Final Exam Flashcards
sports medicine umbrella
performance enhancement (ex. exercise physiology, sports nutrition)
injury care & management (ex. practice of medicine, athletic training)
athletic trainer
health care professional who specializes in preventing, recognizing, managing and rehabilitating of athletic injuries
AT roles and responsibilities
risk reduction, wellness and health literacy
assessment, evaluation and diagnosis
critical incident management (emergency care)
therapeutic intervention (rehabilitation)
healthcare administration and professional responsibility
strength and conditioning coach
responsible for making certain that an athlete is fit for competition
conducts both team and individual training sessions
personal trainers
responsible for designing comprehensive exercise or fitness programs for an individual client based on that person’s health history, capabilities, and objectives for fitness
coach
directly responsible for preventing injuries by seeing that athletes have undergone a preventive injury conditioning program
make sure the protective equipment is properly maintained
aware of activities that may potentially cause injuries
roles and responsibilities of athletic trainer
provides care/treatment of an injured patient under the direction and guidance of or in cooperation with a physician
prevention: educate the athletes and manage risks by making the competitive environment as safe as possible to reduce the likelihood of injury (preparticipation screenings, physical examinations, educating parents)
proficient in designing and supervising rehabilitation
discontinuing therapeutic intervention
educate the general publinc
responsibilities of the team physician
compiling medical histories (physical exams, preparticipation screening)
diagnosing injury (responsible for diagnosing an injury and should be keenly aware of the program rehabilitation)
determining when an athlete should be disqualified
attending practices and games
developing a risk management plan
developing an emergency action plan
providing emergency phones
crisis management
preparticipation health exams
medical history
physical examination (cardiovascular screening, orthopedic screening)
general medical screening (maturity assessment, medications, mental health)
wellness screening
HIPPA
health insurance portability and accountability act
regulates how any member of the sports medicine team who has health information about an athlete can share that info with others
athletes have access to medical records, more control over how their protected heath information is used and disclosed
FERPA
family educational rights and privacy act
law that protects the privacy of student educational records
gives parents certain rights with respect to their children’s educational records, transfers to the student when they reach the age of 18 or attends school beyond high school level
liability
being legally responsible for the harm one causes another person
negligence
failure to use ordinary or reasonable care - care that persons would normally exercise to avoid injury to themselves or to others under similar circumstances
standard or reasonable care
assumes that an individual is neither exceptionally skillful nor extraordinarily cautious but is a person of reasonable and ordinary prudence.
torts
legal wrongs committed against the person or property of another
nonfeasance
act of omission
individual fails to perform a legal duty
malfeasance
act of commission
wherein an individual commits an act that is not legally his or hers to perform
misfeasance
wherein an individual improperly does something that he or she has the legal right to do
product liability
liability of any or all parties along the chain of manufacture of any product for damage caused by that product
manufactures have a duty to design an produce equipment that will not cause injury as long as it is used as intended
periodization
an approach to conditioning that attempts to bring about peak performance while reducing injuries and overtraining in the athlete by developing a training and conditioning program to be followed throughout the various seasons.
takes into account athletes different training and conditioning need during different seasons and modifies the program according to individual needs.
principles of conditioning
warm-up/cool-down
motivation
overload
consistency
progression
intensity
specificity
individuality
stress
safety
avoid overtraining
warm-up
prepares the body physiologically for some upcoming physical work bout
stimulate the cardiorespiratory system to a moderate degree, increasing blood flow to skeletal muscles
cool-down
enables the body to cool and return to resting state
about 5 to 10 minutes
nutrients: carbohydrates
body’s most efficient source of energy
should account for 45%-65% of total caloric intake
simple carbohydrates - digested quickly and contain refined sugars (fruits, yogurt)
complex carbohydrates - take longer to digest and are usually packed with fiber, vitamins, and minerals (bread, pasta)
nutrients: fats
most concentrated source of energy, providing more than 2x the calories per gram compared to carbs or proteins
used as a primary source of energy
saturated fats - primarily from animal sources
trans fast - junk food
unsaturated fats - from plants
nutrients: proteins
needed for growth, maintenance, and repair of all body tissues
needed to make enzymes, many hormones, and antibodies
basic unit that makes up proteins are amino acids
nutrients: vitamins
perform essential roles primarily as regulators of body processes
play critical role in tissue healing and repair
nutrients: minerals
more than 20 mineral elements need to be supplied by the diet
needed for forming strong bones and teeth, generating energy, activating enzymes, maintaining water balance
nutrients: water
most essential nutrient
about 60% of the adults body weight is water
takes part in digestion and maintaining the proper environment inside and outside cells
pre-event nutrition
purpose should be to maximize carbohydrate stored in the muscles as well as blood glucose
3 to 4 hours prior to practice or competition
weight loss
dieting - ineffective means of weight control, loss of lean tissue
exercise - 80% to 90% loss of fat tissue with almost no loss of lean tissue, enhance cardiorespiratory endurance, improve strength, and increase flexibility
combination of exercise and dieting - most efficient method of decreasing body fat, negative caloric balance, relatively fast and easy
weight gain
aim should be to increase lean body mass
1 to 2 pounds per week
adding 500 to 1,000 calories daily will provide energy needs of gaining 1 to 2 pounds per week
binge eating
continues to eat when they are not hungry or will eat so much they are uncomfortable or even nauseated
simply cannot stop
to be classified, the individual worries about eating a larger amount of food at one time than a normal person would consume within a 2-hour period, often when bored or depressed
bulimia nervosa
recurrent episodes of rapid, uncontrollable ingestion of large amounts of food in a short time, usually followed by purging, by either forced volume and/or abuse of laxatives or diuretics
typically white female, ranging from 12 to 18
can cause stomach rupture, disrupt heart rhythm, and cause liver damage
stomach acids can cause tooth decay
anorexia nervosa
characterized by a distorted body image and major concern about weight gain
deny hunger and are hyperactive, engaging in abnormal amounts of exercise such as aerobics or distance running
avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)
don’t eat because they feel eating has harmful consequences or avoid specific foods because of their color, texture, taste, or smell
ARFID begins in childhood and can be referred to as a “picky eater”
don’t consume enough food, have a normal appetite, or grow and develop normally
tend to exhibit significant weight loss
anorexia athletica
specific to athletes characterized by several features common to anorexia nervosa, but without self-starvation practices
disturbance of body image, weight loss greater than 5% body weight, gastrointestinal complaints, primary amenorrhea (lack of periods), menstrual dysfunction, absence of medical illness explaining weight reduction, excessive fear of becoming obese, binging or purging, compulsive eating, and/or restriction of caloric intake
legal concerns in using protective equipment
if injury occurs due to an athlete using equipment and the equipment is determined to be defective or inadequate for its intended purpose, the manufacturer is considered liable
if the equipment is modified, and an athlete wearing that equipment is injured, likely the lawsuit would involve both the individual who modified the piece of equipment individually and the employing institution
off the shelf vs. custom protective equipment
off the shelf - premade and packaged by the manufacturer and used immediately without modification, can cause problems with size/fit
customized - constructed according to the individual characteristics of the athlete
different types of protective equipment
head protection (helmets)
face protection (face guards, mouth guards, ear guards, eye protection devices)
trunk and thorax protection (shoulder pads, sports bras, hexpad shirt, hexpads, genital cup)
lower extremity (shoes, socks)
elbow pads, gloves, splints
elastic wraps
most often used for compression of an acute injury to limit the amount of swelling that occurs
can be used to secure a dressing for a wound or to hold a pad/ice pack in place
taping
nonelastic white adhesive tape
elastic adhesive tape
waterproof tape
taping techniques
prep skin by using tape adherent spray
apply heel and lace pads
the width of tape depends on the angles
heat cramps
causes: excessive sweating, loss of water/sodium, imbalance between water & electrolytes
signs: muscle cramps/twitching, pain, thirst, sweating, fatigue
treatment: go in shade, replace fluids usually with electrolytes/sodium
stretching
heat exhaustion
causes: prolonged sweating, inadequate fluid replacement, dehydration, diarrhea
signs/symptoms: dizzy, extreme fatigue/weakness, rapid weak pulse, cramping, core temp below 105 degrees
treatment: no participation, remove clothing/equipment, monitor vitals
heat stroke
causes: thermoregulatory failure
signs/symptoms: severe headache, confusion, loss of balance, irrational behavior, seizure, dry, hot , red, rapid strong pulse (160 - 180), core temp above 105 degrees
treatments: no participation, remove clothing/equipment, monitor vitals, ice bath
prevention of heat illness
Hydration (before during and after activity)
Adequate amount of rest
Screen for Hx of Heat Illness or malignant hyperthermia
Maintain record of weight loss during practice
Monitor Heat Index
Modify practice attire
If your sick don’t practice
Educate athlete and coaches
Back up plans
Frequent Breaks
tips for safer practices
Encourage athletes to practice before two-a-days begin
Avoid workouts during unusually hot temperatures:
Early morning, Late nights
Make fluids part of your daily practice routine
Use the shade
Wear loose-fitting clothing
Be prepared for an emergency!
hypothermia
Does not happen too often in sports
High Winds, Severe Cold, Damp weather or combination of any
Shivering stops when core temp of 85-90°F
Death is when core temp is between77-85°F
frostbite
white, waxy, black,
Firm
Deep, skin and other tissue
May blister and be painful for weeks
lightning
flash to bang method: count seconds, 5 = miles away, within 5 flee
where to go?
buildings, car, low area and crouch
altitude
physiological response:
less oxygen, increase HR, increase breathing (hyperventilation)
emergency action plan
provides guidelines and templates to help prepare individuals for a catastrophic injury situation within sports
primary survey
check for life-threatening injuries
emergency personnel, emergency communication, emergency equipment, roles of first responders, activation of emergency medical system, venue directions, sports medicine staff and phone numbers
care of athlete primary survey
hold c-spine
responsive
airway
breathing
circulation
shock
bleeding
make the call
immediate care of the athlete secondary survey
vitals (pulse, respiration rate, BP, temp, skin color, PEARL, movement)
history (from athlete, bystander)
musculoskeletal evaluation (HOPRS)
equipment retrieval
physiological effects of cold and heat
Ice controls swelling process – does not reduce and helps with pain/numbness
five signs of inflammation
redness
swelling
heat
pain
loss of function
three phases of healing
- inflammatory response phase (immediately after injury, phagocytic cells clean up the mess created by injury) redness, swelling, tendernesa, increased temperature, and loss of function
- fibroblastic repair phase (scar formation and repair of injured tissue occurs, begins within the first few hours following injury and may last for as long as 4 to 6 weeks. signs and symptoms from the inflammatory response subside, some tenderness to touch)
- maturation-remodeling phase (long-term process, realignment or remodeling of the scar tissue according to the tensile forces to which that scar is subjected
difference between acute vs chronic injuries
acute - suddenly (when a person falls, receives blow or twist a joint)
chronic - overuse of one area of the body and develop gradually over time
fractures
broken bones
occur as a result of extreme stresses and strains place on bones
dislocations
when at least one bone in a joint is forced completely out of its normal and proper alignment and must be manually or surgically put back in place or reduced
subluxation
like a dislocation except that the bone comes partially out of its normal articulation but then goes right back into place
sprains
damage to a ligament or joint capsule that provides support to a joint
strains
if a muscle is overstretched or forced to contract against high loads or heavy resistance, separation or tearing of the muscle fibers occurs
contusions
bruise
myositis ossificans
calcium formations
tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon
in repair phase - heat before/ice after
active ROM
Checks to see that neuro pathway is intact, shows patients limits due to pain or other restrictions, is done 1st by the patient
passive ROM
Checks to rule out muscle – Decrease pain compared to active means it is muscle – pain the same means it is non-contractile injury – is done 2nd by the clinician
resistive ROM
Checks strength and functional ability – is done 3rd by the patient and clinician together/manual muscle testing
ankle anterior drawer test
leg off edge of table, knee flexed at 90 degrees
positive test = talus moves anterior away from talocrural joint, pain
talar tilt
inversion - test integrity of deltoid ligament, excessive movement = positive
eversion -
klieger test
seated with knee full extension and foot off the table
test the distal ankle syndesmosis, positive test = pain superior to lateral malleolus
percussion/bump test
patient is seated with knee in full extension and ankle off table
gentle to firm tapping/bumping on heel of patient
test for small fractures of tibia and fibula
compression/squeeze test
patient is seated position with knee in full extension
gently compresses the tibia and fibula together
test for small fractures in tibia and fibula, positive test = pain at site of injury
thompson test
patient is prone (face down) with knee in full extension and foot off table
squeezes the muscle belly
test the integrity of the achilles tendon
positive test = lack of plantarflexion, rupture of achilles tendon
knee anterior drawer test
patient lies supine, knee flexed at 90 degress
sit on patients foot
anterior force applied on tibia
positive test = increase of anterior displacement of tibia, pain
test integrity of ACL
lachmans test
paitent lies supine with knee extended and relaxed
passively flex the knee to 30 degress and apply anterior force to tibia
positive test = increase to anterior displacement of tibia, pain
test integrity of ACL
knee posterior drawer test
patient lies supine, hip flexed at 45 degrees, knee at 90 degrees
apply posterior force on tibia
positive test = an increase in posterior displacement of tibia, pain
test for integrity of PCL
posterior sag test
patient lies supine, hips flexed
positive test = increase in posterior displacement of tibia
test for integrity of PCL
godfrey 90 90
patient lies supine and relaxed
passively flex knees and hips to 90 degrees
positive test = increase in positive displacement of tibia
test for integrity of PCL
knee valgus test
patient lies supine and relaxed
apply gradual lateral (valgus) force to knee, flex knee to 30 degrees apply more force
positive test = knee pain and/or opening of joint
test for test integrity of MCL, PCL, and joint capsule
knee varus
patient lies supine and relaxed
gradual medial force (varus) force to knee and flex knee to 30 degrees
positive test = knee pain, and/or opening of joint
test for integrity of LCL, PCL, and joint capsule
apleys compression & distraction test
patient lies prone with knee flexed at 90 degrees
apleys compression - apply downward force, compression knee and rotating tibia medially and laterally
apleys distraction test - pull upwards distracting knee and rotating tibia medially and laterally
postive test = pain, clicking, locking, or restriction with rotation of tibia (compression), decrease pain, locking, clicking (distraction)
test for tear in meniscus
mcmurray test
patient lies supine and relaxed
knee and hip flexed to 90 degrees, grasp heel and externally rotate tibia and apply valgus (lateral) force
positive test = click or catch on medial/lateral joint line, pain
test for tear in meniscus, external rotated (medial meniscus), internal rotated (lateral meniscus)
patellar apprehension test
patient lies supine with knee in full extension
gently push patella laterally
positive test = patient is apprehensive or contracts quads to prevent movement
test for dislocation/subluxation
drop arm
test: patient standing or seated with arms extended, passively ABduct to 90 degrees, have patient ADduct arms to side slowly
positive test: significant pain or cannot drop both arms slowly
test for: rotator cuff pathology
empty can
test: patient is seated or standing, grab wrist and ABduct shoulder to 90 degrees and horizontally ADduct to 90 degrees, turn wrist so thumb is pointed to ground
positive test: weakness/pain
test for: weakness = involvement of suprascapular nerve, pain = tendonitis or pinch
piano key
test: patient seated or standing with arm relaxed at side, hands on clavicle and shoulder, downward force to distal clavicle
positive test: clavicle is able to be depressed/elevates after pressure is applied
test for: instability or sprain in AC joint
acromioclavicular compression
test: patient is seated or standing with arm relaxed, palm of hands on anterior clavicle and spine of scapula. squeeze hands together
positive test: pain or movement of distal clavicle
test for: instability or sprain of AC joint
sulcus sign
test: patient seated with forearm in lap, apply inferior force to distal hand distracting humeral joint
positive test: excessive inferior humeral head translation with sulcus inferior to acromion
test for: glenohumeral instability
shoulder anterior apprehension
test: patient lies supine with shoulder off table, arm abducted to 90 degrees, slowly externally rotate glenohumeral joint to ground
positive test: patient looks or expresses feelins
test for instability
neers impingement
test: patient is seated or standing with arm relaxed at side, stabilize the scapula, internally rotate humerus, passively and maximally lex shoulder
positive test: shoulder pain, apprehension
test for: impingement of shoulder (supraspinatus and LH of bicep tendon)
hawkins-kennedy impingement
test: patient is seated or standing with upper extremity relaxed, flex shoulder and elbow to 90 degrees, internally rotate glenohumeral joint
positive test: pain, apprehension
test for: impingement of shoulder (supraspinatus)
heel contusion/bruise
definition: disruption of blood vessels on the heel
injury category: contusion
structure: blood vessels
MOI: direct blow/hard loading
location: plantar surface of the calcaneus
special notes:
plantar fascitis
definition: inflammation of the plantar fascia
injury category: -itis
structure: plantar fascia
MOI: 1. poor footwear 2. bad foot mechanics 3. tight gastrocnemius
location: medial long arch and insertion on the calcaneus
special notes:
turf toes (sprain toe)
definition: sprain of the great toe
injury category: sprain
structure: ligament
MOI: hyperextension of great toe
location: plantar surface of first MTP
special notes:
interdigital neuroma (morton’s neuroma)
definition: nodule/tumor on a nerve between your digits (usually 3rd and 4th)
injury category: nerve
structure: nerve
MOI: narrow toe box/shoes
location: inbetween the met heads moving into the related toes
special notes:
lateral/inversion ankle sprain
definition: stretch or tear of the anterior talofibular ligament and/or calcaneofibular ligament when sole of foot turns inward
injury category: sprain
structure: anterior talofibular ligament and/or calcaneofibular ligament
MOI: inversion stpe on uneven surface, sole inward
location: lateral inferior to lateral malleolus
special notes: ankle anterior drawer, talar tilt (inversion)
eversion ankle sprain
definition: stretch or tear of deltoid ligament when sole of foot turns outward
injury category: sprain
structure: deltoid ligament
MOI: eversion, stepping on uneven surface, sole of foot outward
location: medial aspect of ankle
special notes: talar tilt (eversion), kleiger (low & medial)
high/syndesmosis ankle sprain
definition: “high ankle sprain”, stretch or tear of the sydesmosis
injury category: sprain
structure: syndesmosis
MOI: eversion or external rotation with dorsiflexion
location: superior to lateral malleolus
special notes: kleiger (high and lateral)
achilles tendonitis
definition: inflammation of achilles tendon
injury category: -itis
structure: achilles tendon
MOI: repeat plantarflexion & dorsiflexion
location: posterior ankle (distal)
special notes:
achilles rupture
definition: complete tear of achilles tendon (grade 3 sprain)
injury category: strain
structure: achilles tendon
MOI: on stretch with forceful plantarflexion
location: over achilles tendon distal posterior ankle region
special notes: thompson test
compartment syndrome
definition: inflammation/swelling within a compartment
injury category:
structure: compartment (fascia)
MOI: 1. chronic repeat dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
location: lower leg
special notes:
shin splints/ medial tibial stress syndrome
definition: inflammation on the medial aspect of tibia
injury category:
structure: fascia
MOI: 1. repeat dorsi/plantarflexion 2. improper footware
location: distal 1/3 on the medial aspect (difuse)
special notes:
stress fractures
definition: overuse fracture (broken bone)
injury category: fracture
structure: bone
MOI: 1. repeat dorsi/plantarflexion 2. improper footware 3. improper foot mechanics
location: localized area on the tibia
special notes: percussion test
ACL tear
definition: stretch or tear of anterior cruciate ligament
injury category: sprain
structure: ACL
MOI: valgus (lateral) force, with knee flexion & rotation and deceleration
location: anterior aspect of the knee joint line
special notes: acute, kne anterior drawer, anterior lachmans
MCL tear
definition: stretch or tear of medial collateral ligament
injury category: sprain
structure: MCL
MOI: varus force (medial)
location: lateral aspect of the knee joint line
special notes: acute, valgus
PCL tear
definition: stretch or tear of the posterior cruciate ligament
injury category: sprain
structure: PCL
MOI: 1. hyperextension of the knee, hyperflexed knee with plantarflexion
location: posterior aspect of knee joint line
special notes: acute, knee posterior drawer, posterior sag, godfrey 90 90
LCL tear
definition: stretch or tear of lateral collateral ligament
injury category: sprain
structure: LCL
MOI: varus force (medial)
location: lateral aspect of the knee joint line
special notes: acute, varus
meniscus tear
definition: tear of the meniscus
injury category: other
structure: meniscus
MOI: rotational force
location: anterior aspect of the knee joint line
special notes: acute, mcmurray, apley’s compression, apley’s distraction
patellar tendonitis
definition: inflammation of the patellar tendon
injury category: -itis
structure: patellar tendon
MOI: repeat knee flex/ext
location: anterior aspect of the knee
special notes: chronic
patellar subluxation/dislocation
definition: patella is no longer in its original anatomical position
injury category: dislocation/subluxation
structure: patella
MOI: valgus force with knee flexion
location: anterior aspect of the knee
special notes: acute
IT band friction syndrome
definition: inflammation on the IT band (distally)
injury category: -itis
structure: IT band
MOI: repeat knee flex/ext
location: lateral knee over femoral condyle (distal)
special notes: chronic
quad contusion
definition:
injury category: contusion
structure: quadricep
MOI: sudden blow
location:
special notes:
quad/hamstring strains
definition: stretch or tear of quadriceps or hamstrings
injury category: stain
structure: quads and hamstrings
MOI: not exactly know, speculated quick change of hamstring from knee stabilizer to hip
location:
special notes:
hip pointer
definition: iliac crest contusion and contusion of abdominal musculature
injury category: contusion
structure: iliac crest
MOI: direct blow to iliac crest
location:
special notes:
hip dislocation
definition:
injury category: dislocation
structure:
MOI: traumatic force
location:
special notes:
dislocation/subluxation of GH joint
definition: glenohumeral joint not in alignment
injury category: dislocation/subluxation
structure: GH joint
MOI: FOOSH or abduction with external rotation of shoulder
location: shoulder joint
special notes: acute, anterior apprehension, sulcus sign
impingement of rotator cuff
definition: inflammation in the subacromial space involves the RC muscles
injury category: -itis
structure: supraspinatus (RC cuff)
MOI: repeat overhead activity
location: superior shoulder
special notes: chronic, drop arm, empty can, hawkins-kennedy, neers
bicep tendonitis
definition: inflammation of the bicep tendon
injury category: -itis
structure: long head of bicep tendon
MOI: repeat shoulder flexion or overhead activity
location: anterior shoulder
special notes: chronic, neer’s
AC separation
definition: stretch or tear of the ligaments holding the clavicle to the acromion process
injury category: sprain
structure: AC ligaments
MOI: FOOSH or direct blow to the superior tip aspect of shoulder
location: superior shoulder over AC joint
special notes: acute
clavicle fracture
definition: fracture of the clavicle
injury category: fracture
structure: clavicle
MOI: FOOSH or direct blow
location: anterior shoulder
special notes: acute
medial and lateral epicondylitis
definition: inflammation of the medial/lateral epicondyle
injury category: -itis
structure: extensor tendons (lateral), flexor tendons (medial)
MOI: repeat wrist extension (lateral), repeat wrist flexion (medial)
location: lateral elbow, medial elbow
special notes: chronic
scaphoid fracture
definition: fracture of the scaphoid bone
injury category: fracture
structure: scaphoid
MOI: FOOSH
location: anatomical snuff box - proximal thumb/wrist
special notes: acute
carpal tunnel syndrome
definition: inflammation in the tunnel resulting in compression of the median nerve
injury category: other
structure: median nerve
MOI: wirst extension with repeat finger flexion
location: palm to digits 1-3
special notes: chronic
colle’s fracture
definition: fracture of the distal radisu
injury category: fracture
structure: radius (distal)
MOI: FOOSH
location: distal forearm (thumb side)
special notes: acute
gamekeepers thumb
definition: stretch or tear of the thumb & UCL (ulnar collateral ligament) at MCP joint
injury category: sprain
structure: 1 MCP UCL
MOI: force abduction & hyperextension of 1st MCP joint
location: medial 1st MCP (thumb)
special notes: acute
pnemothorax
definition: pleural cavity (lungs) filled with air
spontaneous
tension-shortness of breath and chest pain on side of injury
cyanosis (bluish color in skin due to oxygen shortage in blood)
distention of neck veins
trachea may deviate away from site of injury
hemothorax
definition: blood in pleural cavity
caused by chest trauma
symptoms: pain, difficulty breathing, cyanosis
hyperventilation
definition: rapid/deep breathing
caused by anxiety or panic, sometimes asthma
sudden death
most common cause in 35 and younger population
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
anomalous origin of the L coronary artery
marfans syndrom (abnormality or connective tissue reaulting in weakening of the aorta)
symptoms: chest pain, heart palpatations, syncope, nausea, profuse sweating, heart murmurs, shortness of breath, fever
appendicitis
definition: inflammation of the appendix
MOI: fecal obstruction, lymph swelling, carcinoid tumor
special notes: can be acute or chronic
spleen
definition: organ most often injured by blunt trauma
MOI: fall or direct blow to ULQ of abdomen
signs/symptoms: History of severe blow to abdomen
Possible signs of shock
Abdominal rigidity
Nausea and vomiting
Referred pain referred to as………Kehr’s Sign
cervical sprain (whiplash)
Present as a strained neck but symptoms last longer
Identified by MOI
Tenderness just lateral of midline
Always appears a day after trauma
brachial plexus neuropraxia (stinger or burner)
Stretch or Compression of Nerve
Pain, numbness, and sometimes weakness
disk herniation
tear in tough fibrous annular ring that surrounds soft inner core
symptoms: pain that radiates down your arm and possibly into your hand, pain near shoulder blade
spondylosis, spondylylosis, spondylolisthesis
definition: degenration of the vertebrae and defect in the articular processes of the vertebrae , (spondylolisthesis is complication of spondylolysis)
MOI: hyperextension of the spine
signs/symptoms: persistent aching pain or stiffness across low back with increased pain after physical activity
recognition/management of concussions
definition: trauma-induced alteration of mental status that may or may not involve loss of consciousness
cause: direct blow to head, neck, or elsewhere on the body with impulsive forces transmitted to head
symptoms: headache, emotional, “in a fog”, loss of consciousness, amnesia, irritability, slowed reaction times, drowsiness or insomnia
second impact syndrome
definition: rapid swelling of the brain following a second concussion occurring before the symptoms of a previous concussion have resolved
cause: blow to chest, back, neck, head
symptoms: may look “stunned”, within 15 seconds to several minutes condition worsens rapidly with loss of consciousness leading to coma, dilated pupils, loss of eye movement, and respiratory failure
