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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Conversions

A

1 ml= 1 cc
1 oz= 30 ml
1 cup= 8 oz
1 pint = 2 cups = 16 oz

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2
Q

Which vitamins are considered fat soluble?

A

Vitamin A, D, E, K

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3
Q

What are the normal ranges for an adult’s oral temperature, radial pulse, respirations, and blood pressure?

A

Temp= 97.6-99.6 F
Radial Pulse= 60-100bpm
Respirations= 12-20 breaths/minute
Blood pressure= 120/80

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4
Q

What are the terms for a pulse above 100 and below 60?

A

Tachycardia= above 100
Brachycardia= below 60

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5
Q

What are the terms for respirations over 20 and under 12?

A

Tachypnea= above 20
Brachypnea= below 60

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6
Q

What is the term for normal and abnormal respirations?

A

Eupnea= Normal breaths
Dyspnea= Abnormal breathing

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7
Q

What are the bed positions are their angle?

A

Semi-Fowler’s= 30
Fowler’s= 45
High-Fowler’s= 60 (dyspnea)
Full Fowlers= 90

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8
Q

What is Trendelenburg position & Reverse Trendelenburg Position?
When is this used?

A

-Foot of the mattress raised higher then head.
-Reverse is when head higher then feel but still straight
-Used for patients who have gone into shock & have low BP to encourage blood flow to heart.

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9
Q

Durable Power of Attorney

A

Type of advanced directive that transfers medical decision making responsibility to another person.

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10
Q

Signs of Elder Abuse

A

Weight loss
Poor personal hygiene
Dirty clothing
Fear of caregiver
Unexplained injury

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11
Q

Which document protects a patient’s rights while in the hospital?

A

Patient Care Partnership

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12
Q

Subacute Care Unit

A

Patients who still need some care but not round the clock hospital care (EX: PT, IV assistance, Respiratory Care, or Wound care)

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13
Q

OBRA Act of 1987

A

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act- long-term investigation into long-term care facilities due to complaints of neglect & abuse. –> Resulted in required set of standards of care and training of nursing assistants.

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14
Q

DHHS

A

US Dept of Health & Human Services- primary government agency responsible for nation’s health (all other agencies under this umbrella)

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15
Q

NIH
AHRQ

A

National Institute of Health- supports research projects for diseases.
Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality- supports research on healthcare quality & cost of care

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16
Q

FDA, CDC, CMS

A

Food & Drug Admin- ensures safety & effectiveness of drugs, food, etc.
Center for Disease Control- provides stats about diseases, etc.
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services

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17
Q

Joint Commission

A

independent organization that accredits those that meet standards (voluntary)

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18
Q

OSHA

A

Occupational Safety & Health Administration- protects health & safety of workers

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19
Q

MDS

A

Minimum Data Set- report that focuses on degree of assistance or skilled care a resident needs
- MUST be completed by long-term care facilities to submit for Medicare reimbursement

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20
Q

DRGs

A

Diagnosis-Related Groups- payment for hospitalization, surgery, etc, is specified according to diagnosis
- implemented by Medicare to control ever-increasing cost of healthcare
- DRAWBACK= patients discharged sooner & sicker which creates more need for extended care & home health

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21
Q

Types of Advanced Directives

A

Durable Power of Attorney (decisions regarding medical care) & Living Will (decisions regarding life saving efforts)

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22
Q

2 Categories of Civil Law Violations

A

Unintentional & Intentional Tort
Tort= wrong that occurs from violation of civil law

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23
Q

Unintentional Tort

A

Negligence & Malpractice (only committed by person that holds a license to practice medicine, not nursing assistants)

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24
Q

Intentional Tort (LABDIFF)

A

Larceny- theft
Assault- spoken threat
Battery- touch
Defamation- lies
Invasion of Privacy
Fraud- deception
False Imprisonment- confinement

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25
2 Types of Defamation
Slander- spoken Libel= written
26
Criminal Law Violations- Types of Abuse
Physical Psychological Financial Neglect/Abandonment Sexual
27
Factors that put elderly patients at risk of abuse
1) Multiple health conditions 2) Inability to defend oneself 3) "Difficult" behavior 4) Caregiver's perception of person 5) Social isolation 6) Reluctance to report
28
Ethic vs. Value
Ethic- moral standard that governs conduct Value- personal cherished belief or principle
29
6 Ethics
1) Beneficence- do good 2) Nonmaleficence- avoid harm 3) Justice 4) Fidelity- act with integrity 5) Autonomy- respect 6) Confidentiatliy
30
4 Categories of Microbes
1) Bacteria 2) Fungi 3) Parasites 4) VIruses
31
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic
-Aerobic- bacteria that need oxygen to live. -Anaerobic- bacteria that die if oxygen present
32
Common Illnesses caused by Bacteria
Strep Throat Tuberculosis (TB) Types of Pneumonia Diseases from ticks & fleas Infections of the bladder, skin, reproductive systems, & urinary systems.
33
Characteristics of Viruses
- smallest of all microbes - only seen with electron microscope - not complete cells (like bacteria), just bundles of proteins - can't reproduce on their own, must take over a host cell to duplicate
34
Viral Infections/Diseases
AIDS (caused by HIV) Common cold Chicken pox Fever blisters Hepatitis
35
Prion
Smaller protein partical (virus) that can cause Mad Cow Disease
36
Characteristics of Fungi
- plant-like organisms that have similar characteristics -not all are microscopic (mushrooms) -microscopic examples= yeast & molds
37
Fungi Infections/Diseases
Athlete's foot Ringworm Thrush (infection in mouth) Yeast Infection
38
Characteristics of Parasites
-live in or on a host to survive - transferred through physical contact (Scabies or Lice), feces, blood, water, or insects
39
Helminths
-Parasites transferred through feces or blood. - Pinworms, roundworms, or tapeworms
40
Protozoa
- parasite that is "animal-like" because they take food. -Malaria- transferred by mosquitos - Amebic Dysentery- type of diarrhea cause by drinking water with Protozoa
41
Nonspecific Immune System Defense Mechanisms
-skin without cuts, etc. - good oral hygiene - drinking plenty of fluids - stomach acid functions - tear functions - coughing - sneezing
42
Specific Defense Mechanisms
1) Antibodies- developed by microbe exposure (EX: chicken pox vaccine give small microbes intentionally to build antibodies) 2) Antibiotics- drug that kills bacteria (Penicillin was first)
43
MDRO
Multi drug-resistant organisms- bacteria resistant to one or more classes of antibiotics that may have previously been effective against them. EX: MRSA & VRE
44
C.Diff
bacteria that grows rapidly when an antibiotic destroys bacteria that keeps us healthy.
45
Chain of Infection (PRPMPS)
1) Pathogen 2) Reservoir 3) Port of Exit 4) Method of Transmission 5) Portal of Entry 6) Susceptible Host
46
Fomite & Vector
Fomite- contaminated non-living object Vector- infected living creature (mosquito)
47
Nosocomial Infection
aka Health care-associated Infections (HAIs)- Infections acquired during process of receiving health care. -Most commonly transmitted via tough
48
Types of Medical Asepsis
1) Sanitization- soap & water 2) Antisepsis- rubbing alcohol or iodine 3) Disinfection- disinfectants that can't be used on skin 4) Sterilization- most thorough method used for surgical instruments, hypodermic needles, & IV catheters.
49
3 Transmission-based Precautions
Airborne Droplet Contact
50
Diseases transmitted by Airborne Transmission (4)
TB Chicken Pox Measles Sars
51
Diseases transmitted by Droplet Transmission (10, DEIMMPRSSW)
Diphtheria Epiglottis Influenza Meningitis Mumps Pneumonia Rubella Scarlet Fever Strep Throat Whooping cough
52
Diseases transmitted by Contact Transmission (10, DEIMMPRSSW)
Abscess Bronchiolities (by RSV) C-Diff Cutaneous Herpes Diarrhea Diphtheria Hepatitis A Norovirus Rotavirus Staph & Strep Lice/Scabies Zoster (Shingles) Varicella (Chicken Pox)
53
Hepatitis A (HAV)
-NOT bloodborne pathogen - transmitted via oral-fecal route
54
Hepatitis B (HBV) - 4 Facts
- Bloodborne pathogen -transmitted via blood, semen, or vaginal secretions (sex or birth) - causes acute illness but some never develop symptoms (carriers) - CAN LIVE ON DRY SURFACE FOR UP TO 7 DAYS!
55
Hepatitis C (HCV)
-Bloodborne pathogen - 85% develop chronic disease - 20% develop cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer
56
Hepatitis D (HDV)
- Bloodborne pathogen - only found in people already infected with HBV - Uncommon in the U.S. - NO VACCINE
57
Hepatitis E (HEV)
- NOT bloodborne (like HAV) - NO VACCINE (like HDV) - Most common in countries with poor sanitation controls
58
HIV & AIDS
- Bloodborne pathogen - HIV causes AIDS - Invades T cells (Leukocytes aka WBCs) - Don't die from AIDS, die from infections - HIV CAN LIVE UP TO 24 HOURS on dry surface!
59
TB
- infection caused by bacterium that attacks lungs or kidneys or bones - Airbourne pathogen (spread by coughing or sneezing) - Could be infected for years before showing symptoms - Treated for a long period of time with many different antibiotics
60
Accident vs. Incident
- Accident- unexpected, unintended event - Incident- unusual, undesired, out of the ordinary occurrence - ALL ACCIDENTS= INCIDENT (not all incidents are accidents) -
61
Types of Paralysis
- Paraplegia- waist down - Tetraplegia (Quadriplegia)- neck down - Hemiplegia- on side of the body caused by stroke
62
Dorsal Recumbent Position
aka Supine Position- laying flat facing upward
63
Lateral Position
- Laying on side with pillow under head, between legs, and under arm for alignment - Most common for people with back pain
64
Sim's Position
Extreme side-laying position (almost prone) with arm behind back down on mattress)
65
Shearing vs. Friction
- Shearing- pulling a person across a sheet or resistance offering surface -Friction- when two surfaces rub against each other
66
What is a Bed Cradle?
Metal frame between bottom & top sheets to keep the linen away from the person's feet
67
What is a Footboard?
Padded board placed against upright foot in the bed to keep a person's feet flat to help proper body alignment.
68
Order to DON PPE (5, HGMGG)
Hand Hygiene Gown Mask Goggles Gloves
69
Order to DOFF PPE (5, GGGMH)
Gloves Goggles Gown Mask Hand Hygiene
70
Delirium vs. Dementia
Delirium is a temporary state of confusion & Dementia is a permanent progressive brain disease
71
4 Most Common causes of Dementia
1) Alzheimer's 2) Vascular Dementia 3) Lewy Body Dementia 4) Frontotemporal Dementia
72
4 A's of Dementia
- Experienced by all patients 1) Amnesia- memory (only short term affected in early stage) 2) Aphasia- language (middle stage) 3) Agnosia- recognition through 5 senses 4) Apraxia- coordinating steps needed to complete a task
73
Alzheimer's Disease
- Most common cause of Dementia, 60% of cases in U.S. - Usually over 65, age & family history risk factors - Plaques & Tangles- termed by Alois Alzheimer in 1906 during brain autopsy of patient that showed abnormal protein deposits in areas involving memory function
74
Vascular Dementia
- Loss of mental function due to brain areas not receiving adequate oxygen & nutrients - Caused by damage to blood vessels that supply the brain - More common in men - Symptoms are sudden & varying - Irreversible & Incurable
75
Lew Body Dementia
- Caused by build-up of abnormal protein deposits (Lewy bodies) in brain regions responsible for thinking & movement. - Dementia, problems controlling body movements (similar to Parkinson's), visual hallucinations, & distinct changes in mental alertness.
76
Frontotemporal Dementia
- Damage to frontal & temporal lobes - Younger age & memory spared until later - Extreme changes in personality & behavior - May say or do socially inappropriate things & show lack of care & motivation
77
Validation Therapy
Used in patients with long-term memory loss and stresses important of acknowledging the person's reality.
78
Reality Orientation
-Technique used years ago to bring Dementia patients back to the "hear and now" but showed ineffective, damaging, & distressful - Useful in people with Delirium
79
Preservation & Sundowning
- Repetitive actions (sign of boredom) - Worsening behavior in late afternoon & evening when sun goes down. Potentially caused by fatigue.
80
Sleep Cycles
- 4 stages of NREM sleep then 1 period of REM - 4-5 sleep Cycles per night
81
Ultrasound Therapy
- PT involving ultrasound device to transmit SOUND WAVES to muscles tissue & blood vessels. - Causes tissue to relax & blood circulation to increase, reducing muscle tightness & spasms
82
TENS
- PT involving ELECTRICAL impulse device to transmit ELECTRODES to surface of skin - Helps block pain signals to body
83
4 Questions to Assess Pain
1) Location 2) Characteristic 3) Intensity 4) Circumstances surrounding pain
84
Wong Baker Pain Scale
0= No Pain 1-2= Mild 3-4= Discomforting 5-6= Distressing 7-8= Horrible 9-10= Excruciating
85
Gingivitis vs. Periodontitis
- Inflammation of gums - Infection & inflammation of soft tissue & bones that support teeth
86
Tinea Pedis vs. Tinea Capitis
- Fungal infection of skin & nails aka "Athlete's Foot" - Fungal infection of the scalp causing itching & flaking
87
Seborrheic Dermatitis Alopecia Pediculosis Capitis
- Cradle Cap - Baldness - Head Lice
88
What temperature should water be for Perineal care vs. Bath tub?
Bath= 105 F Perineal= 110-115 F
89
How to record ice chips during Intake
- Ice chips melt to half their volume - EX: 8oz ice chips recorded as 4oz fluid
90
What is NOT recorded as fluids?
Pudding & Yogurt

Patient Care (2 decks)

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