Final Exam Flashcards
Evidence that fungí are closely related to animals
- DNA
- both synthesize chitin
- flagella in chytroid spores and gametes are similar in structure and function to animal flagella
- both store glucose as the polysaccharide glycogen
How do fungi eat
Extracelular digestion, fungi secrete enzymes that break down food
Basidiomycota( fruiting body, spores, spore location, spore number)
Basidium, basidiospores, outside, 4
Ascomycota (fruiting body, spores, spore location, spore number)
Ascus, ascopores, inside ascus, 8
Mychorizzal fungi
Symbiotic relationship between fungus and plant
EMF
Fungal cells enter the roots but not cells
AMF
Fungal cells enter the cells
Lichen
Microbial community compromising of an ascomycete and a photosynthesizing partner
Saprophytes (and how they affect carbon cycle)
Organisms that digest dead materials. Without digestion of dead materials all the carbon in dead organisms would stay there
Deadly fungi: deathcap mushroom
- mychorizzal relationship with coast live oak
- pale yellow ish olive green cap
- Stalk is white
- white spores
Fungal parasites: chytridiomycosis in amphibians
Caused by parasitic chytri
Causes thickening of skin
Frogs
Valley fever
Inhaled ascomycete
Flu like symptoms
Can lead to meningitis
Animals characteristics
- Multicellular
- Extracellular matrix
- Heterotrophic
- Movement
- Most are diploid w haploid gametes
- Develop via a blastula
Feeding strategies
- suspension feeders
- fluid feeders
- deposit feeders
- mass feeders
Metamorphosis
- avoid competition between juveniles and adults
- allow movement for species that are sessile as adults
Blastula
Hollow ball of cells, allows for differentiation of tissues
Body symmetry
- asymmetry
- radial symmetry
- bilateral symmetry
- pentaradial symmetry
Tissue layers
Ectoderm: external layers
Endoderm: internal tissue lining
Mesoderm: musculature lining of body cavity
Gut types
Two way/ blind/ incomplete gut: one opening, food moves in two directions
One way/ complete gut: two openings (mouth and anus), food moves in two directions
Processing gut: one way gut
Coelum
Hollow body cavity that is completely lined w/mesoderm
Acoelomate
No coelom
Pseudocoelomate
Hollow body cavity but not completely lined w mesoderm
Cephalization
Concentration of nervous and sensory tissues at one end of the body - bilaterally symmetrical organisms
Causes of animal diversification
- high oxygen levels in atmosphere at start of Cambrian explosion
- more food availability leads to more feeding strategies
- predation feeding strategy leads to evolution of protective structure, rapid movement, sensory organs in prey animals
- new niches lead to more niches
- evolution of “genetic toolkit”
Cnidocytes
Specialized cells that define Cnidaria
Bilateria
All animals except sponges, cnidarians, cnetophores
Protostomes and deuterostomes are different developmentally because…
- fate of blastopore, pro: mouth, deu: anus
- early cell cleavage, pro: spiral cleavage deu: radial cleavage
- cell rate determination pro: determinate cleavage deu: indeterminate cleavage
Determinate cleavage
Asymmetrical distribution of cyptoplasm between daughter cells, removing one cell kills the embryo, mosaic cleavage
Indeterminate cleavage
Symmetrical distribution of cyptoplasm, splitting embryo results in twins, regulative cleavage
Protostomes
Highly diverse, most described animals, two major groups: lophotrochozoans, ecdysozoans
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms, no true synapomorohies, free-living or parasites
Annelida
Segmented worms, paired chaetae, parapodia
Molluscq
Extremely diverse phylum, shell, mantula: secretes the shell, radula: scraper for feeding, foot: movement, prey capture in squid/ octopus
Bivalvia
Clams, muscles, scallops, oysters
Two valves/shells
Filter feeders
Mostly sessile
Gastropoda
Snails, slugs, nuibranchs
“Stomach foot”
Cephalopoda
Squid, octopus, nautiles, cuttlefish
Foot used for prey capture
Well-developed CNS
Ecydsis
Process of molting
Nematoda
Unsegmented round worms
Psuedocoelomates
Arthropoda
Exoskeleton of chitin
Paired, jointed appendages
Segmented bodies
- tagma: fuses body segments
Insects have 3 tagmata
Arachnids and crustaceans have 2 tagmata
Echinodermata
Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers
Pentaradial symmetry
Water vascular system
Tube feet
Chordata
Very diverse
Pharyngeal gill slits
Dorsal hollow nerve chord
Notochord
Post- anal tail
Chordata characters
Amniotic egg
Cranium and vertebrae
Dorsal nerve cord, notochord, post anal tail
Fur and milk
Jaws
Limbs
Lobed limbs
Lungs scales
Amniotic egg
Embryo, yolk sac, allantois (wastes)
Support/ protection
Nutrition
Prevents water loss
Allows for reproduction without water
Membranes within egg allow for efficient gas exchange
