Final Exam Flashcards
Which term best characterizes the reason for American involvement in the creation of the United Nations in 1945?
A) Realism
B) Liberalism
C) Idealism
D) Militarism
Idealism
Which of the following is not an effect of military force?
A) Deterrence
B) Compellence
C) Coercion
D) Economic Sanctions
D) Economic Sanctions
Who is the Commander-in-Chief of the US Armed Forces?
A) The president
B) Congress
C) The secretary of defense
D) The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
A) The President
Which branch of government possesses the power to declare war?
A) The presidency
B) The Judicial Branch
C) Congress
D) The Department of Defense
C) Congress
US national security and foreign policy have been characterized by ideological conflicts between idealism and:
A) Fascism
B) Realism
C) Conservatism
D) Communism
B) Realism
Strategy= _______ + _________ +__________
Ends + Ways + Means
Which independent agency was created by the 1947 National Security Act?
A) Central Intelligence Agency
B) National Security Agency
C) Defense Intelligence Agency
D) United States Air Force
A) Central Intelligence Agency
Which of the characteristics below is not a characteristic of effective national-security strategy?
A) Pits strengths against weaknesses
B) Does not distinguish between vital and peripheral interests
C. Pursues clear objectives
D) Employs all instruments of power
B) Does not distinguish between vital and peripheral interests
The 1986 Goldwater-Nichols act did which of the following?
A. Created the Space Force
B. Created the Joint Chiefs of Staff
C. Created unified regional and functional combatant commands
D. Set new requirements for the drafting of defense budgets
C. Created unified regional and functional combatant commands
What is declaratory policy?
A) What we actually do
B) How much we spend on defense
C) How much financial assistance we give to other countries
D) What we say we will do
D) What we say we will do
What is the principal advisory body to the president on national security issues?
A) Central Intelligence Agency
B) Joint Chiefs of Staff
C) National Security Council
D) National Economic Council
C. National Security Council
Which of the following best describes the term hegemony?
A) Balance of power among nations
B) Economic competition among nations
C) The creation of alliances
D) Dominance by one country over others
D. Dominance by one country over others
What is an economic instrument of national security policy?
A) trade sanctions
B) domestic tax reform
C) inflation
D) Interest rate
a. trade sanctions
Which powerful political-military alliance is critical to US national security?
A) Association of Southeast Asian Nations
B) North Atlantic Treaty Organization
C) Organization of American States
D) European Union
b. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Which is not a category of military capabilities?
A) force size and structure
B) weapon systems
C) gun control
D) tactical/operational/strategic doctrine
c. gun control
Which nation below is not considered a US adversary?
A) Russia
B) China
C) Iran
D) India
d. India
What is the primary function of any intelligence agency?
A) To conduct investigations
B) To formulate national-security policy
C) To provide warning
D) To engage in diplomatic relations with foreign governments
C) To provide warning
Which element of the executive branch is tasked with representing US interests overseas and conducting diplomacy on behalf of the United States?
A) US Department for International Development
B) US Department of Defense
C) United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee
D) US Department of State
D) US Department of State
Conflict with the forces of which adversary dominated US military thought throughout the Cold War?
A) China
B) The Soviet Union/Warsaw Pact
C) Iran
D) Iraq
B) The Soviet Union/Warsaw Pact
Who is not a statutory member of the National Security Council?
A) Attorney General
B) President
C) Secretary of Defense
D) Secretary of State
A) Attorney General
Which term below refers to the safeguarding of a people, territory and way of life?
A) Idealism
B) Economic policy
C) National Security
D) Liberal democracy
C) National Security
Which statement best defines the term realism as it relates to national security strategy?
A) National security strategy should be based on national values such as the promotion of democracy and human rights
B) Economic policy - especially the promotion of free trade - should be the focus of national security strategy
C) Because the world is a dangerous, conflict-prone environment, national security strategy should maintain and promote economic, military and political power
D) Judeo-Christian values should drive the formulation of national security strategy
C) Because the world is a dangerous, conflict-prone environment, national security strategy should maintain and promote economic, military and political power
The termination of which war was most affected by public opinion?
A) The Korean War (1950-1953)
B) World War II (1941-1945)
C) The Persian Gulf War (1990-1991)
D) The Vietnam War (1964-1975)
D) The Vietnam War
Who is the principal advisor to the president on military matters?
A) Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
B) Secretary of Defense
C) Secretary of State
D) National Security Advisor
A) Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Which part of the Constitution enumerates congressional responsibilities as they relate to national security?
A) Article I
B) Article II
C) Article III
D) The Bill of Rights
B) Article II
What is intelligence?
The analysis and breakdown of information for a specific purpose
What is information?
Anything that can be known
What are some particular economic tools the US can leverage as part of its national security policy?
Military Aid, Financial Aid (Economic), Loans, Trade Sanctions, Loans
Define the term national security
The safeguarding of people, territory, and way of life
Define the term human security
Issues that cannot be solved by military action alone.
Security threats involving ethnic violence, human trafficking, climate change, health pandemics, terrorism.
What does the balance of power theory predict?
Predicts that states can be expected to react to the power of other states by engaging in balancing behavior
What are the core values of liberalism?
Individual liberty and moral autonomy
Explain the democratic peace theory
Democracies rarely go to war with one another
Define Anarchy as used in international relations
Lack of a formal and authoritative global government
Define sovereignty
Each state has total authority over its own population within its territory
Define Soft Power
The ability to achieve desired outcomes in international affairs through attraction rather than coercion “The carrot”
Define Hard Power
Military force/capabilities “The Stick”
Define Smart Power
A blend of soft and hard power
Define Idealism
Seeing what the World could be, idealistic and hopeful
What is a “Just War”
War fought either in self-defense or in collective defense against an armed attack
What is employment policy?
What we actually do
The credibility of a state’s threat, Power to carry it out x Interest of the threat
Current Calculus Theory
Credibility based on past actions
Past Actions Theory
States where larger countries have great influence
Buffer States
What are coalitions?
Arrangements meant to capture 1 objective
Just enough power to defend state aggression
Defensive power
Enough power to defend the state plus enough to tip scales and conflict over seas
Balancing Power
Enough power to defend state and dominate everywhere else
Preponderant Power
What is the National Security Council’s (1947) main goal?
Provide a support system for presidential decision-making. A/E does not make policy decisions
Why was the NSC created?
Shortcomings in WWII
Who are the statutory advisors on the NSC?
Director, CIA
Chairman, Joint
Chiefs of Staff
Who are the statutory members of the NSC?
President, Vice President, Secretary of Defense, Secretary of State
What are the two distinct functions of the NSC?
- Advises president on
national-security matters - Integrates domestic, foreign
and military policies to
achieve national-security
objectives
NSC Layout:
President (and inner circle) > NSC > Principals committee > Deputies Committee > Working groups
Grand ________ guides production and use of
national power— all instruments of power
strategy
What did the National Security Act of 1947 create?
Secretary of Defense, the NSC, Air Force, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
What did the Goldwater-Nicholas Act (1986) create?
Geographic Combatant Commands Services. 1 commander in charge of an entire geographic area
What is the purpose of the intelligence community?
WARNING
- Collection
- Analysis
What is?
Carrying out activity in the name of National Security. Nonattribution, don’t want anyone to know we did it.
Covert Action
What are irregular threats?
Individuals or groups that are not an acknowledged part of another state’s military or security forces, that tend to pursue some ideological or political objective, and that use asymmetric warfare to achieve their objectives
What are Regular threats?
Threats posed by established militaries
What is military doctrine?
fundamental set of principles that guides military forces as they pursue national security objectives.
Name some impacts of climate change on national security strategy
Food and water scarcity leads to terrorist organizations uprising. US must provide humanitarian aid to 3rd world countries. Population displacement = refugee crisis.
What challenges does Southeast Asia pose to US national Security?
Pakistan vs. India and the threat of nuclear warfare. Stabilize Afghanistan
What challenges does Europe pose to US national Security?
War between Russia and Ukraine
What challenges does East Asia pose to US national Security?
China vs. Taiwan and North Korea
What challenges does Sub-Saharan Africa pose to US national Security?
Instability leading to terrorism
What challenges does the Middle East pose to US national Security?
Israel vs. Hamas, Iran, Terrorism
Identify which is terrorism and which is insurgency:
- Violent acts “intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, influence the policy of a
government, or affect the conduct of a government.” Often seen as revolutionary goals. individuals or isolated groups without broad public support. - “the organized use of subversion and violence to
seize, nullify, or challenge political control of a region.” main objective is to control a particular area or region
- Terrorism
- Insurgency
What are the 7 steps in the intelligence community?
Planning, Collection, Processing, Analysis, Production, Dissemination, Feedback
Why do we have so many intelligence authorities/communities?
Decentralization, different functions, Multiple Weapons (competing analysis)
Who is the leader of all intelligence agencies?
Director of National Intelligence
What is Comparative advantage
Producing the stuff you are good at and what you can produce cheaply
What does the first article of the constitution do?
Give congress the power to declare war
What does the second article of the constitution do?
Makes the President commander in chief and join chief of staff. Formulation of intelligence community
Threat = ________ + _________
Capability + Intent
JUS AD BELLUM
Reasons for going to war
JUS EN BELLO
Law of warfare. Discrimination and proportionality
What is misinformation
Unintentionally spreading false information
What is disinformation
Intentionally spreading false information for a specific purpose
Immigration “PUSH”
Poor countries, high unemployment rates, little opportunity
