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Semester 1 Intro to Dental Hygiene > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is calculus formed through?

A

oral biofilm formation

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2
Q

Where does mineralization occur?

A

matrix

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3
Q

How soon does mineralization begin?

A

24 to 48 hours

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4
Q

What are the 4 crystal forms of calcium phosphate?

A

hydroxyapatite, ocatacalcium phosphate, whitlockite, and brushite

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5
Q

What percent of calculus is made of inorganic components?

A

75-85%

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6
Q

above free gingival margin, exposed roots, and attached gingiva

A

supra calculus

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7
Q

below free gingival margin, mineral source: crevicular fluid, inflammatory exudate

A

subgingival calculus

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8
Q

the presence and distribution of plaque that is used to elevate level and rate of formation of plaque on teeth

A

plaque index

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9
Q

What is moved through an ultrasonic causing the tip to vibrate?

A

compressed air

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10
Q

What flows through an ultrasonic to dissipate heat?

A

water

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11
Q

How many cycles per second travel through an ultrasonic?

A

18,000 to 50,000 cycles per second

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12
Q

production of minute bubbles

A

cavitation

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13
Q

pressure produced

A

acoustic turbulence

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14
Q

results in flushing action

A

fluid lavage

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15
Q

What are the two main types of ultrasonics?

A

magnetostrictive and peizoelectric

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16
Q

ultrasonic type which moves in linear motion for tip

A

piezoelectric

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17
Q

ultrasonic type which moves in elliptical or orbital tip motion

A

magnetostrictive

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18
Q

What are the contraindications for ultrasonic and air polsishing?

A

communicable disease
high susceptibility to infection
respiratory risk/disease
unshielded pacemaker
difficulty swallowing or prone to gagging
age-including primary or newly erupted teeth
oral conditions
has restorations or titanium implants

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19
Q

What type of restorations should you avoid air polishing?

A

amalgam alloy, composite, porcelain/gold/glass ionomer restorations, sapphire/pure titanium implants

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20
Q

help keep the oral cavity in good health and also halt the progression of gum disease or gingivitis while eliminating bad bacteria

A

goals of oral hygiene prophylaxis

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21
Q

What are the parts of a rubber cup tooth polishing?

A

low speed handpiece, prophy angle + rubber cup and bristle brush, prophy paste

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22
Q

What is the effect of rubber cup polishing?

A

removal of extrinsic stain

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23
Q

What grits are used during a prophylaxis?

A

fine, medium, coarse, extra course

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24
Q

What type of grit is used during a normal cleaning?

A

medium

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25
Q

What types of restorations cannot be used with coarse grit paste?

A

composite or porcelain

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26
Q

What type of grit should be used on children or composite restorations?

A

fine

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27
Q

What type of stain does air polishing remove?

A

extrinsic

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28
Q

What type of patient cannot accept the usage of air polishing?

A

those with respiratory disease

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29
Q

What are the indications for sodium bicarbonate air polishing?

A

supra and ortho

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30
Q

What are the indications for calcium carbonate air polishing?

A

supra and defects in intact enamel

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31
Q

What are the indications for aluminum trihydroxide air polishing?

A

supra

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32
Q

What are the indications for calcium sodium phosphosilicate air polishing?

A

supra and dental sensitivity

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33
Q

What is the best options of air polishing?

A

glycine or erythritol

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34
Q

What are the indications for glycine air polishing?

A

sub and supragingival, safe on gingiva and mucosa, safe for implants and ortho, perceived to be more comfortable than other powders

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35
Q

What are the indications for erythritol air polishing?

A

sub and supra gingival, safe for implants and ortho, least abrasive, perceived to be more comfortable than other powders

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36
Q

What should you not polish because of the abrasiveness?

A

dental implants

37
Q

How many times a year is fluoride typically applied?

A

2-4 times a year

38
Q

What are the types of fluoride?

A

sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, stannous fluoride, fluoride gel, fluoride varnish

39
Q

What is sodium fluoride?

A

mouthwash, 220 ppm

40
Q

When is fluoride gel used?

A

high caries

41
Q

What type of fluoride is recommended for children?

A

fluoride varnish

42
Q

deep cleaning involving removal of plaque and calculus to stop gum disease below the gumline

A

root debridement + planing

43
Q

What are the goals of root debridement + planing?

A

arrest infection, return tissue to health by eliminating deposit, reduce biofilm in pocket, and dental therapeutic interventions

44
Q

How long does the healing process after root debridement take?

A

1-2 weeks

45
Q

Where does infection begin?

A

gums and bone surrounding teeth

46
Q

What are the strokes used during calculus removal?

A

short, controlled biting strokes with moderate pressure

47
Q

What is the stroke used during root debridement beyond the root surface

A

cutting edge against cementum with short, light pressure strokes

48
Q

What are the strokes used during root planing only on the root?

A

only where there is calculus with moderate to light pull stroke to smooth root surface

49
Q

What degree is used for angulation of insertion?

A

0-40 degrees

50
Q

What angle is used for angulation for calculus removal?

A

60-80 degrees

51
Q

What are signs of inflammation?

A

erythema(red), edema(swelling), heat, pain, loss of function

52
Q

What are signs of health?

A

pale pink, uniform, pigmented/melanin
firm, resilient
<10 % bleeding
smooth free gingiva
attached gingiva stippled, use air to detect
knife edged margins
papillae is pointed and pyramidal
1-3 mm PD

53
Q

What are signs of diseased oral status?

A

mild or moderate redness, bright, dark, cyanotic
deep inflammation in smoker
soft, spongey, dents easily
smooth, shiny, loss of stippling
> 10 % bleeding
fibrotic, nodular, hyperkeratotic
rounded, rolled, bulbous margins
bulbous or flat
4+ PD

54
Q

What is normal body temperate?

A

normal: 98.6 - range is 96.0 to 99.5

55
Q

hyperthermia temperature

A

over 105.8

56
Q

hypothermia temperature

A

below 96.0

57
Q

normal pulse range

A

60-100 bpm

58
Q

avg pulse

A

80 bpm

59
Q

normal pulse of 2 year old

A

105 bpm

60
Q

normal pulse of 4 year old

A

90 bpm

61
Q

normal pulse of 10 year old

A

70 bpm

62
Q

tachycardia

A

beats over 100 bpm

63
Q

bradycardia

A

beats below 50 bpm

64
Q

normal respiratory rate

A

12-20

65
Q

normal respiration for 2 year old

A

25 rpm

66
Q

normal respiration for 8 year old

A

20 rpm

67
Q

normal respiration for 15 year old

A

18 rpm

68
Q

normal blood pressure

A

<120/80 mmHg

69
Q

prehypertension

A

120-130/80

70
Q

stage 1 hypertension

A

130-140/80-90

71
Q

stage 2 hypertension

A

140-180+/90-120+

72
Q

When fermentable carbs interact with oral biofilm, what is produced?

A

acid

73
Q

What are three types of sugar alcohols?

A

sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol

74
Q

What are two types of simple carbs?

A

fructose and galactose

75
Q

What are three types of complex carbs?

A

starch, glucose polymers, and glycogen

76
Q

What is the main function of proteins?

A

supply energy

77
Q

What are the functions of vitamins?

A

regulates metabolism and assist in forming body tissues

78
Q

this vitamin is essential for proper vision, would healing, and cancer prevention; soft tissue and bone growth, ameloblast formation; enamel hypoplasia

A

vitamin a

79
Q

this vitamin may also be called the sunshine vitamin, it forms in the presence of ultraviolet light, and is important for calcification of bone and perio health

A

vitamin d

80
Q

this vitamin is produced by microorganisms in intestinal tract; it is the formation of prothrombin (clotting factor)

A

vitamin k

81
Q

this vitamin protects red blood cells, helps vitamin a and c, reproduction and membrane stability, immune function, reduce cancer risk, reduce cataracts, and reduce parkinson and alzheimers disease

A

vitamin e

82
Q

loss of consciousness that is a symptom of a lack of brain oxygen

A

syncope

83
Q

What are the types of syncope?

A

psychogenic and non-psychogenic

84
Q

What position should you put someone in if they are unconscious?

A

supine except if they are pregnant

85
Q

What are the five non-injectable emergency drugs?

A

oxygen, nitroglycerine, bronchodilators, anti-hypoglycemics, and aspirin 81 mg

86
Q

What are the three risk factors for unconsciousness?

A

stress (psychogenic), ASA status III or IV, and use of drugs

87
Q

What salts make up calculus?

A

calcium and phosphate

88
Q

Does calculus cause periodontal disease?

A

no

89
Q
A

Semester 1 Intro to Dental Hygiene (1 decks)

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