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Soc 2263 - Thinking Sociologically > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

consciousness
(weber)

A

Doesn’t exist in any space and isn’t an object we can see - we experience what is it to be conscious.

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2
Q

Transcendental argument
(weber)

A

Argument that goes beyond reality
- identifies fundemental conditions that must be in place for an experience or knowledge to be possible.

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3
Q

Difference between behaviour and action (weber)

A

Behaviour is doing something without meaning - weber recognized the blur

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4
Q

Intentional acts of meaning (weber)

A

Deliberate actions we take in relation to or directed towards others - forced actions don’t count

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5
Q

4 types of meaningful social action (weber)

A
  1. Traditional action - behaviour guided by habits or cultural norms
  2. Affectional action - based on controlled emotion
  3. Value rational action -based on personal belief or ultimate value - the rationality of the action in fulfillment of the value
  4. Instrumental rational action - achieving a specific purpose
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6
Q

2 ways to understand meaningful social action (weber)

A
  1. Observational understanding - noticing when a social action was done
  2. Explanatory understanding - providing an explanation for why that social action was done
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7
Q

Verstehen (weber)

A

Translates to interpretive understanding

Observational and theoretical interpretation of the subjective ‘state of mind’ when people act

How we use symbols and meanings to constitute our social existence

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8
Q

The Ideal Type

A

Tool using interpretive understanding to understand social events and processes

Identify common patterns and divergent elements and investigates causes and consequences

Helps us to understand what to look for in empirical data (doesn’t describe it)

Indirectly helps social scientists construct a research question and hypothesis (doesn’t provide direct hypothesis)

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9
Q

Types of authority

A

Charismatic - devotion of exceptional character of an individual and their values

Traditional - rests on established belief, customs, and traditions

Legal rational - belief in legality, rights, of those in authority

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10
Q

Radical formation process (o+w)

A

The social construction of race

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11
Q

Racial objectivism and O+Ws critiques

A

Racial categories reflect an objective essential aspect of human groups (one simply is ones race)

Critique:
No one belongs in boxes or (black, white, brown)
- it ignores racial identity
- denies historical and social comprehensiveness of race
- cannot account for how people navigate conflictual racial meaning and identities

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12
Q

Race as and Ideological construct and O+Ws critique

A

Racial categories are false consciousness (colourblindness)

Critique:
- Social construct of race has become the fundamental principle of social organization because its been enforce for so long - race is a deep part of many peoples identity

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13
Q

3 conditions of how we examine racial formation (O+W)

A
  1. in contemporary politics
  2. in global contexts
  3. across history
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14
Q

Constructionism

A

Our accounts of the world are outcomes of negotiated agreements, assumptions, and traditions of interpretation - not pictures of the world as it is

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15
Q

Essentialism

A

For any entity, theres a set of attributes or properties necessary to its identity and functioning

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16
Q

Flaws of essentialism (from constructionists)

A

Political conservatism and social oppression - placing people into binaries is insensitive and harmful to people who don’t fit in said binaries

Constraints on the growth of knowledge - presuming the world is fixed within these categories constrains the growth of knowledge and limits what can be studied and how it can be characterized

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17
Q

Flaws of constructionism (from essentialists)

A

Inability to account for scientific progress - what is the value of scientific research if all science is a social construction

The incoherence of skepticism - constructionism represents a form of skepticism

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18
Q

Situated essentialism

A

Resolution for the essentialism and constructionism debate

Understanding identity as both socially constructed and context-specific

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19
Q

Black nationalism (Du Bois)

A

Encouraged blacks to work together to create their own culture, art, and literature

Create their own economy of producers and consumers

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20
Q

Double consciousness (Du Bois)

A

The experience of ones identity being fragmented into several, contradictory facets - being black + being American

The perceptions of themselves and how others see them is based on cultural images, scripts, and expectations.

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21
Q

‘Car window sociology’ (Du Bois)

A

Early soc was based on casual observations

Not scientific - based on hunches, rumours, travelogues, and opinions

Racist

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22
Q

‘The colour line’ (Du Bois)

A

Durable global structure of white supremacy undergirded by similar economic, political, and ideological forces worldwide

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23
Q

The Thomas Theorem

A

If people define a situation as real, than they’re real in their consequences

24
Q

3 issues in the double consciousness

A
  1. practical effects of black peoples exclusion from main stream media
  2. the power of white stereotypes in black life and thought
  3. Internal conflict in the African American individual between what was African and what was American
25
3 key issues of social change (Du Bios)
1. disenfranchisement (lack of vote) - if black people can't vote, they don't have the means to secure property 2. civic equality for African Americans 3. higher education, according to ability - black communities need college educated teachers
26
Intersecting identities (crenshaw)
Identities impacted by a multitude of social justice and human rights issues
27
Epistemology
The study of the features, conditions, and limits of knowledge
28
Black feminist thought (collins)
Reflects the experiences of black women and can be viewed as subjugated knowledge Black women used alternative ways to create a space for black feminist ideologies
29
Positivists approaches
Aim to create scientific descriptions of reality by producing objective generalizations (distancing themselves from values, interests, and emotions
30
Requirements for positivist methodological approaches
Subjectivity - objectifying the subject of study Absence of emotions from the research process Ethics and values are inappropriate in the research process Adversarial debates become the preferred method of ascertaining the truth (These requirements ask black women to objectify themselves)
31
Single-axis approach
Treats each category of discrimination separately (whereas intersectionality views them all together)
32
Agency
The potentiality for producing or modifying structures
32
5 Types of Structures
International - concrete encounters between individuals, solidified by patterns of interaction (families, teams, competition) Axio-normative - system of value and rules, defining what people should and shouldn't do towards each other and what to expect in return Ideal - shared beliefs and ideas Opportunity - defines the statuses and roles people take in society and their relationships Material - containers of social relations providing channels into encounters and interactions (layout of streets, office arrangement)
33
Duality of structure (Giddens)
Views agency and structure as different aspects of all social practice
34
Reflexivity (Giddens)
All humans are knowledgeable, skillful agents We maintain basic order of social life by enhancing this knowledge This same knowledge can be used to alter the system Modern society is characterized by relentless application of new knowledge into institutional and interactional practices
35
Habitus (Bourdieu)
Interpretive schemas that tell us how the world works, how to evaluate things and provide guidelines of action Product of social structural conditions but also structures social practices Leads us to develop tastes that effectively distinguish classes of people
36
Producers of social power and domination
Economic capital - material resources that one controls or possesses Social capital - network of contacts or acquaintances that can be used to secure or advance ones position Cultural capital - variety of resources: verbal facility, cultural awareness, aesthetic preferences, education credentials
37
Bifurcated consciousness (Smith)
The dialectical tension between the subjectove experience of women and a dominant perspective of the world
38
2 Modes of knowing, experiencing, and doing
1. Located in the body - acts, moves, occupies space 2. Extends beyond the body - operates abstractly
39
Reproduction of male domination in abstract ways of knowing are enabled by (Smith):
The socialized association of male consciousness with rationality Domestic labour traditionally preformed by women - the subordinate status of that labour The conditions (privileges) that allow men not to focus on their bodily existence in the same way of women
40
Cultural capital
Embodied state - form of knowledge that resides within us Objectified state - material objects we used to indicate social class Institutional state - the way society measures social capital
41
False consciousness
The cognitive part of our alienation - the ideas we create disguise reality from us - a system of beliefs that obscure the truth
42
Alienation
People create things, forget they created those things, and allow those things to oppress them
43
Structure of human society
Superstructure - everything not to do with the production in society (education, family, religion) - maintains and legitimates the base Base - all things needed to produce (machines, factories, land, materials) - peoples relation to production - shapes the superstructure
44
The gap between scientific opinion and popular opinion (Hornsey + Fielding)
People often engage in bias and selective search for info - to reinforce existing attitudes Seek out evidence that fits our beliefs More info is not the solution
45
Surface attitudes (Hornsey + Fielding)
Dispute over facts, preferences, judgement, etc. - the level we often hear in most controversies
46
Attitude root (Hornsey + Fielding)
The dispositions that motivate people to prefer the certain kinds of beliefs, groups, and political parties - dispositions that underly the surface attitudes
47
Jiu Jitsu persuasion (Hornsey + Fielding)
Adjusting your message to correspond with the motivations of the other person
48
Simpsons epistemology
Emphasis on cooperation Commingling of emotional and intellectual knowledge Accountable relationships with other beings Diversity of Indigenous bodies of all ages, genders, races, and abilities
49
Nishnaabeg brilliance (Simpson)
Their world - cognitive, spiritual, land based space Didn't recognize or accommodate whiteness - didn't accept capitalism
50
Biiskabiyang (Simpson
The process of returning ourselves and reengagement with things we have left behind An individual and collective process of decolonization and resurgence
51
Reflexive sociology (Gouldner)
Concerned with what sociologists want to do and what they actually do in the world
52
Gouldners program for Reflexive sociology
Transformation of the person of the sociologists Development of the sociologist own self-awareness, deepening the validity and reliability of sociological knowledge Therefore not only skills and training, but a value-commitment to sociological and self awareness
53
Enlightenment
Through rationality and reason we get emancipation from: Power, ignorance, and nature
53
Valid and Sound argument
Valid - does each premises make sense Sound = valid + true premises

Soc 2263 - Thinking Sociologically (1 decks)

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