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Anatomy & Physiology II > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Eicosanoids are synthesized from

A

Arachidonic acid

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2
Q

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

A

Lipid Soluble hormone

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3
Q

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to

A

Increase

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4
Q

Lipid soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that

A

bind to DNA and initiate transcription

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5
Q

Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that

A

each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many

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6
Q

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to

A

up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity

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7
Q

Glucagon and insulin work ___ on blood glucose levels

A

antagonistically

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8
Q

Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

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9
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones?

A

Anterior pituitary

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10
Q

The hormone oxytocin is synthesized in the

A

paraventricular nucleus

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11
Q

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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12
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the

A

hypothalamus and it increase release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary

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13
Q

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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14
Q

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to

A

stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.

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15
Q

Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

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16
Q

Exercise causes a(n) _______ in growth hormone (GH) levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) ________ in GH levels.

A

increase, increase

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17
Q

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells.

A

thyroglobulin

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18
Q

Thyroid hormone’s effects are to

A

increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells.

19
Q

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?

A

Zona fasciculata

20
Q

In most of its target cells, cortisol ________ glucose uptake and _______ protein metabolism.

A

decreases, increases

21
Q

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

22
Q

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by

A

negative feedback

23
Q

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is

A

Glucagon

24
Q

Insulin causes a(n) _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _______ in lipogenesis in adipose.

A

increase;increase

25
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

26
Q

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?

A

Protection

27
Q

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .

A

basic, proteins

28
Q

Typically, an adult’s body contains ___ of blood.

A

5 liters

29
Q

The “buffy coat” in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of

A

platelets and luekocytes

30
Q

Plasma makes up about ___ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood

A

55

31
Q

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

A

erythrocytes

32
Q

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure

A

decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space.

33
Q

The smallest and most abundant of plasma proteins are the

A

albumins

34
Q

Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are ________.

A

iron ions, antibodies

35
Q

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach

A

both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

36
Q

Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are

A

proplatelets.

37
Q

The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days

A

120

38
Q

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the

A

liver and spleen

39
Q

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.)
a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin.
b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver.
c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed.
d: The iron ions are stored in the liver.
e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow.
f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused.
g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract.

A

a, c, d, f

40
Q

Which are characteristics of type O blood?
a: Has anti-A antibodies
b: Has anti-B antibodies
c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes
d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes
e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

A

a, b, e

41
Q

Which are characteristic of type A blood?
a: Has anti-A antibodies
b: Has anti-B antibodies
c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes
d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes
e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes
f: Will agglutinate with blood type B

A

b, c, f

42
Q

Which leukocytes are granulocytes?
a: Neutrophils
b: Eosinophils
c: Lymphocytes
d: Monocytes
e: Basophils
f: Erythrocytes

A

a, b, e

43
Q

When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform

A

a white blood cell differential count

44
Q

The first phase of hemostasis is

A

Vascular spasm

Anatomy & Physiology II (1 decks)

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