Final Exam Flashcards
Eicosanoids are synthesized from
Arachidonic acid
Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?
Lipid Soluble hormone
Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to
Increase
Lipid soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that
bind to DNA and initiate transcription
Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that
each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many
Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to
up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity
Glucagon and insulin work ___ on blood glucose levels
antagonistically
Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones?
Anterior pituitary
The hormone oxytocin is synthesized in the
paraventricular nucleus
The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the
hypothalamus and it increase release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to
stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.
Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins?
Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
Exercise causes a(n) _______ in growth hormone (GH) levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) ________ in GH levels.
increase, increase
Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells.
thyroglobulin
Thyroid hormone’s effects are to
increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells.
Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?
Zona fasciculata
In most of its target cells, cortisol ________ glucose uptake and _______ protein metabolism.
decreases, increases
Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?
Insulin
In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by
negative feedback
The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is
Glucagon
Insulin causes a(n) _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _______ in lipogenesis in adipose.
increase;increase
Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?
Melatonin
Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?
Protection
Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .
basic, proteins
Typically, an adult’s body contains ___ of blood.
5 liters
The “buffy coat” in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of
platelets and luekocytes
Plasma makes up about ___ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood
55
The most numerous of the formed elements are the
erythrocytes
A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure
decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space.
The smallest and most abundant of plasma proteins are the
albumins
Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are ________.
iron ions, antibodies
The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach
both oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are
proplatelets.
The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days
120
Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the
liver and spleen
Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.)
a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin.
b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver.
c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed.
d: The iron ions are stored in the liver.
e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow.
f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused.
g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract.
a, c, d, f
Which are characteristics of type O blood?
a: Has anti-A antibodies
b: Has anti-B antibodies
c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes
d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes
e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes
a, b, e
Which are characteristic of type A blood?
a: Has anti-A antibodies
b: Has anti-B antibodies
c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes
d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes
e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes
f: Will agglutinate with blood type B
b, c, f
Which leukocytes are granulocytes?
a: Neutrophils
b: Eosinophils
c: Lymphocytes
d: Monocytes
e: Basophils
f: Erythrocytes
a, b, e
When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform
a white blood cell differential count
The first phase of hemostasis is
Vascular spasm
