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COMM 1110 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

5 Basic Categories of Speech (canons of rhetoric)

A

invention, arrangement, style, delivery, memory

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2
Q

Reasoning

A

falls under the canon of rhetoric called invention

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3
Q

Invention

A

the material that goes into a speech; content, topics, arguments, and evidence

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3
Q

Logos

A

the use of evidence and reasoning to support a claim

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4
Q

A well structured argument

A

data leads to a claim, supported by evidence

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5
Q

Rhetoric

A

the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion, stated by Aristotle

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6
Q

Supporting material

A

the material grounding of an argument that can provide evidence for the argument itself or supplement a claim with vividness, clarity, and emotional salience

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7
Q

Ethos

A

the speaker’s credibility, strengthened by good support

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8
Q

Facts and statistics

A

support that provides an empirical or quantitative basis for an argument, a direct way to add authority to claims and position oneself as knowledgable

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9
Q

Critical orientation

A

helps to prevent flaws in arguments or identify weaknesses in opposing arguments

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10
Q

Definitions

A

Aimed at establishing common meaning between speaker and audience, Can serve the purpose of: clarity, precision, and persuasion

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11
Q

Clarity

A

explicitly defining terms

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12
Q

Precision

A

establishing the ground we intend to defend or setting aside other ground as irrelevant to the debate

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13
Q

Persuasion

A

carefully controlling the definitions and terms can establish associations that influence credibility or carry emotional weight

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14
Q

Examples

A

a type of support that illustrates a general category of things by referencing a specific case

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15
Q

Literal analogy

A

direct comparison between two entities

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15
Q

Analogies

A

a type of support that makes an unfamiliar topic more accessible by comparing it with a familiar topic

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16
Q

Figurative analogy

A

indirect comparison between two topic areas

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17
Q

Testimony

A

A type of support that draws on the knowledge and experience of others to sustain an argument

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18
Q

Expert Testimony

A

References the specialized knowledge of authorities within a specific discipline

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19
Q

Eyewitness Testimony

A

Provided by a person with direct experience of a specific event

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20
Q

Lay Testimony

A

Attempts to represent the thoughts and feelings of everyday people (non experts) on an issue, attempts to establish popular opinion, rather than specialized knowledge or the facts of a case

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21
Q

Narratives

A

Refers to a story that describes a series of events with a beginning, middle, and end, May be direct nonfictional accounts or fictional allegories of the world around us, Help accentuate central themes

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22
Q

Homo narrans

A

A theory by Walter R. Fisher surrounding narrative communication that’s states that humans are fundamentally storytelling animals

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23
Q

Narrative probability

A

Refers to the extent to which a story coheres internally

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24
Q

Narrative fidelity

A

A test of the extent to which an audience is able to align their own worldview with the oe presented in the narrative

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25
Q

Syllogism

A

A formal philosophical arrangement that includes a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion, Sets each of these parts out carefully and explicitly in pursuit of a truth that can be defended

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26
Q

Major premise

A

a universal statement that makes a broad generalization (humans are mortal)

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27
Q

Minor premise

A

a particular statement that establishes a related specific instance or fact (Socrates is human)

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28
Q

Conclusion

A

synthesizes the two premises into a validated statement (Socrates is mortal), may contain flaws such as hasty generalizations, stereotyping, or inaccurate premises

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29
Q

Enthymeme

A

A rhetorical syllogism, a type of syllogism that leaves a key part of its reasoning unstated, meant for public consumption, contains a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion; one or more of its structural components is left to audience supposition

30
Q

Toulmin Model

A

Represents the logical layout of arguments in a way that balances the rigid philosophical formalism of the syllogism with the more practical public reasoning of the enthymeme

31
Q

Claim

A

Refers to the proposition that the argument seeks to establish, corresponds to the conclusion because it synthesizes the evidence and reasoning of an argument into a single concise and declarative statement

32
Q

Data or Grounds

A

Refers to the material support provided to substantiate the claim, Corresponds to the minor premise because it is a narrow statement aimed at establishing particular proofs, Statistics or eyewitness testimony; tangible evidence

33
Q

Warrant

A

Justifies the link between the data and the claim using reasoning, Often intangible or abstract and are left implicit or unstated in public arguments, Associated with the major premise because it is a universal statement that ties the particulars of an argument together

34
Q

Backing

A

Refers to the quality of either the reasoning underwriting its warrants or the validity of its data, The components and premises of an argument may contain flaws and backing addresses these questions and debates

35
Q

Qualifier

A

Specifies the force, scope, or level of certainty that is attributed to the claim, Directed at questions of probability and certainty, Specifications within the wording of a claim that make an argument more narrow, directed, and precise

36
Q

Rebuttal

A

Refers to a potential exception or counterarguments to the claim that must be taken into account

37
Q

Diagnostic reasoning

A
  1. A well developed argument benefits from a diversification of support
  2. Give consideration to the composition of your audience in the earliest stages of argument development
  3. Consider argumentation form when composing the main points of an outline and then check that these subordinate claims line up with the overarching thesis of the speech
  4. Give consideration to any fallacies present with our arguments
38
Q

Voice image

A

The way that you perceive and believe that others perceive the quality and impact of your voice

39
Q

Speaking Rate

A

150-170 wpm is a good target rate of speech for a general audience

40
Q

Articulation

A

Refers to the shape that your words take as they are made manifest with your mouth

41
Q

Pronunciation

A

whether or not your articulation conforms to the expectations of what is “proper” speech

42
Q

Volume

A

how well audiences can hear what you’re saying on a spectrum from quiet to loud

43
Q

Pitch

A

how high or low your voice is as you say various words

44
Q

Inflection

A

variations in pitch to convey emotional content or meaning in a speech

45
Q

Darting

A

the speaker’s eyes cast around the room randomly without a sense of purpose

46
Q

Meandering

A

wandering; captures all the different ways that your lower body can create unnecessary and distracting movement during your speech

47
Q

Fidgeting

A

Smaller movements that happen with your hands and distract from your speech

48
Q

Manuscript

A

Conversational reading of a word-for-word script

49
Q

Memorization

A

Word for word recitation without a script

50
Q

Impromptu

A

Off-the-cuff with little to no rehearsal and no script or notes

51
Q

Extemporaneous

A

A combination of memorized and impromptu, Combining the strengths of the three modes of delivery, Cue cards not manuscript

52
Q

Ceremonial Speaking

A

Epideictic = Subject+Value x (Praise or Blame) x Occasion

53
Q

Value

A

One word idea or theme that represents a certain set of behaviors or attitudes

54
Q

Unsanctioned association

A

Values that are generally not associated with a subject and can make the audience think about new possibilities for connections in their world

55
Q

Eulogy

A

A speech given at a funeral or in the case of a deceased memory that is usually in praise of the values that the deceased represents for those who mourn their loss

56
Q

Toast or Roast

A

A toast (praise) or rose (blame) encapsulates general kinds of speeches of appreciation such as wedding speeches, after-dinner speeches, tribute speeches, award speeches, nomination speeches

57
Q

Encomium

A

Formal expression of praise
Praises a subject that has previously fallen into disrepute

58
Q

Introduction

A

A speech about yourself or someone else

59
Q

Rhetorical schemes

A

Figures of speech that deal with altering word order from the usual sense in order to draw attention to language or foster new associations.

60
Q

Antithesis

A

contrary ideas expressed in a balanced sentence. It can be a contrast of opposites

61
Q

Chiasmus

A

involves a specific inversion of word order. It involves taking parallelism and deliberately turning it inside out, creating a “crisscross” pattern.

62
Q

Asyndeton

A

using no conjunctions to create an effect of speed or simplicity

63
Q

Polysyndeton

A

using many conjunctions to achieve an overwhelming effect

64
Q

Climax

A

arrangement in order of increasing importance

65
Q

Bathos

A

the opposite of climax.

66
Q

Tmesis

A

intentionally breaking a word into two parts for emphasis.

67
Q

Anaphora

A

repetition of beginning clauses

68
Q

Rhetorical Figures

A

Sometimes called “figures of thought” because instead of changing the associations among words in arrangement or order, they change the image evoked by the word choice itself

69
Q

Metaphor

A

the substitution of one thing for another

70
Q

Periphrasis

A

substitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or of a proper name for a quality associated with the name

71
Q

Litotes

A

the opposite of hyperbole

72
Q

Prosopopoeia

A

giving voice to absent or deceased people

73
Q

Paradox

A

statement that is self-contradictory on the surface yet seems to evoke a truth, nonetheless

74
Q

Synecdoche

A

a whole is represented by naming one of its parts or vice versa

COMM 1110 (1 decks)

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