Final Exam Flashcards
What are the parts of blood?
Plasma and Formed Elements
What are the parts of Plasma?
Water, Proteins, Nutrients, Wastes, Gasses
What are the parts of Formed Elements?
RBC, WBC, Platelets
Where are Formed Elements made?
Red bone marrow
What is the function of RBCs?
Carry O2/CO2
What is the function of WBCs?
Defense against infection
What are the two types of WBCs?
Granulocyte and Agranulocyte
What are the three types of Granulocytes?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
What is the function of Platelets?
Hemostasis
What are the three steps of Hemostasis?
Vascular Spasm - make vessel smaller
Platelet Plug Formation - slow bleeding down
Coagulation - Turn liquid blood into gel
What determines your blood type?
Antigens
What is the Universal Donor?
O- (No Antigens)
What is the Universal Recipient?
AB+ (Has All Antigens)
What are the Circulatory Circuits?
Pulmonary and Systemic
Pulmonary Circuit
O2 poor blood goes to Lungs
Drops off CO2/Picks up O2
Returns to Heart
Powered by Right side of Heart
Systemic Circuit
O2 rich blood to systemic tissues (everywhere)
Drops off O2/Picks up CO2
Returns to Heart
Powered by Left side of Heart
Layers of the Heart
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Right Atrium and Left Atrium
Upper Chambers
Loading Chambers
Right Ventricle and Left Ventricle
Lower Chambers
Pumping Chambers
Tricuspid Valve
Right side of Heart
Bicuspid Valve
Left side of Heart
Arteries
Carry blood AWAY from Heart
Veins
Carry blood TOWARDS the Heart
Capillaries
Site of nutrient and gas exchange
What type of cells make up Capillaries?
Simple squamous epithelia
What are the parts of an Electrocardiogram?
P wave - atrial depolarization (firing/contraction)
QRS complex - ventricular depolarization, atrial repolarization (hidden by VD)
T wave - ventricular repolarization (resetting/relaxing)
What are the different immune responses?
Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity
Innate Immunity
“Born With”
Fever, Inflammation, Skin, Macrophages, Stomach Acid
Adaptive Immunity
Lymphocytes
T-cells and B-cells
T-cells
Fight one-on-one
Mature in Thymus
B-cells
Make Antibodies
Mature in bone
What are the four main types of Immunity?
Naturally Acquired Active - Getting sick, recovering
Artificially Acquired Active - Vaccination
Naturally Acquired Passive - Breast milk
Artificially Acquired Passive - Antivenom
What is the function of the Lymphatic System?
Kill pathogens, Collect wastes, absorb large fats
Encapsulated Lymphatic Tissue
Spleen, Thymus, Lymph nodes
Unencapsulated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
Tonsils, Peyer’s Patches
Parasympathetic GI
“Rest and Digest”
Stimulates GI
Sympathetic GI
“Fight or Flight”
Inhibits GI
Types of digestion
Mechanical - Churning, Chewing (mastication)
Chemical - Enzymes
Alimentary Canal
Tube from mouth to anus
Mouth
Mastication and chemical digestion of carbs
Pharynx
Throat
Swallowing
Esophagus
Leads to stomach
Stomach
Stomach Acid
Pepsin
Small Intestine
Absorb, Absorb, Absorb
What are the parts of the Small Intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Large Intestine
Absorb electrolytes and water