et al.), which of the following statements is true of financial incentives for drinking less than 1-2 beers per day:

Large financial incentives produce greater reductions in alcohol use over the short term

Financial incentives to reduce alcohol use are unethical

Financial incentives to reduce alcohol use decrease internal motivation for sobriety

Small and large financial incentives produce similar reductions in alcohol use over the short term

Answer 35

Financial incentives to reduce alcohol use decrease internal motivation for sobriety