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Geology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

How do sedimentary rocks begin?

A

They begin by being weathered away and transported into a sedimentary basin

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2
Q

How are sedimentary rocks lithified?

A

Compaction and cementation

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3
Q

What is the Angle of Repose

A

The maximum angle at which a slope that has loose material will sit without sliding.

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4
Q

If you have sandstones that are compacted and lithfied what kind of rock can you expect to find?

A

sandstone

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5
Q

If clay particles are compacted and lithified what can you expect to find?

A

shale

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6
Q

A measurement of the space between grains in a rock is called?

A

porosity

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7
Q

The measure of interconnectedness between pores is called

A

permeability

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8
Q

Sedimentary rocks include which two lists of the following rock groups?

A
  • limestone, gypsm, salt deposits
  • Shale, sandstone, conglomerates
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9
Q

A meandering stream has which of the following characteristics

A

A single channel with a winding course that has a low velocity

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10
Q

An area adjacent to a stream that is built up when a stream floods. After flood waters have deposited mud and silt, this landform is made

A

natural levees

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11
Q

What is a braided stream

A

a stream with many winding and separated channels

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12
Q

False River is a

A

Oxbow lake or a cutoff meander

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13
Q

The transportation process of sand grains in water by moving them along in a series of short intermittent jumps is

A

Salitation

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14
Q

What is the most fertile place to grow crops?

A

A floodplane

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15
Q

The high landform that rain runoff on either side

A

Divide

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16
Q

At a bend in a meander ______ happens on the outside bend and ____ occurs on the inner bend.

A

erosion, deposition

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17
Q

What is a part of a streams bed load

A

sand grains or pebbles

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18
Q

Which of the following river deposits are clay and mud?

A

Overbank deposits and floodplanes

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19
Q

Which of the following terms describes a curved, coarse-grained sand deposit that forms on the inside curve of a stream channel?

A

point bar

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20
Q

What does an oxbow lake look like?

A

A cut off horseshoes

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21
Q

Cone-shaped deposits of sediment built up at the base of a mountain stream in dry climates are called

A

allevial fan

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22
Q

What kind of drainage system would you see at the base of a mountain to coastal plain

A

dendritic drainage system

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23
Q

The New Orleans French Quarter did not flood after Katrina because the early settlers built on what river feature.

A

Natural levee

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24
Q

A cone- or fan-shaped accumulation of sediment deposited where a river or stream enters a large standing body of water, such as where the Mississippi River enters the Gulf of Mexico, is a(n):

A

Delta

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25
Q

The Base Level of a stream is

A

The elevation at the end of a stream where it enters a large standing body of water.

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26
Q

Which material is transported as suspended foam?

A

clay

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27
Q

Groundwater

A

Water that seeps down from the land surface, then fills the empty spaces and cracks in sediments and rock at depth

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28
Q

Auquifer

A

where groundwater is stored.`

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29
Q

Ground water table

A

The upper surface of the saturated zone.

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30
Q

Sinkhole or cave

A

A Karst terrain erosional feature formed by groundwater dissolving limestone bedrock

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31
Q

“The recharge area for the Southern Hills Aquifer”

A

An area in southern Mississippi where precipitation infiltrates into the ground and contributes to the local groundwater supply

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32
Q

List 3 types of sedimentary structures that can be preserved in the rock record

A
  1. bedding - stratification beding
  2. rippling (cross bedding) - looks like waves of sand or slit
  3. biologial strcutures

Sediments are kept in the rock record via burial within one of these structures and then lithification is what happens to chemically change those sediments into sedimentary rocks.

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33
Q

What have you learned about Baton Rouge’s drinking water?

A

Baton Rouge’s drinking water comes from groundwater and it is no lower than 3,000 feet below us. Unlike in New Orleans, our drinking water does not come from the river.

Additionally, in class we discussed how the plant uses ground water and this is causing there to be less potable drinking water for the general population.

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34
Q

Velocity of a Stream

A

Area x velocity = discharge

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35
Q

why you would expect to find coarse grained sediments at the bottom of a channel or in the trough of a ripple?

A

denser/heavier and can’t be suspended in the water column.

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36
Q

Three types of shorlines

A

1)Straight and sandy beach (North Carolina example)
2) Rocky (Mt. Dessert, Maine)
3) Reef and Beach (Southern Florida)

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37
Q

The North American craton is composed of

A

Highly faulted, folded, and metamorphosed rock due to repeated orogens through billions of years

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38
Q

The oldest rocks on Earth are found in

A

Craton

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39
Q

Oregoeny

A

a mountain-building event

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40
Q

Current mountain building event

A

The Himalayan Mountains and the intersection of Indian and Eurasion Continental Plates

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41
Q

Brittle

A

A rock body is subjected to a force, and it deforms by breaking or faulting

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42
Q

Reverse fault

A

compressional force

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43
Q

According to the __________, earthquakes occur when ___________ accumulates until it exceeds the strength of the rock.

A

elastic rebound theory, stress

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44
Q

Earthquakes that occur along continental tectonic rift valleys are associated with ______ faults.

A

normal faults

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45
Q

Seismic P waves and S waves

A

earth’s interior

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46
Q

Focus center

A

where the rupture occurs that causes an earthquake

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47
Q

Epicenter

A

location on the earth’s surface that represents where an earthquake

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48
Q

principle of superposition

A

states each sedimentary layer of an undisturbed sequence is younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it is

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49
Q

Principle of faunal succession

A

sedimentary rock layers in an outcrop contain distinct fossils in a definite sequence

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50
Q

Principle of horizontally

A

sediments are deposited as essentially horizontal beds

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51
Q

Principle of cross-cutting relationships

A

cross-cutting members (think intrusions, veins, faults, or other) are younger than the layers they cut across

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52
Q

Relative ages of rocks may be determined using

A

Both the principle of original horizontality and the principle of cross-cutting relationships

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53
Q

Syncline

A

Is ‘U-shaped’ in cross-section and is the result of compressional stress

54
Q

Reverse Fault

A

compressional stress

55
Q

Outcrop

A

bedrock that underlies the earth’s surface is exposed.

56
Q

Geologic maps

A

represent the earth’s surface

57
Q

During metamorphism, a rock undergoes mineralogical and textural changes

A

While in a solid state with heat and pressure

58
Q

Contact metamorphism

A

type of metamorphism created by the intrusion of an igneous dike into shallow pre-existing rock

59
Q

Gneiss

A

A kind of high grade metamorphic rock

60
Q

Foliation

A

the crystal like structure in metamorphic rock caused by directional stress

61
Q

non-folaited rocks

A

quartz and marble

62
Q

Ways to reduce risk of earthquakes

A

First, proper land use policies that avoid zones with common earthquakes. In the lecture we discussed avoiding the mistakes that were made in construction along the San Andreas fault line.
Next, proper emergency planning such as the tsunami wall that was built in Japan.
Finally, earthquake building codes and engineering requirements.

63
Q

3 characteristics of mass movement

A

(1) nature of the slope or the angle
(2)the amount of water present
(3)the steepness and stability of the slope

64
Q

Unconformity

A

a missing layer of rock

65
Q

Physical Weathering

A

When a rock is broken down into particles (sand, gravel, boulders), clay minerals, and dissolved ions

66
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

When a rock is broken down through chemical processes rather than mechanistic processes

67
Q

3 process that cause erosion

A

Erosion is the process by which of sediments are removed through natural causes such as wind, bodies of water (such as rivers), or the melting of glaciers.

Thus, three natural process that frequently cause erosion are:

(1)wind
(2)river movement and progression
(3)melting of glaciers

68
Q

Sequences to describe geologic time

A

(1) Eons
(2) Eras
(3) Periods

69
Q

Mass Movement

A

The downward progression of materials by the force of gravity

70
Q

How can you describe earth science or geology?

A

A process of observing present conditions and the rock record, creating and testing hypotheses to explain ways that different rocks types are formed, and relating these to the development of the Earth

71
Q

Where can you find a convergent tectonic plate boundary on an unknown continent

A

Deep sea trench offshore or near a line of volcanos

72
Q

Earth systems

A

(1) Climate
(2) Geodynamo
(3) Plate Tectonic

73
Q

Convergent Boundary

A

Oceanic crust subduct to make a chain of volcanos

74
Q

Mid Ocean ridges are:

A

(1) spreading centers
(2) Places where no crust is created

75
Q

Actualism

A

Applications of a modern process to an ancient system.

76
Q

Catastrophism

A

catastrophic events such as (1) volcanic activity (2) earthquake activity (3) impact activity

77
Q

Pangea

A

The name of an ancient supercontinent that made up of all present day continents

78
Q

Geology is a

A

diachrnous science

79
Q

Continental crust

A

less dense and floats on oceanic crust

80
Q

Earth layers in order

A

(1)crust
(2) mantle
(3) outer Core
(4) inner Core

81
Q

Mineral

A

naturally occurring crystalline structure, generally inorganic, specific chemical composition

82
Q

Atlantic Mid-Ocean Ridge

A

divergent boundary

83
Q

Rock

A

natrually occuring solid aggrigate of minerals or non-mineral solids

84
Q

Mohs Scale of Hardness Level 1 examples

A

Talc and baby powder

85
Q

Principle of Uniformitarianism

A

The present is the key to past

86
Q

Hot spots or mantle plumes location

A

On the ocean floor in spots like Hawaii

87
Q

A passive continental margin is an area of

A

(1) Beaches and shallow seas
(2) Swamps and Marshes

88
Q

Active continental margin

A

(1) Volcanic activity
(2) Mountain building
(3) tectonic plate boundaries

89
Q

Mantle Convection?

A

drives plate tectonics

90
Q

Convergent margins

A

Crust is sub ducted and pushed back into the mantel

91
Q

Moh’s Scale of Hardness: Dimond

A

(1) Hardenss of a 10
(2) Glassy fracture

92
Q

Isochrons and mid ocean divergent boundaries are

A

closer together to indicate spreading

93
Q

James Hutton

A

Father of modern geology

94
Q

An igneous rock contains mostly quartz, in the form of silica, and feldspar is

A

felsic

95
Q

first minerals to crystallize out of a melt are

A

Olivine and calcium

96
Q

NOT magmatic intrusions

A

Lahars, cinder cones, and calderas

97
Q

Igneous rocks form from

A

Molten liquid deep in the earth

98
Q

Large intrusion of felsic magma deep in the Earth forms a

A

Granite Batholith

99
Q

igneous intrusion

A

sill or concordant

100
Q

Intrusive ingenious rocks

A

cool slowly

100
Q

Stratovolcanoes

A

Volcanoes made of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material

100
Q

shield volcanos

A

broad and dome shaped

100
Q

Maurice ‘Doc’ Ewing

A

Young Oceanic crust

100
Q

Vine & Matthews

A

seafloor spreading

101
Q

J. Tuzo Wilson

A

Plane geometry

101
Q

Alfred Wegener

A

Continetal drift

101
Q

Harry Hess

A

seafloor bathymetry

101
Q

Ring of Fire

A

Describes all of the volcanoes and earthquakes that occur on the continents edges’ that surround the Pacific Ocean

101
Q

Hugo Benioff

A

Seismeticity

102
Q

Felsic

A

GRanite

103
Q

Mafic

A

Gabbro

104
Q

Arete

A

knife-like ridges between
glacial valleys

forms by erosion on opposite sides

105
Q

Cirque

A

amphitheater-shaped bowls on
mountain peaks

forms at the head of a glacial valley

106
Q

Continental glacier

A

a large, continuous sheet of ice that covers a large area of land

107
Q

Fjord

A

submerged U-shaped valleys

108
Q

Glacier

A

Formed by glacier cycle
(1) snow accumulates (snow)
(2) crystalizes into ice (granular ice)
(3) With pressure ice starts to flow like vicious liquid (firn)
–> Glacial ice with only 20% bubbles

Forms as the result of the glacial budget

109
Q

Glacial Till

A

unstratified,
poorly sorted, allpoorly sorted, all
sizes)

Sierra Neveda

110
Q

Moraine

A

cumulation of rocky, sandy, clayey
material carried and deposited by the ice material carried and deposited by the ice
–> Many Types of morraines – named for position

111
Q

U-shaped valley

A

forms by valley glacier’s erosion

Yosemite valley is an example

112
Q

Valley glacier

A

alpine glaciers like junea alaska

113
Q

Eolian

A

pertain to wind activity in the study of geology and weather and specifically to the wind’s ability to shape the surface of the Earth

114
Q

How do sand grains travel in deserts

A

Sand grains travel in deserts via ripples (or dunes) just like they travel in water

wind moves it like a conveyer belt

115
Q

3 types of dunes

A

(1)barchan - crescent shape. Product of limited sand supply and unidirectional wind
(2)linear - moderate sand supply, rough movement but wind is directional
(3)transverse dune - form in air desserts where there is abundant sand.

116
Q

Loess

A

fallen atmospheric dust creates a
deposit

117
Q

Chenier

A
118
Q

Continental shelves

A

● low sloping offshore area
● economically important (drilling for oil and natural gas)

119
Q

Continental slope and rise

A

● canyons and submarine fans occur
● turbidity flows of sediment

120
Q

Factors that influence shoreline erosion and deposition

A

● uplift / subsidence
● nature of rocks or sediments
● changes in sea level
● storm wave impact
● heights of tides

121
Q

Storm surge

A

Important factor when hurricanes or other large storms push water onto land. It
can be described as the added height of water that comes ashore with a storm. Can do significant
damage onshore.

122
Q

Waves

A

crest and trough, wavelength- distance between wave crests, wave height- the vertical distance between the crest and trough, and period – the time it takes for 2 successive wave crests to pass a certain point

123
Q

Glacial Sediment

A

poorly sorted
mix of boulders to clay

Geology (1 decks)

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