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AVS 201 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define Parasite

A

species that utilizes a host to thrive; benefit when the host is affected

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2
Q

Where are parasites found?

A

GI tract, fecal, skin/hair, ears, heart, blood, bladder, various tissues

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3
Q

Where are Ectoparasites found

A

outside of the body (fleas, ticks, mites)

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4
Q

Where are Endoparasites found

A

Inside of the body (tapeworms, roundworms, flatworms)

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5
Q

Stages of parasite life cycle, in order

A

egg, larvae, nymphs, pupae, adults

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6
Q

Definitive host

A

host that is infected by the adult stage of the parasite

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7
Q

Intermediate host

A

host infected/affected by the immature forms of a parasite

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7
Q

Nematoda

A

roundworms

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7
Q

Arthropoda

A

ectoparasites

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8
Q

platyhelminths

A

flatworms

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8
Q

protozoa

A

single-celled organisms

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9
Q

how many classes of anthropoids are there

A

2

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10
Q

Insecta –> Diptera

A

flies

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11
Q

insecta - phthiraptera

A

lice

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12
Q

insecta - Siphonaptera

A

fleas

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13
Q

insecta - Hymenoptera

A

wasps, bees, ants, hornets

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14
Q

Arachnida - Acari

A

mites, ticks

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15
Q

Arachnida - Araneae

A

spiders

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16
Q

Arachnida - scorpionida

A

scorpions

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17
Q

What do adult flies feed on?

A

secretions, blood

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18
Q

what is the family Culicidae and what do they act as a vector for?

A

Mosquitoes; heartworm, viral diseases, allergies

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19
Q

What is a fistula?

A

open passageway/abnormal connection between organs

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20
Q

how do you diagnose Cuterebra

A

CT scan

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21
Q

In the CT scan of Cuterebra, what does a gray to cream larva mean

A

2nd stage larva

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22
Q

In the CT scan of Cuterebra, what does a dark, thick larva mean

A

3rd stage larva

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23
Q

What is Mallophaga

A

Biting lice

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24
Q

What is Anoplura

A

Sucking lice

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25
Q

Trichodectes canis

A

dog biting lice

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26
Q

Felicola subrostrata

A

cat biting lice

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27
Q

How does lice differ from fleas?

A

fleas are not species specific

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28
Q

Symptoms of lice?

A

itching/scratching, Irritated skin; inflammation, Potential surface bleeding, Alopecia

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29
Q

How to treat lice

A

pyrethrins found in a topical ointment or shampoo

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30
Q

What multiple of their body weight do fleas consume in blood?

A

15 times

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31
Q

What health issues are associated with fleas

A

Anemia

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32
Q

How do we diagnose fleas

A

often see them with the naked eye; can use fecal matter

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33
Q

symptoms of fleas

A

itching/scratching, hair loss, rashes/bumps

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34
Q

how do we prevent and treat fleas

A

Adulticides (fipronil)

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35
Q

what is the flea life cycle

A

4 life stages; egg, larva, pupa (in a cocoon), and adult

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36
Q

What is difficult about eradicating fleas?

A

at some life stages they are resistant to insecticides and other flea control products

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37
Q

How do we eradicate fleas?

A

Insect growth regulators (Methoprene, fenoxycarb)

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37
Q

What makes up an arachnid

A

8 legs; 4 pairs Cephalothorax, Abdomen

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38
Q

What causes pets to be stung by pests?

A

curiosity, sniffing flowers, accidental nest disturbance, etc

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39
Q

Arachnid life cycle

A

4 stages; Egg, 6-legged larva, 8-legged nymph, 8-legged adult

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40
Q

what are the 3 classes of arachnids

A

Acari (mites/ticks), Araneae (spiders), and Scorpionida (scorpions)

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41
Q

what are the different types of mites

A

Sarcoptes
Notoedres
Trixacarus

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42
Q

what is mange

A

skin disease caused by mites

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43
Q

symptoms of mites

A

skin irritation, alopecia, abnormally thick skin

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44
Q

sarcoptes

A

itch mites

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45
Q

trixacarus

A

mite most common in guinea pigs

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46
Q

how do we treat sarcoptic mange

A

Topical treatment - selamectin; lime sulfur
Systemic parasiticide - ivermectin isoxazolines

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47
Q

How do we diagnose and treat otodectes cynotis?

A

diagnose by visualization or ear swab, and treat by topical/systemic acaricides

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48
Q

How are demodicidae different from the other types of mites we discussed?

A

present in small numbers

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49
Q

What are symptoms of demodicidae

A

alopecia, inflammation (red mange)

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50
Q

ixodidae vs argasidae

A

ixodidae are hard bodied where argasidae are soft bodied ticks

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51
Q

what diseases are ticks vectors for

A

lymes, rickettsial, tick paralysis

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52
Q

What is the difference between a one host tick and a two or three host tick

A

a one host tick uses one species the entire time

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53
Q

What are preventative methods for ticks

A

permethrin sprays

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54
Q

What are Nematoda also known as

A

roundworms

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55
Q

What is the infective stage of nematodes

A

3rd stage larva (L3)

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56
Q

How do nematodes infect people?

A

ingestion, vectors, transplacental

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57
Q

What are the classifications of nematodes?

A

6 orders, Rhabditida (threadworms), strongylida (bursate), ascaridida (ascarids), oxyurida (pinworms), spirurida (spirurid and filarial), Enoplida

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58
Q

Where do hookworms reside?

A

small intestine

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59
Q

what do hookworms feed on, and what health issue does it cause?

A

blood; anemia

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60
Q

symptoms of hookworms

A

black feces (tar-like), heavy load can cause death

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61
Q

how is hookworm transmitted

A

contaminated soil

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62
Q

How do we diagnose hookworm

A

ova in fecal matter

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63
Q

How do we treat hookworm

A

Pyrantel pamoate

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64
Q

How to prevent hookworm

A

proper husbandry, consistent removal of feces

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65
Q

Where is lungworm found

A

lungs; trachea/bronchi

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66
Q

how is lungworm transmitted

A

ingestion of L1 from another dog

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67
Q

where are the larvae in lungworm present

A

feces, respiratory system

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68
Q

how is lungworm treated

A

ivermectin, fenbendazole, albendazole

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69
Q

symptoms of large roundworms

A

vomiting/diarrhea, constipation, abdominal distension, stunted growth

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70
Q

how are large roundworms transmitted

A

placenta, nursing, injestion

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71
Q

how do we diagnose large roundworms

A

worms/eggs in feces

72
Q

how do we treat large roundworms

A

anthelmintics, removal of feces

73
Q

What is the scientific name for heartworm

A

Dirofilaria immitis

74
Q

what is the life cycle of a heartworm

A
75
Q

where do heartworm live

A

pulmonary arteries, heart

76
Q

does heartworm affect dogs or cats more

A

dogs

77
Q

symptoms of heartworm

A

swollen legs/abdomen, coughing, heart failure

78
Q

Heartworm diagnosis

A

Antigen snap test, blood microscopy, knott concentration

79
Q

heartworm treatment

A

supportive care for heart/lungs, adulticides, microfilaricides

80
Q

heartworm prevention

A

heartgard

81
Q

why is heartworm treatment hazardous

A

the drug used to treat heartworm disease contained high levels of arsenic which can be toxic

82
Q

what are flukeworms vectors for

A

salmon poisioning

83
Q

where are flukeworms found

A

lungs, liver, blood vessels, intestines

84
Q

where are tapeworms found

A

cysts in muscle/organ tissue

85
Q

what do tapeworms feed on

A

the food being digested

86
Q

tapeworm symptoms

A

diarrhea, lethargy, bloating

87
Q

What is a proglottid

A

reproductive system of tapeworms

88
Q

tapeworm treatment

A

cestocide

89
Q

what does Sarcomastigophora affect

A

digestive tract

90
Q

symptoms of Sarcomastigophora

A

diarrhea, mucous covered feces

91
Q

Sarcomastigophora treatment

A

fenbendazole, metronidazole

92
Q

where are apicomplexa housed

A

within host cells

93
Q

What are the differences between coccidians and hemosporidians

A

coccidians are in the GI tract where hemosporidians are in the blood

94
Q

symptoms of coccidians and hemosporidians

A

severe diarrhea

95
Q

how do we treat apicomplexa

A

albendazole, sulfadimethoxine

96
Q

primary host of toxoplasmosis

A

domestic and wild cats

97
Q

what are the two types of oocysts?

A

thick and thin walled

98
Q

major concern in humans from toxoplasmosis

A

severe lung or brain disease

99
Q

who is majorly at risk for toxoplasmosis

A

people with weakened immune systems

100
Q

symptoms of toxoplasmosis in dogs/cats

A

vomiting/diarrhea, blindness, fever, seizures, pneumonia, paralysis

101
Q

how do we prevent toxoplasmosis

A

don’t let pets eat raw or uncooked meat, remove feces from litter boxes

102
Q

what is babesia and how is it transmitted

A

blood parasite transmitted via ticks

103
Q

babesia symptoms

A

flu-like symptoms

104
Q

when is a dog geriatric

A

7 or 8 for large breed, 10 medium, 12 small

105
Q

when is a cat geriatric

A

13-14

106
Q

What allowed for the life expectancy of animals to increase over the years?

A

Advanced healthcare, improved nutrition, stronger human/animal bond

107
Q

signs of aging?

A

losing pigmentation in fur, droopy eyes, not as active, etc.

108
Q

What are the biological theories that explain aging?

A

oxidative stress

109
Q

What does antagonistic pleiotropy mean?

A

Genes that are critical for early development that may become detrimental later in life

110
Q

How does caloric intake affect an animal’s lifespan

A

Decreased caloric intake can equal longer lives

111
Q

What % of aging / lifespan is heritable

A

25%

112
Q

What traits are often selected for when breeding

A

appearance, temperament

113
Q

How does diet change when your pet becomes geriatric?

A

Lower caloric intake, softer food

114
Q

What % of animals are obese?

A

50%+

115
Q

What issues does obesity lead to?

A

Diabetes mellitus, Osteoarthritis, Cardiac issues, Urinary tract issues

116
Q

What are some rehabilitation methods for injuries?

A

Chiropractic adjustments, Electro stimulation, Heat therapy, Massage therapy, Aqua therapy

117
Q

What are the major causes of mortality in cats (in order of prevalence)

A

Kidney Disease
Neoplasia
Infectious diseases (FIP, etc.)
Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes

118
Q

What are the major causes of mortality in dogs (in order of prevalence)

A

Neoplasia/Cancer
Heart failure
Renal failure
Liver failure
Diabetes

119
Q

What is calculus? How is it removed

A

tartar; chewing dental items (bones, etc)

120
Q

What behavior changes can be seen in older animals?

A

lethargy, appetite declines, altered behavior

121
Q

Why is it hard to diagnose arthritis or degenerative joint diseases?

A

species express pain differently, and natural instinct stops them from showing pain

122
Q

What is a treatment for arthritis and how does it help

A

Supplementation of glucosamine; helps cartilage in joints and decrease of inflammation

123
Q

What is a feral animal

A

one that lives in the wild but is descended from domesticated individuals

124
Q

What is an unwanted animal

A

The animal has an owner, but the owner no longer wants to care for that animal

125
Q

What is the owner responsible for when they own a pet?

A

moral, financial, and legal responsibilities

126
Q

Why do animals become homeless/unwanted

A

Finacial issues
Novilty has worn off
Behaviors
Incapable owners, physically and mentally

127
Q

Uncontrolled animal

A

Has an owner but the owner doesn’t really care where their animal goes

128
Q

Stray animal

A

homeless

129
Q

free-roaming animal

A

Strays and uncontrolled animals

130
Q

What are some problems associated with homeless animals?

A

Cats/dogs end up free-roaming
Inadequate supervision= runaway
Not utilizing leash laws

131
Q

why can homeless cats be a bigger issue than homeless dogs?

A

cats are induced ovulators

132
Q

What are the zoonotic diseases that are of major concern in these
situations?

A

parasitic infection

133
Q

what are some hazards with free roaming/homeless animals?

A
134
Q

What are some ways we have begun to control the unwanted animal problem

A

shelters and rescues; Force spay/neuter before adopting out

135
Q

What is Zeuterin?

A

injectable —> chemical castration in puppies

136
Q

How effective is zeuterin

A

99.6%

137
Q

When was zeuterin used

A

2003-2005 and then 2014-2016 again

138
Q

why did zeuterin flop

A

marketing issues

139
Q

What is a neuter and how long is the procedure?

A

Removal of the testes; 15 minutes

140
Q

What are the two methods of neutering and what do they entail?

A

Scrotal (incision on scrotum), and Pre Scrotal (Incision cranial to scrotum; caudal to penis)

141
Q

What is a spay and how long is the procedure?

A

Removal of ovaries, oviducts, uterus; 20-90 minutes

142
Q

When is a spay not done?

A

when the animal is in heat

143
Q

What does post-surgery care consist of for a neuter/spay?

A

No excessive running, No jumping, Make sure animal can’t bite/lick, no bathing for 2 weeks, check for inflammation/infection, Pain relief, sedation if necessary

144
Q

What are the benefits of spaying and neutering?

A

Decrease animal #s, decreased incidence/elimination of reproductive cancers

145
Q

What are the criteria for adoptable animals?

A

Updated vaccines
Not hyper aggressive
Spays and neuters
Overall health

146
Q

criteria for fit owners?

A

Adequate space
Financially
Depending on animal either no pets or other pets
Background check

147
Q

What are the different kinds of diagnostic tests?

A

Diagnostic imaging, Microscopy and pathology, Bloodwork

148
Q

What are common body positions in dogs/cats for taking X-rays?

A

Lateral - laying on side, Ventrodorsal (VD) - on its back, and Dorsoventral (DV) - on its stomac

149
Q

What do the different shades of opacity on an X-ray indicate you are looking at?

A

Metal - bright white
Mineral (bone)
Soft tissue and fluid
Fat
gas/air - black

150
Q

What are ultrasounds often used for?

A

Pregnancy
Trauma (free fluid)
Aid in obtaining urine sample
Masses
Foreign bodies

151
Q

What is the benefit of an ultrasound vs X-ray?

A

Using sound waves not radiation or magnet, and Real time imaging

152
Q

What are some things MRIs are used to diagnose

A

tumors, infarcts, meningitis, abscesses, IVDD, nerve diseases, and more

153
Q

What specialty are MRIs typically used in

A

neurology

154
Q

What is a CT scan?

A

utilizes the same technology as X-rays to form images

155
Q

What are we looking for in ear cytology?

A

bacteria, mites

156
Q

What are symptoms of an ear infection?

A

Shaking head, sounds like fluid shaking around, Scratching ears, smell

157
Q

Why might we not need to do an ear cytology?

A

You may be able to see it with the naked eye

158
Q

What is a stenotic ear canal? How might you treat it?

A

Ear canal will close up; medications, or possible removal

159
Q

What is a blood smear

A

used to visualize the cellular components of blood

160
Q

What are we looking for in a blood smear?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

161
Q

What is a fine needle aspirate?

A

take a needle and gather cells from a superficial cutaneous growth

162
Q

When might you need a biopsy vs FNA?

A

you are more likely to get a diagnosis with a biopsy

163
Q

What are we looking for on a urinalysis?

A

UTI, Uroliths

164
Q

What are SNAP tests? What is being detected?

A

bloodwork; antibodies

165
Q

What diseases does a 4DX test for?

A

lyme, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and Heartworm

166
Q

What diseases does a Feline triple test for?

A

FIV, FELV, Heartworm

167
Q

What valuable information can you learn from a complete blood cell count?

A

make sure blood components are in the normal range

168
Q

What chemistry values are associated with kidney function?

A

BUN and Creatinine

169
Q

What chemistry values are associated with liver function?

A

ALT, ALP, Bilirubin

170
Q

What factors alter the cost of health insurance?

A

breed, age, dog vs cat, spay/neuter status, prior medical history, where you live

171
Q

What is covered in basic insurance policies?

A

accidents, illnesses, Hereditary/Congenital Conditions, Diagnostic treatments, Hospitalization, Prescription Medications, Emergency Visits, Surgeries

172
Q

What is not normally covered in basic insurance policies?

A

Pre-existing conditions
Grooming
Boarding
Dental cleanings
Prescription food
Illness or injury resulting from neglect or maliciousness
Vaccines, heartworm/flea/tick preventatives
Special treatments like acupuncture, chiropractors, or rehabilitative cost

173
Q

What does a premium policy cover over a basic policy

A

Premium policies usually cover the pet for life, they are more expensive, but can cover payments for treatments of chronic illnesses or diseases and payments for expensive surgeries

174
Q

how much does a spay cost; neuter?

A

spay = 200-500; neuter = 50-200

175
Q

how much does an ultrasound cost

A

300-500

176
Q

how much do vaccinations cost

A

30-50 each

177
Q

how much does chemo cost

A

Standard treatment: $3,000-5,000
Brain or nasal: $6,000-10,000

178
Q

how much does an ACL repair cost

A

2000-5000

179
Q

how much does grooming cost

A

20-40

180
Q

how much does a collapsible crate cost

A

20-90

181
Q

how much does a training session cost

A

group classes: 65-200
individual: 80-200 per hour (100 avg)

182
Q

how much does a 1 week boarding cost

A

20-50 per night

AVS 201 (2 decks)

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