Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What are the parts of blood?
A
Plasma and Formed Elements
2
Q
What are the parts of Plasma?
A
Water, Proteins, Nutrients, Wastes, Gasses
3
Q
What are the parts of Formed Elements?
A
RBC, WBC, Platelets
4
Q
Where are Formed Elements made?
A
Red bone marrow
5
Q
What is the function of RBCs?
A
Carry O2/CO2
6
Q
What is the function of WBCs?
A
Defense against infection
7
Q
What are the two types of WBCs?
A
Granulocyte and Agranulocyte
8
Q
What are the three types of Granulocytes?
A
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
9
Q
What is the function of Platelets?
A
Hemostasis
10
Q
What are the three steps of Hemostasis?
A
Vascular Spasm - make vessel smaller
Platelet Plug Formation - slow bleeding down
Coagulation - Turn liquid blood into gel
11
Q
What determines your blood type?
A
Antigens
12
Q
What is the Universal Donor?
A
O- (No Antigens)
13
Q
What is the Universal Recipient?
A
AB+ (Has All Antigens)
14
Q
What are the Circulatory Circuits?
A
Pulmonary and Systemic
15
Q
Pulmonary Circuit
A
O2 poor blood goes to Lungs
Drops off CO2/Picks up O2
Returns to Heart
Powered by Right side of Heart
16
Q
Systemic Circuit
A
O2 rich blood to systemic tissues (everywhere)
Drops off O2/Picks up CO2
Returns to Heart
Powered by Left side of Heart
17
Q
Layers of the Heart
A
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
18
Q
Right Atrium and Left Atrium
A
Upper Chambers
Loading Chambers
19
Q
Right Ventricle and Left Ventricle
A
Lower Chambers
Pumping Chambers
20
Q
Tricuspid Valve
A
Right side of Heart
21
Q
Bicuspid Valve
A
Left side of Heart
22
Q
Arteries
A
Carry blood AWAY from Heart
23
Q
Veins
A
Carry blood TOWARDS the Heart
24
Q
Capillaries
A
Site of nutrient and gas exchange
25
What type of cells make up Capillaries?
Simple squamous epithelia
26
What are the parts of an Electrocardiogram?
P wave - atrial depolarization (firing/contraction)
QRS complex - ventricular depolarization, atrial repolarization (hidden by VD)
T wave - ventricular repolarization (resetting/relaxing)
27
What are the different immune responses?
Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity
28
Innate Immunity
“Born With”
Fever, Inflammation, Skin, Macrophages, Stomach Acid
29
Adaptive Immunity
Lymphocytes
T-cells and B-cells
30
T-cells
Fight one-on-one
Mature in Thymus
31
B-cells
Make Antibodies
Mature in bone
32
What are the four main types of Immunity?
Naturally Acquired Active - Getting sick, recovering
Artificially Acquired Active - Vaccination
Naturally Acquired Passive - Breast milk
Artificially Acquired Passive - Antivenom
33
What is the function of the Lymphatic System?
Kill pathogens, Collect wastes, absorb large fats
34
Encapsulated Lymphatic Tissue
Spleen, Thymus, Lymph nodes
35
Unencapsulated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
Tonsils, Peyer’s Patches
36
Parasympathetic GI
“Rest and Digest”
Stimulates GI
37
Sympathetic GI
“Fight or Flight”
Inhibits GI
38
Types of digestion
Mechanical - Churning, Chewing (mastication)
Chemical - Enzymes
39
Alimentary Canal
Tube from mouth to anus
40
Mouth
Mastication and chemical digestion of carbs
41
Pharynx
Throat
Swallowing
42
Esophagus
Leads to stomach
43
Stomach
Stomach Acid
Pepsin
44
Small Intestine
Absorb, Absorb, Absorb
45
What are the parts of the Small Intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
46
Large Intestine
Absorb electrolytes and water
47
Anus
Exit for defecation
48
Accessory Organs
Salivary Glands - Make Saliva
Gallbladder - Stores/concentrates Bile
Liver - Make Bile, produce proteins, converts non-carbs into carbs
Pancreas - LOTS of enzymes, neutralizes stomach acid in Small Intestine
49
What are the main types of Macronutrients?
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
50
Carbohydrates
Primary source of energy (Glucose)
51
Fats
Insulation
Energy Storage
52
Proteins
“Workhorse of the body”
Recovery, metabolism, enzymes, antibodies, hormones
53
What are the main types of Micronutrients?
Vitamins
Minerals/Electrolytes
54
Vitamins
Fat soluble - A, D, E, K
Water soluble - B, C
55
Minerals/Electrolytes
Iron - Hemoglobin
Calcium - Hemostasis, muscle contraction, neuron firing, bone strength
56
Kwashiorkor
Protein starvation
Results in abdominal swelling
57
Anorexia
Intentional Caloric Restriction
58
Bulimia
Binging and Purging Cycles
59
Nasal Cavity
Air Conditioning
Moisturizing, warming, filtering
60
Larynx
Voice Box
61
Trachea
Passageway
Filtering
62
Bronchial tree
Starts big and gets smaller
63
Alveoli
Site of gas exchange in the lungs
64
Inspiration
Primarily performed by diaphragm contraction
65
Expiration
Primarily passive
Caused by relaxation of the diaphragm
66
Tidal Volume
Air moving in and out with each normal breath
67
Inspiratory Reserve
Extra Air that you can breath in on top of tidal volume
68
Expiratory Reserve
Extra air you can breath out beyond tidal volume
69
Residual Volume
Air you CANNOT get rid of
70
Total Lung Capacity
Tidal Volume + Residual Volume + Expiratory Volume + Inspiratory Volume
71
What forces enable gas exchange?
Atmospheric Pressure
Parietal Pressure
Simple Diffusion (Hight to Low)
72
What are the functions of the Urinary System?
Filter Water
Electrolytes/water/pH Balance
Erythropoietin (RBC creation stimulation)
73
Nephron
Functional unit of the kidney - filters/makes urine
74
Ureters
Transports Urine
75
Urinary Bladder
Stores Urine
Made from Detrusor Muscle
76
Urethra
Evacuates Urine to the outside
77
What are the steps of urine formation?
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
78
Renin
Results in increased blood presssure
79
Water intake
Drinking
80
Water output
Urination
81
Electrolyte intake
Eating
82
Electrolyte output
Urination
83
Acid-Base Balance
Chemical Buffers - moment to moment balance
Respiratory System - Breath out CO2
Urinary System - pee out H+
84
Male primary sex organ
Testes
85
Testes
Makes sperm
Makes testosterone
86
Epididymis
Storage of sperm
87
Vas deferens
Transports sperm
88
Seminal vesicles
Secrete seminal fluid
89
Prostate
Also secretes seminal fluid
90
Bulbourethral gland
Clears out urethra
91
Scrotum
Temperature regulation for testes
92
Penis
Contains erectile tissue for intercourse
Urethra for urination/ejaculation
93
Female primary sex organ
Ovary
94
Ovary
Produce egg (oocyte)
Produce estrogen/progesterone
95
Uterine tubes
Convey egg towards uterus
Site of fertilization
96
Uterus
Implantation/gestation
97
Vagina
Birth canal
98
Vulva
External structures
Labia majora/minora
Vestibule
Clitoris
99
Fertilization
Sperm meets egg
23 chromosomes from each combine to form zygote (46 total)
100
Blastocyst
Outer trophoblast - human chronic gonadotropin (hCG)
Inner mass of cells (becomes you)
101
Chorion
Outer layer of embryo
102
Amnion
Inner layer of embryo
103
Amniotic Fluid
Temperature regulation/protection for developing embryo
104
Endoderm
Gastrointestinal/respiratory system
105
Mesoderm
Muscles, bones, cardiovascular
106
Ectoderm
Skin, nervous system
107
Oxytocin
Promotes uterine contractions
Promotes breast milk ejection
108
How long is a full term pregnancy?
40 weeks
109
Genome
All the DNA
110
Gene
Codes for proteins
111
Alleles
Paired structures that carry genes
112
Homozygous Dominant
AA
113
Heterozygous
Aa
114
Homozygous Recessive
aa
115
Genotype
Represented by the letters (what genes you carry)
116
Phenotype
Physical expression of genotype (Eye color)
117
Codominance
Two dominant alleles being expressed
Ex: blood type AB
