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PSY 313: Romantic Relations > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Why are good intimate relationships associated with good mental health?

A

They have been found to protect against subsequent development of problems:
- Decrease in major depression, alcohol use, and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

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2
Q

What did improvements in relationship satisfaction between prior sessions predict?

A

Time predicted improvements in psychological distress between subsequent sessions (and vice-versa)

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3
Q

Where do we see the biggest positive effect size for interventions for mental health?

A

Bigger positive effects are seen on those initially distressed -> higher results are seen with anxious individuals

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4
Q

What do interventions improve?

A

Relationship and mental health (more problems -> worse mental health)

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5
Q

Can genes that influence problematic alcohol use contribute to conflict?

A

Yes, it can be partially mediated between the ruthless/daring gene and substance use disorder in men

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6
Q

What does the diathesis-stress model state?

A

Genetic influence on internalizing disorders are strongest when marital quality is poor

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7
Q

What does the bio-ecological model say?

A

Non-shared environmental influences (e.g., job stress) on problematic alcohol use were greater when levels of marital support were low

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8
Q

Are stress and marriage quality correlated?

A

Yes, having a happy marriage is like having a reset button for your biological levels of stress

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9
Q

Is the length of telomere correlated with marital status?

A

Yes, separated/divorced individuals had telomeres shorter than those continuously married/never married
*Also included those with history of divorce

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10
Q

What are the mechanisms through which a relationship improves perceived physical health?

A
  • Communication conflict (strain)
  • Emotional support (strength)
  • Psychological distress, alcohol abuse, insomnia (psychological mechanisms)
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11
Q

What did the heart failure study show?

A

If you are unhappy and have heart failure, you are more likely to die

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12
Q

Are general survival rates for men influenced by marital status?

A

Yes, it is higher among married men. Those likely to die earlier are the ones never married.

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13
Q

What does the Two-Stress Model indicate?

A

That external stress creates additional marital problems or hinders constructive responding, altering marital satisfaction.

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14
Q

What is the difference between acute and chronic stress?

A

Acute stress is only a stressor until it is fixed. Chronic stressors are more prolonged.

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15
Q

What happens to couple activities on days with more stress?

A
  • More distraction/less responsive when interacting
  • Spend less time participating in leisure activity
  • Less likely to express affection and engage in sex
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16
Q

What is dyadic coping?

A

How couples cope with common daily life stressors and how they try to solve them cooperatively together as a couple.

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17
Q

How do differences become problems?

A
  • Differences around a central theme become increasingly sensitive
  • Couple then get caught up in an interaction cycle, causing them to become more polarized over time
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18
Q

What does a DEEP understanding stand for?

A
  • Differences
  • Emotions
  • External Stress
  • Patterns of communication/polarization over time
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19
Q

What is the polarization process?

A

States that because one or both partners’ repeated efforts to change the other, the partners become more extreme over time

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20
Q

What are predictors of divorce and satisfaction?

A

Violence is a predictor of divorce. Lack of humor and verbal communication are predictors of satisfaction.

21
Q

What is Rusbult’s Investment model?

A

States that satisfaction levels plus the quality of alternatives plus investment site lead to commitment levels and the probability of persistence.

22
Q

What is divorce proneness?

A
  • Have you ever thought that your marriage might be in trouble?
  • Has the thought of getting a divorce crossed your mind in the last 3 years?
23
Q

Is there an association between avoidant attachment and infidelity?

A

Those who are avoidantly attached tend to have lower commitment levels which leads to high rates of infidelity.

24
Q

How does infidelity impact health?

A
  • It increases risk for STDs [e.g., women acquiring HIV from primary partner]
  • Increases depression/anxiety and PTSD
25
Q

When is infidelity less likely to lead to divorce?

A
  • When men have purely sexual extra-martial involvements
  • If the involved partner can acknowledge spouse’s pain and apologize
26
Q

When is infidelity more likely to lead to divorce?

A
  • If the infidelity occurred earlier in the marriage
  • If the infidelity occurred in context of low satisfaction & low commitment
27
Q

What two variables have been found to be key in rebuilding a relationship after disclosed infidelity?

A
  • Forgiveness
  • Post-traumatic growth: Interpersonal struggle to find benefit and meaning in life after a traumatic event
28
Q

What is the I^3 Model?

A
  • Instigation: immediate environmental stimuli (provocation)
  • Impellance: situations/dispositional qualities that make the response more likely
  • Inhibition: situational/dispositional qualities that make the response less likely
    *Violence more likely to occur when all three are true
29
Q

What has the I^3 Model been used for?

A

It has been used to describe why we reach our breaking point (a.k.a. “perfect storm”)

30
Q

What are the moderators of Intimate Partner Violence?

(i.e., prevention)

A
  • Female gender/low hypermasculinity
  • High self-esteem/low attachment anxiety
  • Good emotion regulation/low neuroticism
  • Relationship commitment/satisfaction
  • Lack of childhood adversity/closeness to parent
  • Lack of mental health disorders (esp. PTSD)
31
Q

When is the risk for Intimate Partner Violence highest?

A
  • Instigation: high levels of negative interactions
  • Impellance: high levels of stress & high levels of neuroticism
  • Inhibition (lack of): high levels of stress & poor problem-solving skills
32
Q

What are some cognitive mechanisms of stress ?

A

Impellance makes us more self-centered & prone to negative attributions. Inhibition drains cognitive resources and has the ability to persist in emotionally-taxing tasks.

33
Q

What are the two types of Intimate Partner Violence?

A

Common couple violence (all about emotional reactions) and battering/intimate partner terrorism (usually one sided (from male) and all about premeditated control).

34
Q

What is battering/intimate partner terrorism?

A

It is a systematic and sustained effort to control and dominate a partner through physical violence, verbal and psychological abuse, sexual coercion and abuse, economic and social control, and threats.

35
Q

What can be done to counteract common couple violence?

A
  • Couple and individual treatments focused on violence (especially those targeting drug/alcohol abuse as well)
  • Couples therapy
  • Low-intensity interventions
36
Q

Why do some men batter?

A
  • Early childhood experiences (i.e., experienced child abuse)
  • Desire to regain control
  • Traditional gender roles
  • Powerlessness
  • Personality Disorders (e.g., antisocial & dysphoric borderline)
  • Jealousy
37
Q

Why do some women stay in abuse relationships?

A
  • Fear
  • Financial dependence
  • Social isolation
  • Insufficient resources and information
  • Passivity and ‘learned helplessness’
  • Self-blame
  • Norms of gender and culture
  • Love
38
Q

What are the three types of interventions for couples?

A
  • Primary prevention: before it happens
  • Secondary prevention: before it worsens
  • Tertiary prevention: before it is too late
39
Q

What are the primary reasons for seeking therapy?

A
  • Lack of emotional affection
  • Communication
  • Divorce concerns
  • Improve relationship
    *often done as a last-ditch effort
40
Q

What are the key targets in couple therapies?

A
  • (Cognitive) Behavioral Models: Change the behaviors and cognitions that give rise to them
  • Attachment Models: Encourage expression of core emotions and healthy responses to these expressions
  • Integrative Models: Arising out of CBT but use techniques designed to create behavioral/cognitive and emotional change, and to create change and acceptance
41
Q

Why is doing relationship education in high school effective?

A
  • The crowd is interested (they don’t feel like they know it all)
  • You are catching them before they get themselves into trouble
  • You have a “captive audience”
42
Q

What is high intensity primary prevention?

A
  • In-depth exploration, allowing instructors to tailor material to couples
  • Originally believed to be more effective for high-risk or disadvantaged couples
43
Q

What are the key components of PREP?

A
  • Communication danger signs (key skill: time out): Preventing yourself from saying something you’ll regret in the moment
  • Constructive communication (Key skill: XYZ statements & the speaker/listener technique)
  • Problem-solving communication (key skill: problem solving structure)
44
Q

What is the 4-step problem solving model?

A
  • Discuss
  • Set an agenda
  • Brainstorm
  • Reach an agreement
45
Q

What is the take-home message for primary interventions?

A
  • They significantly improve key relationship outcomes (for moderate/high-intensity groups)
  • However, the effect sizes are small in research studies and negligible in real-world studies
46
Q

Who actually attends relationship education?

A
  • Those getting married or religious
  • Demographics: older, higher education, higher religiosity, Caucasian
  • Relationship: happier, less relationship aggression, didn’t cohabit
    Individual: lower neuroticism
47
Q

What is the purpose of a marriage/relationship check-up?

A

The goal is to attract a large enough sample of treatment-avoidance, at risk couples to be useful as [secondary] intervention. By promoting this check-up as an informational marital health check, it removes the “treatment” barrier.

48
Q

What does the Marriage/Relationship check-up consist of?

A

An assessment session (discuss: expected benefits, history of relationship, social-support/problem-solving conversation) and a feedback session (discuss: review of history, couple’s strength, couple’s areas of concern)

49
Q

What is the OUR Relationship model?

A
  • Observe to help couples identify 1-2 relationship issues to focus on during the program
  • Understand: develop new, less blaming understandings of those issues
  • Respond (i.e., problem-solving): select more effective things both partners can change

PSY 313: Romantic Relations (1 decks)

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