Final Exam! Flashcards
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
-Albert Ellis
-Main point: People contribute to their own psychological problems
REBT ABCD framework
Activating event
Belief about event
Consequence
Disputing irrational beliefs
REBT psychopathology
We learn irrational beliefs from others in childhood and re-create these
REBT goals
ACCEPTANCE! Other-acceptance, self-acceptance, life-acceptance
REBT role of therapist
Therapist confronts and challenges irrational beliefs
REBT techniques
-Humor
-Role play
-Shame-attacking
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
-Aaron Beck
-Main point: Focus on person’s thought patterns (schema) and change cognitive distortions
CBT psychopathology
Exaggeration of normal adaptive processes (cognitive distortions)
CBT goals
To change cognitive distortions and unhealthy thought patterns
CBT role of therapist
Help clients identify thoughts & behaviors and work to change those
CBT techniques
-Keeping thought records
-Identifying automatic thoughts
-Creating action plan to solve problems
-Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)
-Conceptualization
-Skills acquisition & rehearsal
-Application & follow-through
-Vigorous and forceful disputing (clients offer forceful & rational counterattack against irrational beliefs)
-Shame attacking (clients intentionally act in socially inappropriate settings)
-Graduated thinking/Thinking in shades of gray (taking automatic thoughts and putting them on scale)
-Preparation, coping, reinforcing self-statements
Choice Theory/Reality Therapy (CT/RT)
-William Glasser
-Choice theory: behaviors occur to satisfy five internal basic human needs
-Reality therapy: present-focused, directive approach to help clients identify & satisfy needs better
-5 needs: survival, love/belonging, power, freedom, fun
-Client CHOOSES to depress
-Total behavior (acting, thinking, feeling, physiology)
-Quality world: memories & info we have stored about what feels good
-Picture album: our inner sense of own desires
CT/RT goals
To help clients find better ways to fulfill human needs
CT/RT role of therapist
-Mentor/teacher
-Challenges clients about their power & choices
-Bringing things into the here-and-now
-Supportive environment w/ established therapeutic relationship & gentle confrontation
CT/RT techniques
(no specific techniques)
-Identify choices
-Stay in the present
-Avoid focusing on symptoms
CT/RT Wubbolding’s WDEP
Wants
Doing
Evaluation
Planning
CT/RT psychopathology
-No such thing as mental illness
-Unhappy relationships
-Behavior happens to
-restrain anger
-get help
-avoid things
Feminist Therapy
-(no main developer) Jean Miller, Raissa Adler, Karen Horney
-Integrates feminist, multicultural, and social justice concepts into other therapy approaches
-Little to no assessment or diagnosis
Feminist Therapy psychopathology
Behaviors are a result from client’s position in social hierarchy
Feminist Therapy goals
-Helping clients see patterns and social forces that diminish their sense of power and control
-Encouraging clients to reclaim power, authority, and direction in their lives
-Allowing clients to experience this shared power in therapy relationship
-Honoring & facilitating female ways of being or feminist consciousness
Feminist Therapy role of therapist
-Therapeutic relationship is crucial
-Identify internalized messages of oppression
-Focus on mutuality, mutual empathy, self-disclosure
-Providing open & safe space for discussing relationships, sexuality, and intimacy
Feminist Therapy techniques
-Empowerment
-Self-Disclosure
-Mutual Empathy
-Mutuality
-Power Analysis
Feminist Therapy principles
-Sex & gender powerfully affect identity
-Deviance comes from dysfunctional culture
-Consciousness-raising is part of healing and change
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)
-Steve de Shazer & Insoo Kim Berg
-Developed from constructivist theory
-Future-focused, goal-oriented, emphasizing strengths
-Focus not on problems but solutions
-Change is constant & inevitable
-Belief is that change already happens before first session
SFBT psychopathology
-No diagnosis
-Anxiety and depression symptoms are because of client’s personal life narrative and social context
SFBT goals
-Emphasizing client’s strengths
-Taking focus off problems and focusing on solutions
-Making small, realistic, measurable changes
SFBT role of therapist
-Therapist supports client but is not expert over client
-Therapist meets client where they’re at by using client’s own language & framework
SFBT techniques
-Exception Question: when is the problem not present?
-Miracle Question: “if a miracle happened and problem was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved?”
-Scaling Question: scale of 0 to 10, rate feelings/symptoms
Narrative Therapy
-Michael White & David Epston
-Developed from constructivist theory
-Focus is on client’s story (narrative)
-Stories are central to how client continues to live life
Narrative Therapy psychopathology
-No diagnosis
-Anxiety and depression symptoms are because of client’s personal life narrative and social context
Narrative Therapy goals/role of therapist
Collaborative approach
Narrative Therapy techniques
-Unique Outcomes/Sparkling Moments: when there is progress or problem was not as significant/present
-Externalizing Conversations: help clients push their problems outside themselves
-Asking questions and more questions
-Letter Writing
-Alternative Stories: constructing new narratives after old ones have been deconstructed
Family Systems
-Bowen, Satir, Minuchin, Haley
Family Systems psychopathology
The problem is with the family system
Family Systems goals/role of therapist
-Therapist serves as investigator & coach (Bowenian family therapy)
-Therapist takes directive role (structural family therapy)
-Therapist uses expertise and power to direct families toward change (strategic family therapy)
-The family unit is the client, no specific person should be the main focus
Family Systems techniques
-Joining: therapist enters family system
-Creating Genogram
-Sharing Meaning: constructing family narrative & shared goals/values
-Making Changes: therapist collaborates w/ family to help them make own plan for change
Family Systems – Bowenian Approach
-Murray Bowen
-Triangulation: Dyad pulls in third party (ex: couple pulls kid and blames kid)
-Differentiation: self-regulate & manage or balance relational challenge of togetherness & independence
-Focus on family unit
Family Systems – Structural Approach
-Salvador Minuchin
-Focuses on boundaries, family roles, accommodating, unbalancing
-Present-focused
Family Systems – Strategic Approach
-Jay Haley & Chloe Madanes
-Focuses on paradoxical interventions & enactments
Multicultural Therapy
-Lillian Comas-Diaz & Derald Wing Sue
-Focuses on multiculturalism and diversity
Multicultural Therapy psychopathology
Social forces are the problem
Multicultural Therapy goals/role of therapist
-Know and practice multicultural competencies
-Be gentle & careful with assessment & diagnosis processes
Multicultural Therapy techniques
No specific techniques… just use ones from other therapies
Multicultural Therapy principles
-Cultural membership is linked to disadvantage and privilege
-We make distinctions between groups of people based on race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, ethnicity, physical and mental disabilities, and socioeconomic status
-A multiculturalist stance can foster greater understanding between cultural groups and facilitate equitable treatment of all humans
Five Types of Psychotherapy Integration
-Ideological Purity: focus on one therapy model
-Theoretical Integration: combining 2 or more theories
-Common Factors: overlapping common elements of different theories
-Technical Eclecticism: best treatment/techniques for specific person w/ specific problem
-Assimilative Integration: allegiance to one primary theory and blending techniques from other theories
EMDR
-Third Wave
-Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
-Moving eyes back and forth to bring back traumatic memories and the ability to cope with them
-8 phases
Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT)
-Third Wave
-Mixture of person-centered roots and Gestalt’s empty chair technique
-Emotions are central to identity and growth
-“I feel, therefore I am”
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
-Third Wave
-Blends CBT and Eastern meditation practices with elements of psychodynamic, person-centered, Gestalt, strategic, and paradoxical approaches
-Goal is to enhance skills, improve motivation, and integrate therapeutic skills to real life
Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT)
-Third Wave
-Combination of committed action with person-centered idea of acceptance
-Stay focused on present moment and accept thoughts and feelings without judgment
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
-Third Wave
-Combination of mindful acceptance and psychoeducation
-8 sessions
-Each session takes a certain theme
-Typically in group format
SHORT ANSWER: Choose two techniques from Beck’s Cognitive Therapy that you might want to use. Explain each and describe how and when you would use these techniques.
-Graduated Thinking (thoughts on scale)
-Preparation Self-Statements (prepare for scary situations)
[ex: failing exam]
SHORT ANSWER: What empirical research gives evidence of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral
approaches? What are the limitations of the research?
-Tested & successful with range of disorders
-Better than antidepressants & other meds
-Immediate results & not long-term
-Research allegiance
SHORT ANSWER: Compare and contrast the biblical view of human nature with that of the cognitive-behavioral perspective.
-Emphasize self-awareness and changing worldviews
-CBT humans are irrational, Bible humans are sinful
-CBT human motivation is to have control, Bible human motivation is for relationships with God and others
SHORT ANSWER: What are the strengths and weaknesses of Choice Theory?
-Practiced in different countries & w/ different cultures
-Therapeutic relationship
-Very little research
-Doesn’t believe in mental illness
SHORT ANSWER: What are some advantages of family therapy from a diversity perspective? Limitations?
-Culturally sensitive b/c focuses on many areas of life, including outside family unit
-Historically blamed women and mothers for familial problems and have not considered non-heterosexual family dynamics
SHORT ANSWER: What are some common themes that feminist therapists explore?
-Both sex & gender play part in experiences
-Client’s problem is b/c of social factors
-Recognition & exploration of cultural oppression
SHORT ANSWER: Compare and contrast narrative therapy and existential therapy.
-Focus on client and their lives
-Emphasize self-awareness and therapeutic relationships
-Narrative focuses on past since stories are in the past and existential focuses on present
-Psychopathology narrative bc of client’s narrative & existential bc client lacks self-awareness
SHORT ANSWER: How can feminism be a positive influence on the Church? What are some of the ways
feminism does not blend with a Christian worldview?
-Jesus advocated for marginalized & oppressed like theory
-FT gives a voice & voices bring ppl to Christ
-Women in leadership
SHORT ANSWER: What is social constructionism and how is it relevant to counseling?
-Humans interacting in real world & results from interaction
-Relates to counseling bc it’s humans interacting
-Helps counselee interact healthily in society
SHORT ANSWER: What are the goals of narrative therapy? How might you use it with a Christian client struggling with depression?
-Deconstruct & reconstruct client’s narrative using collaboration
-Client’s problem is separate from client
-Depression is separate from client, not result from sin
SHORT ANSWER: Describe two theories that you are most likely to use in your counseling practice. Why do
these theories appeal to you?
-CBT and SFBT
-SFBT is strengths and solutions
-CBT works on thoughts & behaviors w/ interactive hw activities
SHORT ANSWER: What are some of the problems with blending various psychological theories and
approaches into one “eclecticism?”
-Theories have diff views on assessment, psychopathology, and human nature
-Some approaches require expertise and should be empirically supported, and a lot are not
-Allows therapists to do whatever which can put client at risk if not careful
SHORT ANSWER: What are two “third wave” or technological counseling approaches that excite you?
Describe them and discuss why you think they show promise for improving the field of counseling.
-EMDR AND EFT
-EMDR improves trauma symptoms and allows client to think about event without the wave of trauma symptoms
-EFT combines two fave things PCT and empty chair and client is expert and can understand emotions on their own
