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Bio 150 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Evidence that fungí are closely related to animals

A
  • DNA
  • both synthesize chitin
  • flagella in chytroid spores and gametes are similar in structure and function to animal flagella
  • both store glucose as the polysaccharide glycogen
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2
Q

How do fungi eat

A

Extracelular digestion, fungi secrete enzymes that break down food

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3
Q

Basidiomycota( fruiting body, spores, spore location, spore number)

A

Basidium, basidiospores, outside, 4

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4
Q

Ascomycota (fruiting body, spores, spore location, spore number)

A

Ascus, ascopores, inside ascus, 8

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5
Q

Mychorizzal fungi

A

Symbiotic relationship between fungus and plant

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6
Q

EMF

A

Fungal cells enter the roots but not cells

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7
Q

AMF

A

Fungal cells enter the cells

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8
Q

Lichen

A

Microbial community compromising of an ascomycete and a photosynthesizing partner

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9
Q

Saprophytes (and how they affect carbon cycle)

A

Organisms that digest dead materials. Without digestion of dead materials all the carbon in dead organisms would stay there

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10
Q

Deadly fungi: deathcap mushroom

A
  • mychorizzal relationship with coast live oak
  • pale yellow ish olive green cap
  • Stalk is white
  • white spores
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11
Q

Fungal parasites: chytridiomycosis in amphibians

A

Caused by parasitic chytri
Causes thickening of skin
Frogs

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12
Q

Valley fever

A

Inhaled ascomycete
Flu like symptoms
Can lead to meningitis

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13
Q

Animals characteristics

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Extracellular matrix
  3. Heterotrophic
  4. Movement
  5. Most are diploid w haploid gametes
  6. Develop via a blastula
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14
Q

Feeding strategies

A
  • suspension feeders
  • fluid feeders
  • deposit feeders
  • mass feeders
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15
Q

Metamorphosis

A
  • avoid competition between juveniles and adults
  • allow movement for species that are sessile as adults
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16
Q

Blastula

A

Hollow ball of cells, allows for differentiation of tissues

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17
Q

Body symmetry

A
  • asymmetry
  • radial symmetry
  • bilateral symmetry
  • pentaradial symmetry
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18
Q

Tissue layers

A

Ectoderm: external layers
Endoderm: internal tissue lining
Mesoderm: musculature lining of body cavity

19
Q

Gut types

A

Two way/ blind/ incomplete gut: one opening, food moves in two directions
One way/ complete gut: two openings (mouth and anus), food moves in two directions
Processing gut: one way gut

20
Q

Coelum

A

Hollow body cavity that is completely lined w/mesoderm

21
Q

Acoelomate

A

No coelom

22
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

Hollow body cavity but not completely lined w mesoderm

23
Q

Cephalization

A

Concentration of nervous and sensory tissues at one end of the body - bilaterally symmetrical organisms

24
Q

Causes of animal diversification

A
  • high oxygen levels in atmosphere at start of Cambrian explosion
  • more food availability leads to more feeding strategies
  • predation feeding strategy leads to evolution of protective structure, rapid movement, sensory organs in prey animals
  • new niches lead to more niches
  • evolution of “genetic toolkit”
25
Q

Cnidocytes

A

Specialized cells that define Cnidaria

26
Q

Bilateria

A

All animals except sponges, cnidarians, cnetophores

27
Q

Protostomes and deuterostomes are different developmentally because…

A
  • fate of blastopore, pro: mouth, deu: anus
  • early cell cleavage, pro: spiral cleavage deu: radial cleavage
  • cell rate determination pro: determinate cleavage deu: indeterminate cleavage
28
Q

Determinate cleavage

A

Asymmetrical distribution of cyptoplasm between daughter cells, removing one cell kills the embryo, mosaic cleavage

29
Q

Indeterminate cleavage

A

Symmetrical distribution of cyptoplasm, splitting embryo results in twins, regulative cleavage

30
Q

Protostomes

A

Highly diverse, most described animals, two major groups: lophotrochozoans, ecdysozoans

31
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms, no true synapomorohies, free-living or parasites

32
Q

Annelida

A

Segmented worms, paired chaetae, parapodia

33
Q

Molluscq

A

Extremely diverse phylum, shell, mantula: secretes the shell, radula: scraper for feeding, foot: movement, prey capture in squid/ octopus

34
Q

Bivalvia

A

Clams, muscles, scallops, oysters
Two valves/shells
Filter feeders
Mostly sessile

35
Q

Gastropoda

A

Snails, slugs, nuibranchs
“Stomach foot”

36
Q

Cephalopoda

A

Squid, octopus, nautiles, cuttlefish
Foot used for prey capture
Well-developed CNS

37
Q

Ecydsis

A

Process of molting

38
Q

Nematoda

A

Unsegmented round worms
Psuedocoelomates

39
Q

Arthropoda

A

Exoskeleton of chitin
Paired, jointed appendages
Segmented bodies
- tagma: fuses body segments
Insects have 3 tagmata
Arachnids and crustaceans have 2 tagmata

40
Q

Echinodermata

A

Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers
Pentaradial symmetry
Water vascular system
Tube feet

41
Q

Chordata

A

Very diverse
Pharyngeal gill slits
Dorsal hollow nerve chord
Notochord
Post- anal tail

42
Q

Chordata characters

A

Amniotic egg
Cranium and vertebrae
Dorsal nerve cord, notochord, post anal tail
Fur and milk
Jaws
Limbs
Lobed limbs
Lungs scales

43
Q

Amniotic egg

A

Embryo, yolk sac, allantois (wastes)
Support/ protection
Nutrition
Prevents water loss
Allows for reproduction without water
Membranes within egg allow for efficient gas exchange

Bio 150 (1 decks)

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