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A&P II > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of blood?

A

Plasma and Formed Elements

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2
Q

What are the parts of Plasma?

A

Water, Proteins, Nutrients, Wastes, Gasses

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3
Q

What are the parts of Formed Elements?

A

RBC, WBC, Platelets

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4
Q

Where are Formed Elements made?

A

Red bone marrow

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5
Q

What is the function of RBCs?

A

Carry O2/CO2

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6
Q

What is the function of WBCs?

A

Defense against infection

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7
Q

What are the two types of WBCs?

A

Granulocyte and Agranulocyte

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8
Q

What are the three types of Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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9
Q

What is the function of Platelets?

A

Hemostasis

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10
Q

What are the three steps of Hemostasis?

A

Vascular Spasm - make vessel smaller
Platelet Plug Formation - slow bleeding down
Coagulation - Turn liquid blood into gel

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11
Q

What determines your blood type?

A

Antigens

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12
Q

What is the Universal Donor?

A

O- (No Antigens)

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13
Q

What is the Universal Recipient?

A

AB+ (Has All Antigens)

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14
Q

What are the Circulatory Circuits?

A

Pulmonary and Systemic

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15
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

O2 poor blood goes to Lungs
Drops off CO2/Picks up O2
Returns to Heart
Powered by Right side of Heart

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16
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

O2 rich blood to systemic tissues (everywhere)
Drops off O2/Picks up CO2
Returns to Heart
Powered by Left side of Heart

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17
Q

Layers of the Heart

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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18
Q

Right Atrium and Left Atrium

A

Upper Chambers
Loading Chambers

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19
Q

Right Ventricle and Left Ventricle

A

Lower Chambers
Pumping Chambers

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20
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

Right side of Heart

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21
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A

Left side of Heart

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22
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood AWAY from Heart

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23
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood TOWARDS the Heart

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24
Q

Capillaries

A

Site of nutrient and gas exchange

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25
Q

What type of cells make up Capillaries?

A

Simple squamous epithelia

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26
Q

What are the parts of an Electrocardiogram?

A

P wave - atrial depolarization (firing/contraction)
QRS complex - ventricular depolarization, atrial repolarization (hidden by VD)
T wave - ventricular repolarization (resetting/relaxing)

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27
Q

What are the different immune responses?

A

Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity

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28
Q

Innate Immunity

A

“Born With”
Fever, Inflammation, Skin, Macrophages, Stomach Acid

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29
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Lymphocytes
T-cells and B-cells

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30
Q

T-cells

A

Fight one-on-one
Mature in Thymus

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31
Q

B-cells

A

Make Antibodies
Mature in bone

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32
Q

What are the four main types of Immunity?

A

Naturally Acquired Active - Getting sick, recovering
Artificially Acquired Active - Vaccination
Naturally Acquired Passive - Breast milk
Artificially Acquired Passive - Antivenom

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33
Q

What is the function of the Lymphatic System?

A

Kill pathogens, Collect wastes, absorb large fats

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34
Q

Encapsulated Lymphatic Tissue

A

Spleen, Thymus, Lymph nodes

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35
Q

Unencapsulated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)

A

Tonsils, Peyer’s Patches

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36
Q

Parasympathetic GI

A

“Rest and Digest”
Stimulates GI

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37
Q

Sympathetic GI

A

“Fight or Flight”
Inhibits GI

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38
Q

Types of digestion

A

Mechanical - Churning, Chewing (mastication)
Chemical - Enzymes

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39
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

Tube from mouth to anus

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40
Q

Mouth

A

Mastication and chemical digestion of carbs

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41
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat
Swallowing

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42
Q

Esophagus

A

Leads to stomach

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43
Q

Stomach

A

Stomach Acid
Pepsin

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44
Q

Small Intestine

A

Absorb, Absorb, Absorb

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45
Q

What are the parts of the Small Intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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46
Q

Large Intestine

A

Absorb electrolytes and water

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47
Q

Anus

A

Exit for defecation

48
Q

Accessory Organs

A

Salivary Glands - Make Saliva
Gallbladder - Stores/concentrates Bile
Liver - Make Bile, produce proteins, converts non-carbs into carbs
Pancreas - LOTS of enzymes, neutralizes stomach acid in Small Intestine

49
Q

What are the main types of Macronutrients?

A

Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins

50
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Primary source of energy (Glucose)

51
Q

Fats

A

Insulation
Energy Storage

52
Q

Proteins

A

“Workhorse of the body”
Recovery, metabolism, enzymes, antibodies, hormones

53
Q

What are the main types of Micronutrients?

A

Vitamins
Minerals/Electrolytes

54
Q

Vitamins

A

Fat soluble - A, D, E, K
Water soluble - B, C

55
Q

Minerals/Electrolytes

A

Iron - Hemoglobin
Calcium - Hemostasis, muscle contraction, neuron firing, bone strength

56
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Protein starvation
Results in abdominal swelling

57
Q

Anorexia

A

Intentional Caloric Restriction

58
Q

Bulimia

A

Binging and Purging Cycles

59
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

Air Conditioning
Moisturizing, warming, filtering

60
Q

Larynx

61
Q

Trachea

A

Passageway
Filtering

62
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Starts big and gets smaller

63
Q

Alveoli

A

Site of gas exchange in the lungs

64
Q

Inspiration

A

Primarily performed by diaphragm contraction

65
Q

Expiration

A

Primarily passive
Caused by relaxation of the diaphragm

66
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Air moving in and out with each normal breath

67
Q

Inspiratory Reserve

A

Extra Air that you can breath in on top of tidal volume

68
Q

Expiratory Reserve

A

Extra air you can breath out beyond tidal volume

69
Q

Residual Volume

A

Air you CANNOT get rid of

70
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

Tidal Volume + Residual Volume + Expiratory Volume + Inspiratory Volume

71
Q

What forces enable gas exchange?

A

Atmospheric Pressure
Parietal Pressure
Simple Diffusion (Hight to Low)

72
Q

What are the functions of the Urinary System?

A

Filter Water
Electrolytes/water/pH Balance
Erythropoietin (RBC creation stimulation)

73
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney - filters/makes urine

74
Q

Ureters

A

Transports Urine

75
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

Stores Urine
Made from Detrusor Muscle

76
Q

Urethra

A

Evacuates Urine to the outside

77
Q

What are the steps of urine formation?

A

Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion

78
Q

Renin

A

Results in increased blood presssure

79
Q

Water intake

80
Q

Water output

81
Q

Electrolyte intake

82
Q

Electrolyte output

83
Q

Acid-Base Balance

A

Chemical Buffers - moment to moment balance
Respiratory System - Breath out CO2
Urinary System - pee out H+

84
Q

Male primary sex organ

85
Q

Testes

A

Makes sperm
Makes testosterone

86
Q

Epididymis

A

Storage of sperm

87
Q

Vas deferens

A

Transports sperm

88
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Secrete seminal fluid

89
Q

Prostate

A

Also secretes seminal fluid

90
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

Clears out urethra

91
Q

Scrotum

A

Temperature regulation for testes

92
Q

Penis

A

Contains erectile tissue for intercourse
Urethra for urination/ejaculation

93
Q

Female primary sex organ

94
Q

Ovary

A

Produce egg (oocyte)
Produce estrogen/progesterone

95
Q

Uterine tubes

A

Convey egg towards uterus
Site of fertilization

96
Q

Uterus

A

Implantation/gestation

97
Q

Vagina

A

Birth canal

98
Q

Vulva

A

External structures
Labia majora/minora
Vestibule
Clitoris

99
Q

Fertilization

A

Sperm meets egg
23 chromosomes from each combine to form zygote (46 total)

100
Q

Blastocyst

A

Outer trophoblast - human chronic gonadotropin (hCG)
Inner mass of cells (becomes you)

101
Q

Chorion

A

Outer layer of embryo

102
Q

Amnion

A

Inner layer of embryo

103
Q

Amniotic Fluid

A

Temperature regulation/protection for developing embryo

104
Q

Endoderm

A

Gastrointestinal/respiratory system

105
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscles, bones, cardiovascular

106
Q

Ectoderm

A

Skin, nervous system

107
Q

Oxytocin

A

Promotes uterine contractions
Promotes breast milk ejection

108
Q

How long is a full term pregnancy?

109
Q

Genome

A

All the DNA

110
Q

Gene

A

Codes for proteins

111
Q

Alleles

A

Paired structures that carry genes

112
Q

Homozygous Dominant

113
Q

Heterozygous

114
Q

Homozygous Recessive

115
Q

Genotype

A

Represented by the letters (what genes you carry)

116
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical expression of genotype (Eye color)

117
Q

Codominance

A

Two dominant alleles being expressed
Ex: blood type AB

A&P II (1 decks)

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