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A&PII > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Autoimmune disorder involving the formation of auto antibodies that mimic TSH. The antibodies bind to TSH receptors on the follicular cells of the thyroid, causing an abnormally high level of TH release. Same symptoms as hyperthyroidism(>metabolism,weight loss, hyperactivity, heat intolerance) plus bulging eyes known as exophthalmos. Treated by removing thyroid or radioactive iodine injections

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2
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Abnormal pattern of adrenal cortical function

Results from the chronic exposure of the bodies tissue to excessive levels of glucocoticoid hormones. This complex of symptoms is seen most frequently in people taking corticosteroids as therapy for autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, although some cases result when the adrenal gland produces too much of its own glycocorticoid hormones

Characterized by obesity(face, moon face) buffalo hump, hypertension, hirsuitism(male pattern hair growth) kidney stones, menstrual irregularities

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3
Q

DM1

A

Insulin dependent “juvenile diabetes”
Absent or diminished production and release of insulin by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets
Not directly associated with obesity
Genetic predisposition +trigger(viral infection)
Treated with insulin injections(stem cells)

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4
Q

Functions of blood

A

Gas exchange(o2,co2),
transport
nutrients and priducts of metabolism
Enzymes
Hormones
Buffers to regulate pH
Regulate temp
Regulate fluid balance
Protect against infection(luekocytes, plasma protiens)
Protect against blood loss(clotting via platelets,plasma protuens)

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5
Q

Review fig 18.12
3 phases of hemostasis(stop the bleed)

A

Hemostasis: stoppage of bleeding, 3 phases, vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation

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6
Q

Fig 19.22 heart anatomy &ecg

A
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7
Q

Table 20.2 types of capilaries

A

Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal
Pic on phone

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8
Q

Compare/contrast anatomy of blood and lymphatic capillaries

A

Sim: wall composed of endothelium
Diff:
LC larger in diameter, no basement membrane, overlapping endothelial cells act as one way flaps to allow fluid in but not out
LC are close ended, BC form a loop

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9
Q

Function of thymus

A

Primary lymphoid structure
Belobed, superior mediastinum
Functions in t-lymphocyte maturation, secrete thymulin

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10
Q

When idms thymus at maximum size

A

Puberty(30-50g)

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11
Q

Description of continuous capillaries

A

Complete endothelial lining around lumen
Complete basement membrane
Entercellular clefts between endothelial cells

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12
Q

What materials pass through continuous capilaries

A

Plasma and it’s contents(-most proteins)
Some leukocytes

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13
Q

Locations of continuous capillaries

A

Most capillaries
Muscle, thymus,brain,spine,skin,lungs

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14
Q

Description of fenestrated capillaries

A

Same as continuous +fenestrations

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15
Q

What passes through fenestrated capillaries

A

Large amounts of materials are filtered,released, or absorbed
Some smaller proteins

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16
Q

Locations of fenestrated capillaries

A

Small intestine(absorp nutrients)
Ciliary process to produce aqueous humor in eyes

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17
Q

Description of sinusoidal capillary

A

Incomplete lining of endothelial cells around lumen
Incomplete or absent basement membrane

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18
Q

What passes through sinusoidal capillaries

A

Large substances(formed elements, large plasma proteins)
Plasma

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19
Q

Locations of sinusoidal capillaries

A

Red bone marrow for formed elements to enter blood

Liver for monitoring blood contents(for potentially harmful substances)

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20
Q

Where does activation of lymphocytes occur

A

Secondary lymphoid structures usually lymph nodes or spleen

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21
Q

Activation of lymphocytes occurs in

A

Secondary lymphoid structures, usually lymph nodes or spleen

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22
Q

Lymphocytes activation results in

A

Proliferation and differentiation to form a clone of identical cells that includes memory cells

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23
Q

Antigen challenge

A

First encounter between antigen and lymphocyte

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24
Q

What do b lymphocytes mostly become on activation

A

Differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies

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25
Q

Structural organization of respiratory tract includes

A

Upper:nose, nasal cavity, pharynx,larynx

Lower:trachea, lungs, bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole

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26
Q

Functional organization of respiratory tract

A

Conducting zone:nose, nasal cavity, pharyngitis, larynx,trachea, lungs, bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole

Respiratory zone: respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli

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27
Q

Conducting zone

A

Passageways that transport or conduct air
Think train track for air

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28
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Structures that participate in gas exchange with blood

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29
Q

Hormones that increase Na+ reabsorption

A

Aldasterone, cortisol, estrogen,GH, TH, insulin

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30
Q

Hormones that decrease Na+ reabsorption

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide, progesterone, PTH, glucagon

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31
Q

Obligatory water reabsorption occurs where

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, ~65%

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32
Q

How much water is reabsorbed in the nephron loop

A

~10%

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33
Q

What/where regulates the amount of water excreted in urine

A

Collecting tubules and collecting ducts in response to ADH binding

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34
Q

How does ADH Regulate the amount of water excreted in urine

A

ADH causes an increase in aquaporins resulting in an increase in water reabsorption

Fig 24.20

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35
Q

What hormone regulates the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate ions

A

PTH inhibits reabsorption of PO⁴³‐, and stimulates Ca²+ reabsorption
Fig 24.22

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36
Q

What are the two major fluid compartments in the body

A

Intracellular and extracellular fluid comoartments

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37
Q

What is intracellular fluid

A

Fluid within cells

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38
Q

How much body fluid is intracellular

A

⅔

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39
Q

What is extracellular fluid

A

Fluid outside of cells

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40
Q

Hiw much fluid is extracellular

A

⅓

41
Q

What is interstitial fluid

A

Fluid directly surrounding cells, one third of extracellular fluid

42
Q

Hiw much extracellular fluid is plasma

A

⅓ of extracellular fluid

43
Q

What salutes are more common in intracellular fluid

A

K+, Mg²+, PO, and proteins

44
Q

Common salutes in extracellular fluid

A

Na+ and Cl-, HCO³-,

45
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbs in small intestine

A

Pancreatic amylase

46
Q

Where ins pancreatic amylase produced and rekeased

A

Produced and released by pancreas into the small intestine

47
Q

What enzymes break down nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonuclease(DNA)
ribonucleae(RNA)
synthesized and released by pancreas
Break phosohodiester bond between nucleotides

Product is nucleotides(deoxyribonucleotide, ribonucleotide)

48
Q

What enzymes break down nucleotides

A

Phospatase and nucleosidase

49
Q

What are essential nutrients

A

Must be obtained through diet and absorbed through digestion

50
Q

What is Nonessential nutrients

A

Adequately provided by biochemical processes within the body so they don’t need to be included in diet

51
Q

What is a macronutrients

A

Nutrients that must be consumed in large amounts carbs lipids protein

52
Q

What is a micronutrients

A

Vitamins and minerals that must be consumed in small amounts

53
Q

What is cellulose

A

Carbohydrate from plants that cannot be absorbed by humans

Fiber, polysaccharide
Vegetables, lentils, peas, beans,whole grains,oats,berries,nuts

54
Q

Cholesterol

A

Lipid
Needed to create steroid hormones(testosterone) and bile salts, VitD
Required component of plasma membrane
Made available from diet or synthesized in liver

55
Q

Disaccharide

A

Carbohydrate that is a dimer formed from two monosaccharides

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

56
Q

Glucose

A

Monosaccharide
One of the primary nutrients supplying energy to cells
Sugar and starch usually converted to glucose

57
Q

Lactose

A

“Milk sugar”
Dissacharide

58
Q

Monosacharide

A

Simplest carb molecule
Glucose, ribose

59
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Formed from chains of monosaccharides
Glycogen
Starches

60
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharides polymer of glucose molecules
“Complex carbs”
Potato, bread, pasta

61
Q

Sucrose

A

Disaccharide
Table sugar, maple syrup, fruit

62
Q

Sugar

A

Carb including monisacharides and disaccharides

63
Q

Triglycerides

A

Fats
Composed of glycerol and fatty acids

64
Q

Are most amino acids essential or nonessential

A

Nonessential
9 of 20 are essential

65
Q

Sources of cholesterol

A

Animal products

66
Q

Functions of cholesterol

A

Required component of plasma membrane
Precursor molecule of steroid hormones, bile salts, VitD

67
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

Dissolve in water
B complex
VitC

68
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

Dissolve in fat
A D E K

69
Q

Meiosis

A

Type of cell devision that results in gametes

70
Q

When does crossing over occur

A

Prophase 1

71
Q

Is there crossing over in prophase 2

A

No

72
Q

What is crossing over

A

The homologous chromosomes within each tetrad exchange genetic material. Shuffling of genetic material between maternal and paternal sister chromatids. Ensures genetic diversity

73
Q

Are sister chromatids in replicated chromosomes identical after crossing over occurs

A

No

74
Q

What is the result of meiosis 1

A

Two new cells, each containing 23 replicated chromosomes only. Still composed of sister chromatids

75
Q

What is the result of meiosis 2

A

Four new daughter cells contain 23 single chromosomes only

76
Q

Difference between meiosis and mitosis

A

Meiosis is gamete(23 chromosomes)
Mitosis is all other body cells(46 chromosomes)

Both have all 4 steps
Mitosis daughter cells are genetically identical
Meiosis daughter cells different

Mitosis is one phase
Meiosis is 2

77
Q

Total chromosomes in a diploid cell

A

46

78
Q

When does Ovulation occur

A

Occurs on day 14 of 28 day ovarian cycle

79
Q

Ovulation

A

The release of the secondary oocyte from a mature follicle

80
Q

How many ovary ovulate per month typically

A

One

81
Q

Uterine cycle

A

Cyclical changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus. Influenced by estrogen and progesterone secreted by the developing follicles and Corpus luteum

82
Q

Phases of uterine cycle

A

Menstrual phase
Proliferative
Secretory

83
Q

Function of Corpus luteum

A

Secretes large amounts of progesterone, estrogen, and inhibit. Inhibits hypothalamus and anterior pituitary and builds uterine lining

84
Q

Menstrual phase

A

Days 1-5
Sloughing of functional layer of endometrium
Lasts through period of bleeding

85
Q

Proliferative phase

A

Days 6-14
Initial development of new functional layer
Overlaps the time of follicle growth and estrogen secretion by ovary

86
Q

Secretory phase

A

Days 15-28
Increased vascularization and development of the uterine glands occurs primarily in response to progesterone secretion by corpus luteum

87
Q

Describe the fluid secreted by seminal vesicles

A

Slightly alkaline
Viscous, whitish-yellow
Contains fructose and prostaglandin
Fructose nourishes sperm
Prostaglandin dilates the external os of cervix

88
Q

Describe the fluid secreted by prostate

A

Slightly milky fluid that is slightly acidic, and citric acid, seminalplasmin, prostate specific antigen
Citric acid is a nutrient for sperm
Sperminaplasmin is antibiotic that prevents UTI
PSA liquefy seven after ejaculation

89
Q

Fluid secreted by bulbourethral gland

A

Clear viscous mucin that forms mucus, coats and lubricates urethra during intercourse

90
Q

Causative agent of chlamydia

A

Bacterium chlamydia trachomatis

91
Q

Causative agent of genital herpes

A

Herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2

92
Q

Causative agent of gonorrhea

A

Bacterium neisseria gonorrheae

93
Q

Causative agent of syphilis

A

Corkscrew shaped bacterium treponema pallidum

94
Q

Leading cause of PID for women

A

STI

95
Q

How is the temperature of the testes regulated

A

When exposed to elevated Temps the dartos and cremaster muscle relaxes which allows testes to move away from the body
Opposite for cold

96
Q

What type of nerves innervate the testes

A

Parasympathetic

97
Q

What stimulates an erection

A

Blood enters the erectile bodies and fills the venous spaces.
Rigid erectile bodies compress vein leading away
Parasympathetic innervation releases nitric oxide into tissues which is a vasodilator

98
Q

What secretes human chorionic gonadotropin and what is its function

A

Syncytiotrophoblast
hCG signals Corpus luteum that fertilization has occurred

99
Q

What chemical do pregnancy tests detect

A

hCG

A&PII (2 decks)

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