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Abnormal Psychology > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three mood disorders covered in class?

A

Bipolar 1, bipolar 2, and major depressive disorder

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2
Q

What are the 3 key features of mood disorders?

A

Depressive episodes, manic episodes, and psychosis

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3
Q

Symptoms of depressive episodes:

A

*Occurs in all 3 disorders
-Weight gain/loss
-Sleep increase/decrease
-Day to day is overwhelming

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4
Q

Symptoms of manic episodes:

A

*Only bipolar
-Elated state
-Little sleep
-Very active

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5
Q

Symptoms of Psychosis:

A

*All three disorders
-Hallucinations
-Delusions

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6
Q

What are mixed features in someone with bipolar?

A

-Symptoms of both mania and depression at the same time
-more harmful

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7
Q

MDD DSM-5 Criteria-

A

-One major depressed episode

-not better explained by something else

-No hypomanic/manic episodes (unless induced by drugs/medication)

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8
Q

Difference between bipolar 1 and 2?

A

BP 1 has manic episodes, BP 2 has hypomanic episodes

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9
Q

Median number of episodes with someone who has MDD:

A

4-7 episodes

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10
Q

Median length of episodes with someone who has MDD:

A

4-5 months

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11
Q

Most people w MDD are in remission by?

A

1 year without treatment

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12
Q

% of mothers/fathers w MDD from 1st trimester-1st year of life?

A

Mothers: 40%

Fathers: 10%

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13
Q

True or False: sitting in front of a specialized bright light for two hours every morning can help to alleviate Seasonal Affective Disorder.

A

True

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14
Q

What might be some reasons (think bio, psycho, social) that young adults and older adults (toward the end of life) are at the highest risk of MDD compared to other age groups?

A

Older adults: death of a spouse, caring for a spouse, loss of independence bc of illness.
Young adults: more life stressors

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15
Q

Which disorder puts people at greater risk of suicidal thoughts and/or attempts? Bipolar or MDD?

A

Bipolar

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16
Q

T/F: Bipolar and MDD may or may not include psychotic symptoms.

A

True

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17
Q

What is the definition of “rapid cycling,” “ultra-rapid cycling,” and “ultra-ultra-rapid cycling.”

A

Rapid Cycling: 4+ episodes in one year
Ultra-rapid: Cycles last days/weeks
Ultra-ultra-rapid: Last less than 24 hours

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18
Q

Age of onset for Bipolar 1 & 2:

A

Bipolar 1: 15-18 yrs

Bipolar 2: 19-22

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19
Q

How many years earlier does the average bipolar person die?

A

8-9 years

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20
Q

What can increase the lifespan of someone with bipolar disorder?

A

Medication and therapy

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21
Q

T/F: MDD is about 10x more common than bipolar disorders.

A

True.

Depression: 20%
Bipolar: 2.4%

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22
Q

For instance, Black culture tends to be more collectivistic than White culture which is more individualistic. How could this cultural difference potentially protect Black Americans from MDD?

A

One risk factor for mood disorders is lack of social support. Black people, while living in a more collectivistic culture, may receive more social support than white people, who are more individualistic. So, black people are more protected from MDD by increased social support.

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23
Q

Between males and females, who attempts suicide more often? Between males and females who dies by suicide most often? What are some reasons for these differences?

A

Attempts more often: Females
Dies more often: Males

Reasons: women attempt more often due to cultural reasons such as having more reasons to feel worthless or powerless. More poverty, assault, less respect.. etc.

Men die by suicide more often because they choose more violent methods of suicide that are more likely to be lethal.

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24
Q

What are some possible bio, psycho, and social reasons that women have higher rates of MDD and suicide attempts than men do?

A

Bio: Women are more likely to experience depression during and after pregnancy

Psycho: Learned helplessness, feeling powerless and worthless

Social: Women are more discriminated against, harassed, less respected

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25
Q

What are the 5 things to do if you are worried someone close to you might attempt suicide?

A
  • Explicitly ask them about it.
  • Tell them I care
  • Tell someone else
  • Encourage them to go to therapy
  • Call the suicide hotline #988
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26
Q

Do 5-year-old children ever attempt suicide?

A

Unfortunately, yes. 5th leading cause ages 5-14.

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27
Q

T/F: You can tell if someone has Anorexia Nervosa by looking at them.

A

False

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28
Q

T/F: You can assess someone’s health in a comprehensive way by viewing their body size.

A

FALSE

29
Q

What percent of people with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) die from the disorder?

A

20%

30
Q

Main criteria for Anorexia

A
  • Fear of weight gain
  • Food restriction
  • Body size strongly impacts self-esteem
31
Q

Main criteria for Bulimia

A

Binging & purging

32
Q

Main criteria for binge-eating

A

Binging & distressed about binging

33
Q

What other mental disorders are commonly experienced by people with BN and AN?

A

Substance use & depression

34
Q

What are some possible bio, psycho, social reasons women are 3x more likely than men to have AN or BN and 2x more likely to have BED?

A

Bio: girls grow further away from the “ideal” during puberty, boys get closer

Psycho: more focused on body size, more likely to be perfectionist, more stressed, more likely to have depression

Social: more societal pressure to be thin placed on women, diet culture, women given power when they are more thin because it is what men see as the idea

35
Q

Common personality traits that often co-occur with an eating disorder?

A

Perfectionism, difficulty tolerating negative emotions, low self-esteem

36
Q

What is diet culture and why is it something that can lead to EDs?

A

Diet culture is something that is heavily pushed upon the population, especially women. It is centered around the fact that being thin is the ideal. Dieting is a gateway to eating disorders, as it often causes an unhealthy relationship with food. Young girls who are on a diet are 8x as likely to develop an eating disorder later on. Additionally, being “thin” is thought to mean healthy in diet culture, when that doesn’t have a whole lot to do with health in general. Healthy eating has more to do with all nutritional needs being met (not restricted) and not having anxiety related to eating. It is healthy to be able to eat what your body is asking for, not eating with a body ideal in mind.

37
Q

Do you personally think we need a cultural change in order to cure EDs? Why or why not. Back up your answers in things we discussed in class.

A

I do think we need cultural change in order to cure eating disorders. Society pushes the “thin” ideal on women, even though it isn’t biologically likely for women to be super thin, due to the fact that women gain fat in puberty. People are heavily influenced with this ideal through media, whether they are aware of it or not. One example is the Fiji study mentioned in class. Once western media was introduced, eating disorders became a problem when they hadn’t been before. To me, this strongly indicates that the media being produced and consumed by young women needs to be heavily investigated. We need to be portraying and ACCEPTING all bodies in the media. We also need to start pushing the narrative that nutrition is for HEALTH, not aesthetics.

38
Q

What are some unique aspects of treatment for EDs that are different from other mental health treatments?

A

One goal of eating disorder treatment is to regain lost weight. However, society heavily pushes that weight gain is NOT ideal, which essentially makes people going through treatment further from society’s ideal. Additionally, many people with eating disorders have not lost weight, making some of the treatments problematic. This is different from other disorders like depression or bipolar disorder, where symptoms of these disorders are NOT glamorized in the media. Eating disorders are very culturally shaped, whereas many other disorders are not.

39
Q

How did we define the “psychology of healthy eating” and the “biology of healthy eating” in class?

A

Psychology of healthy eating: Positive and flexible relationship with food. Lack of anxiety/focus on body size

Biology: All nutritional and energy needs are met

40
Q

What are some key concepts of Intuitive Eating?

A
  1. Reject diet culture
  2. Make peace w/ food
  3. Cope w/ emotions w/ kindness
  4. Respect your body (hardest)
41
Q

T/F: Decades of research shows that exercise is more beneficial to your overall health than weight loss.

A

TRRRUUUTH!

42
Q

What is sex?

A

A person’s sex is their biological makeup

43
Q

What is gender:

A

Gender is what people identify as, it is a part of your psychological makeup. It also has to do with societal roles

44
Q

What is Gender Dysphoria?

A

Feeling like you have been born in the wrong body and the distress that comes with that.

45
Q

What is the difference between gender dysphoria and transgender identity/gender non-conformity?

A

Transgender identity is having a different gender identity than the sex assigned at birth. Gender dysphoria is the DISTRESS that comes with having the feeling that you are in the wrong body, or feeling like your gender identity is different than your sex assigned at birth.

46
Q

What is the WPATH Standards of Care and what is one research fact that you learned from reading it?

A

The WPATH standards of care is all of the most updated research and knowledge on medical/mental health care for people with gender dysphoria. One thing I learned while reading it is that parents should be provided with education about gender development alongside their child.

47
Q

Know the DSM-5 criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD), which is often commonly called “psychopathy.”

A

violates rights, aggressive, lying/cheating, no remorse

48
Q

T/F: Some “psychopaths” do not commit crime or aggressive actions.

A

True

49
Q

What fields can psychopaths be found within and why?

A

Business, politics, entertainment because self-focus is rewarded

50
Q

What puts kids at risk for Conduct Disorder and/or ASPD?

A

Having felon mothers, being in orphanage before adoption, trauma, anxiety, etc.

51
Q

T/F: Violence in childhood is predictive of violence in adulthood.

A

True

52
Q

Know the DSM-5 criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD).

A

Chronic sense of emptiness along with self-harm and suicide attempts.

Instability in: Emotion, self-concept, self-esteem, relationships, behaviors

53
Q

Common comorbidities in BPD:

A

Substance abuse disorder and eating disorders

54
Q

What is a common childhood experience for people with BPD that likely impacts the development of the disorder?

A

physical/sexual abuse and or neglect

55
Q

What percent of people with BPD experience remission the decade after receiving treatment for it?

A

90%

56
Q

What is the first-line treatment for people with BPD?

A

Dialectical Behavior therapy

57
Q

Know the DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia.

A

Hallucinations and delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, negative symptoms

58
Q

Know what positive, negative and disorganized symptoms are (schizofrenia)

A

Positive: added (hallucinations, delusions)

Negative: subtracted (deficits in speech, emotion)

Disorganized: rambling, erratic, inappropriate affect

59
Q

When do neurodevelopmental disorders start and can they be treated so that they fully resolve?

A

Childhood, and no, they are always with you

60
Q

Know the DSM-5 criteria for ADHD and the three subtypes.

A

criteria: difficulty with schoolwork, easily distracted, forgetful

Subtypes: Hyperactive, inattentive, combined

61
Q

How might symptoms differ in boys vs. girls?

A

Girls are more likely to internalize symptoms such as anxiety and depression, whereas boys are more likely to be aggressive. Girls are also typically better at masking, making it harder to notice

62
Q

What is the primary type of cause of neurodevelopmental disorders?

A

Biological

63
Q

Are the brains of people with ADHD different from neurotypical brains? How?

A

Yes, they are smaller

64
Q

What happens if a child diagnosed with ADHD takes ADHD medication?

A

Their brain is more likely to develop typically.

65
Q

How do clinicians assess for learning disorders in very young children? What about older children?

A

Younger children: Clinicians may use “response to intervention” (RTI). RTI works by seeing how well a child responds to intervention in widely used educational programs/ interventions to catch early warning signs (like an early reading program)

Older children: IQ tests

66
Q

The video we watched in class shared that the majority of inmates have what learning disorder?

A

Dyslexia

67
Q

How can adults help children with learning disorders have better academic and mental health outcomes?

A

Reading to kids, educational intervention, making accommodations, empowering them

68
Q

o Know the DSM-5 criteria for Autism.

A

01- Differences in social communication and social interaction, such as:

  • Social reciprocity: back and forth interactions
  • non verbal communication
  • initiating/maintaining relationships

02- restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities

Abnormal Psychology (1 decks)

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