Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Radical Reconstruction
A
- After emancipation, attempt to grant free people full citizenship rights
- A LOT of resistance from white southerners → KKK
- “Jim Crow” laws passed because resistance
- Reconstruction= false promise
- New south= southern labor→ northern capital
2
Q
Jim Crow
A
- Laws segregating school , transportation, employment, public & private facilities
- More white supremacy + laws that let it happen
- Contradicted “new” south
- Legalized existing customs like lynching
- Prevented Black voters from exercising their rights
3
Q
Ku Klux Klan
A
- Lynchings: 5,000 killed 1880-1950s ← BARBARIC// often legal punishment for “crimes
- Political corruption, economic exploitation, violent intimidations
- The KKK at the time were portrayed as heroic, and assisting the public good
- Popular public displays of racist ceremonies
- Increased racial tension in the south
4
Q
New South
A
- Goal of embracing industrialization and diversified agriculture→ better econ
- Better social/ society → hope of increased equality for formerly enslaved living in the south
- Hope for stability after failed confederacy
- Re-portray the south as a promising place through new successful social and econ narrative
- Reality: people suck & legalized suckiness
5
Q
Fifteenth Amendment
A
- states + nat. gov. can’t deny voter bc race
- Laws were passed such as for a literacy test to prevent Black voters from exercising their rights
- Preventing Black people was justified as an action for the public good
- fear tactics: physical & econ.
- Disenfranchisement moved conflict: ballot box –> registration
6
Q
Knights of Labor
A
- Created after the failure of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877
- Welcomed all laborers, including women, except lawyers, bankers, and liquor dealers
- Grew rapidly, reaching over seven hundred thousand members by 1886
- Idealized a producer-centered society, focusing on benefits that could be gained through unions
- Wanted a society centered on cooperation among producers, everyone joining together
7
Q
The American Federation of Labor
A
- Labor movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries
- Emerged as a conservative alternative to the Knights of Labor
- Craft Unions composed of skilled workers, rejected the Knights’ expansive vision
- wanted avoid strikes: +$ +safety - hrs
- labor unions –> New Deal
8
Q
Scientific Management
A
- +industrializationby organizing production
- Urged manufacturers to increase efficiency by subdividing tasks
- Suggested making workers interchangeable to speed up the production process
- = Taylorism= Fredrick Taylor
9
Q
Progressive Movement
A
- populist to progressive
- everybody a feminist
10
Q
Municipal Housekeeping
A
- yay women in pol + progressive
11
Q
Gilded Age
A
- Marked by advances in efficiency and productivity in industrial capitalism esp. in North South= recovering after civil war
- Created unprecedented inequalities and low-paid, unskilled jobs with long hours
- between reconstruction and progressive era
12
Q
Crop-Lien System
A
- Crop lien and convict lease systems served as important legal tools for racial control
- New credit system led to more debt for farmers, especially African Americans
- Huge economic help used by newly freed African Americans to establish themselves
13
Q
Nineteenth Amendment
A
- Allowed women to vote, so all citizens regardless of gender can vote
- Six western states passed suffrage amendments by 1911
- President Wilson declared support in 1918, and suffrage became a reality in 1920
- Women mobilized to vote after the amendment’s ratification
14
Q
Fourteenth Amendment
A
- Segregation Violation: Segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment
- Supreme Court Ruling: The Supreme Court ruled in the Civil Rights Cases (1883) that the Fourteenth Amendment only prevented discrimination directly by states
15
Q
Fifteenth Amendment
A
- The Fifteenth Amendment clearly prohibited states from denying any citizen the right to vote on the basis of race.
- In 1890, a Mississippi state newspaper called on politicians to devise “some legal defensible substitute for the abhorrent and evil methods on which white supremacy lies
16
Q
Laissez- Faire Economy
A
- Associated with the Second Industrial Revolution
- Flourished in an unregulated business climate
- Allowed for the growth of major trusts, such as Carnegie Steel and Standard Oil
17
Q
Hull House
A
- Founded for engaging in everyday social reform
- Provided services like running a nursery, kindergarten, and organizing social events
- Conducted surveys on poverty, disease, and living conditions in the community
- Described conditions that lead to urban poverty and industrialization as a “social crime”
18
Q
Progressive Movement
A
- populist to progressive
- everyones a feminist
19
Q
Great Migration
A
- Sparked racial conflict as whites fought to reclaim jobs and neighborhoods
- SO many Black people left the south bc racial violence, jim crow, school, $
20
Q
League of Nations
A
- Novel international organization aimed at preventing global conflict
- Promised collective security to prevent destruction and ensure political independence
- President Wilson’s efforts faced opposition, and the League faced challenges on the home front
- The treaty was a compromise that included provisions for German reparations and collective security
21
Q
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
A
- The 1911 fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in Manhattan was a tragedy
- Revealed unsafe conditions in industrial workplaces
- Activists channeled their energies toward political activism and government interference
22
Q
The Jungle
A
- In 1906, Upton Sinclair published The Jungle, a novel dramatizing the experiences of a Lithuanian immigrant family who moved to Chicago to work in the stockyards.
- Revealed brutal exploitation in the meatpacking industry
- Major impact in exposing industrialized food production conditions
- progressive reforms: public attention
23
Q
Jacob Riis
A
- Journalist who shaped popular perceptions of Gilded Age injustice
- Published a scathing indictment of living and working conditions in NYC’s slums
- Documented urban poverty with photography, influencing housing reform
24
Q
Martin Luther King Jr.
A
- Inspired by the civil rights movement, envisioning a “beloved community”
- Led the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott, crushing segregation in public transportation
- Advocated for a nonviolent approach but supported active confrontation against injustice
25
Nineteenth Amendment
- Represented a time of great activism among American women
- Women mobilized to vote after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920
26
Great Migration
- Period of cultural loosening and self-reflection among African Americans
- Many African Americans moved to northern cities during the Great Migration
27
Social Security Act
- Part of the Great Society addressing quality-of-life concerns
- Provided old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and economic aid based on means
- Financed through payroll, separating it from the stigma of "welfare" entitlement
28
National Recovery Act
- Part of Roosevelt's early recovery program to stabilize and coordinate the economy
- more money less hours no kids yes unions
- National Industrial Recovery Act, suspended antitrust laws to coordinate prices and regulate production, addressing the Great Depression
29
Black Tuesday
- Stock Market Crashed October 29, 1929 and marked the beginning of a long stock market decline
- Massive loss of stock values, including fortunes like Rockefeller's
- Symbolized the severity of the economic downturn during the Great Depression
30
Glass- Steagall Act
- Instituted federal deposit insurance and separated commercial and investment banking
- Part of Roosevelt's First Hundred Days, directed with seasoned leadership
31
Hoovervilles
- Economic Hardships symbolized government relief for unemployed veterans during economic hardships
- Spontaneous shantytowns that appeared in cities, reflecting homelessness and unemployment
32
Four Freedoms
- Roosevelt's Ideals included freedom of speech, worship, from want, and from fear for all world citizens, these 4 freedoms were emphasized through the rest of American history
- Atlantic Charter reinforced these ideas and added the right of self-determination, fostering post war cooperation
- United Nations originated from Roosevelt's use to describe the Allied powers
33
Japanese Internment
- Executive Order 9066 was signed by President Roosevelt, authorizing the removal of Japanese Americans from designated exclusion zones
- Detained Japanese Americans in government camps with barbed wire and armed guards
- Resulted in the loss of homes and jobs for Japanese Americans
34
Freedom Riders
- Significant civil rights events in the 1960s, including the Freedom Rides
- Involved bus journeys challenging segregated facilities in the South
35
Truman Doctrine
- Stated U.S. support for free peoples resisting subjugation by outside pressures
- Became a cornerstone of the American policy of containment against communism
36
Marshall Plan
- Also known as the Marshall Plan, aimed at rebuilding Western Europe
- Invested $13 billion toward reconstruction, loosening trade barriers
- Prompted a Soviet counter with the Molotov Plan, symbolizing aid to Eastern Europe
37
House Un-American Activities Committee
- Conducted hearings on communist influence in American society
- Conducted over one hundred investigations into subversive activities between 1949 and 1954
38
Containment
- Advocated by Truman to confront and contain the spread of communism
- Established militarized containment logic during the Cold War
- Led to interventions in Korea and Vietnam in response to the ascent of communism in China
39
White Flight
- Urban Migration especially white Americans in metropolitan areas fled city centers for the suburbs
- This resulted in resegregated residential patterns
40
Medicare
- Part of the Great Society addressing quality-of-life concerns
- Provided access to quality medical care for the aged
- However, subsequent presidents and Congresses have left intact the bulk of the Great Society, including Medicare and Medicaid, food stamps, federal spending for arts and literature, and Head Start
41
Medicaid
- Ensured access to quality medical care for the poor
42
The Feminine Mystique
- Betty Friedan was the author of The Feminine Mystique, published in the postwar era
- Criticized the "feminine mystique" and the discrepancy between women's lives and societal expectations, in general brought to light gender roles
43
American Liberalism
- Reflects the ideological transformation of the country after the New Deal
- Carter governed in a post–New Deal framework, acknowledging government limitations
44
Southern Strategy
- Employed by conservatives, perpetuating coded racial politics
- Perfected by Richard Nixon in the aftermath of civil rights legislation
45
Tax Revolt
anti state taxes
46
sunbelt
whole south
47
Port Huron Statement
- 1962 Manifesto by Students for Democratic Society
- participatory democracy x militarism x alienation
48
Stonewall Riots
- 1979 police raided bar
- feminism & civil rights context
49
National Organization of Women
- more feminism
- cofounded by Betty Freidman
50
Silent Majority
- Political move by Richard Nixon 1968 to appeal white middle class suburban's
- make liberals = violent
- end war honorably
51
Brown VS Board of Education
supreme court technically but not really desegregating only schools
52
Great Society
- President Johnson domestic reforms
- yay racial, economy, and quality life
- no jim crow wow
- WOW PUBLIC FUNDING
53
LIttle roCK 9
Little rock central highschool 9 kids desegregating
54
GI Bill
housing loans education unemployement insurance
- thansk pres roosevelt babe for WW2
55
Arsenal of Democracy
manufacturing cars --> weapons for WW2 after second IR
56
Plessy VS Ferguson
1896 supreme court: segregation is ok constitution
- started in rail carts
57
Redeemers
white southerners = why reconstruction failed
58
Freedman's Bureau
- congress passed in 1865 to help just freed slaves
- free food & medical
- $ stability, pol freedom
- failed bc racists
- Should fed help race & $ ???
