Final Exam Flashcards
sports medicine umbrella
performance enhancement (ex. exercise physiology, sports nutrition)
injury care & management (ex. practice of medicine, athletic training)
athletic trainer
health care professional who specializes in preventing, recognizing, managing and rehabilitating of athletic injuries
AT roles and responsibilities
risk reduction, wellness and health literacy
assessment, evaluation and diagnosis
critical incident management (emergency care)
therapeutic intervention (rehabilitation)
healthcare administration and professional responsibility
strength and conditioning coach
responsible for making certain that an athlete is fit for competition
conducts both team and individual training sessions
personal trainers
responsible for designing comprehensive exercise or fitness programs for an individual client based on that person’s health history, capabilities, and objectives for fitness
coach
directly responsible for preventing injuries by seeing that athletes have undergone a preventive injury conditioning program
make sure the protective equipment is properly maintained
aware of activities that may potentially cause injuries
roles and responsibilities of athletic trainer
provides care/treatment of an injured patient under the direction and guidance of or in cooperation with a physician
prevention: educate the athletes and manage risks by making the competitive environment as safe as possible to reduce the likelihood of injury (preparticipation screenings, physical examinations, educating parents)
proficient in designing and supervising rehabilitation
discontinuing therapeutic intervention
educate the general publinc
responsibilities of the team physician
compiling medical histories (physical exams, preparticipation screening)
diagnosing injury (responsible for diagnosing an injury and should be keenly aware of the program rehabilitation)
determining when an athlete should be disqualified
attending practices and games
developing a risk management plan
developing an emergency action plan
providing emergency phones
crisis management
preparticipation health exams
medical history
physical examination (cardiovascular screening, orthopedic screening)
general medical screening (maturity assessment, medications, mental health)
wellness screening
HIPPA
health insurance portability and accountability act
regulates how any member of the sports medicine team who has health information about an athlete can share that info with others
athletes have access to medical records, more control over how their protected heath information is used and disclosed
FERPA
family educational rights and privacy act
law that protects the privacy of student educational records
gives parents certain rights with respect to their children’s educational records, transfers to the student when they reach the age of 18 or attends school beyond high school level
liability
being legally responsible for the harm one causes another person
negligence
failure to use ordinary or reasonable care - care that persons would normally exercise to avoid injury to themselves or to others under similar circumstances
standard or reasonable care
assumes that an individual is neither exceptionally skillful nor extraordinarily cautious but is a person of reasonable and ordinary prudence.
torts
legal wrongs committed against the person or property of another
nonfeasance
act of omission
individual fails to perform a legal duty
malfeasance
act of commission
wherein an individual commits an act that is not legally his or hers to perform
misfeasance
wherein an individual improperly does something that he or she has the legal right to do
product liability
liability of any or all parties along the chain of manufacture of any product for damage caused by that product
manufactures have a duty to design an produce equipment that will not cause injury as long as it is used as intended
periodization
an approach to conditioning that attempts to bring about peak performance while reducing injuries and overtraining in the athlete by developing a training and conditioning program to be followed throughout the various seasons.
takes into account athletes different training and conditioning need during different seasons and modifies the program according to individual needs.
principles of conditioning
warm-up/cool-down
motivation
overload
consistency
progression
intensity
specificity
individuality
stress
safety
avoid overtraining
warm-up
prepares the body physiologically for some upcoming physical work bout
stimulate the cardiorespiratory system to a moderate degree, increasing blood flow to skeletal muscles
cool-down
enables the body to cool and return to resting state
about 5 to 10 minutes
nutrients: carbohydrates
body’s most efficient source of energy
should account for 45%-65% of total caloric intake
simple carbohydrates - digested quickly and contain refined sugars (fruits, yogurt)
complex carbohydrates - take longer to digest and are usually packed with fiber, vitamins, and minerals (bread, pasta)
nutrients: fats
most concentrated source of energy, providing more than 2x the calories per gram compared to carbs or proteins
used as a primary source of energy
saturated fats - primarily from animal sources
trans fast - junk food
unsaturated fats - from plants
nutrients: proteins
needed for growth, maintenance, and repair of all body tissues
needed to make enzymes, many hormones, and antibodies
basic unit that makes up proteins are amino acids
nutrients: vitamins
perform essential roles primarily as regulators of body processes
play critical role in tissue healing and repair
nutrients: minerals
more than 20 mineral elements need to be supplied by the diet
needed for forming strong bones and teeth, generating energy, activating enzymes, maintaining water balance
nutrients: water
most essential nutrient
about 60% of the adults body weight is water
takes part in digestion and maintaining the proper environment inside and outside cells
pre-event nutrition
purpose should be to maximize carbohydrate stored in the muscles as well as blood glucose
3 to 4 hours prior to practice or competition
weight loss
dieting - ineffective means of weight control, loss of lean tissue
exercise - 80% to 90% loss of fat tissue with almost no loss of lean tissue, enhance cardiorespiratory endurance, improve strength, and increase flexibility
combination of exercise and dieting - most efficient method of decreasing body fat, negative caloric balance, relatively fast and easy
weight gain
aim should be to increase lean body mass
1 to 2 pounds per week
adding 500 to 1,000 calories daily will provide energy needs of gaining 1 to 2 pounds per week
binge eating
continues to eat when they are not hungry or will eat so much they are uncomfortable or even nauseated
simply cannot stop
to be classified, the individual worries about eating a larger amount of food at one time than a normal person would consume within a 2-hour period, often when bored or depressed
bulimia nervosa
recurrent episodes of rapid, uncontrollable ingestion of large amounts of food in a short time, usually followed by purging, by either forced volume and/or abuse of laxatives or diuretics
typically white female, ranging from 12 to 18
can cause stomach rupture, disrupt heart rhythm, and cause liver damage
stomach acids can cause tooth decay
anorexia nervosa
characterized by a distorted body image and major concern about weight gain
deny hunger and are hyperactive, engaging in abnormal amounts of exercise such as aerobics or distance running
avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)
don’t eat because they feel eating has harmful consequences or avoid specific foods because of their color, texture, taste, or smell
ARFID begins in childhood and can be referred to as a “picky eater”
don’t consume enough food, have a normal appetite, or grow and develop normally
tend to exhibit significant weight loss
anorexia athletica
specific to athletes characterized by several features common to anorexia nervosa, but without self-starvation practices
disturbance of body image, weight loss greater than 5% body weight, gastrointestinal complaints, primary amenorrhea (lack of periods), menstrual dysfunction, absence of medical illness explaining weight reduction, excessive fear of becoming obese, binging or purging, compulsive eating, and/or restriction of caloric intake
legal concerns in using protective equipment
if injury occurs due to an athlete using equipment and the equipment is determined to be defective or inadequate for its intended purpose, the manufacturer is considered liable
if the equipment is modified, and an athlete wearing that equipment is injured, likely the lawsuit would involve both the individual who modified the piece of equipment individually and the employing institution
off the shelf vs. custom protective equipment
off the shelf - premade and packaged by the manufacturer and used immediately without modification, can cause problems with size/fit
customized - constructed according to the individual characteristics of the athlete
different types of protective equipment
head protection (helmets)
face protection (face guards, mouth guards, ear guards, eye protection devices)
trunk and thorax protection (shoulder pads, sports bras, hexpad shirt, hexpads, genital cup)
lower extremity (shoes, socks)
elbow pads, gloves, splints
elastic wraps
most often used for compression of an acute injury to limit the amount of swelling that occurs
can be used to secure a dressing for a wound or to hold a pad/ice pack in place
taping
nonelastic white adhesive tape
elastic adhesive tape
waterproof tape
taping techniques
prep skin by using tape adherent spray
apply heel and lace pads
the width of tape depends on the angles
heat cramps
causes: excessive sweating, loss of water/sodium, imbalance between water & electrolytes
signs: muscle cramps/twitching, pain, thirst, sweating, fatigue
treatment: go in shade, replace fluids usually with electrolytes/sodium
stretching
heat exhaustion
causes: prolonged sweating, inadequate fluid replacement, dehydration, diarrhea
signs/symptoms: dizzy, extreme fatigue/weakness, rapid weak pulse, cramping, core temp below 105 degrees
treatment: no participation, remove clothing/equipment, monitor vitals
heat stroke
causes: thermoregulatory failure
signs/symptoms: severe headache, confusion, loss of balance, irrational behavior, seizure, dry, hot , red, rapid strong pulse (160 - 180), core temp above 105 degrees
treatments: no participation, remove clothing/equipment, monitor vitals, ice bath
prevention of heat illness
Hydration (before during and after activity)
Adequate amount of rest
Screen for Hx of Heat Illness or malignant hyperthermia
Maintain record of weight loss during practice
Monitor Heat Index
Modify practice attire
If your sick don’t practice
Educate athlete and coaches
Back up plans
Frequent Breaks
tips for safer practices
Encourage athletes to practice before two-a-days begin
Avoid workouts during unusually hot temperatures:
Early morning, Late nights
Make fluids part of your daily practice routine
Use the shade
Wear loose-fitting clothing
Be prepared for an emergency!
hypothermia
Does not happen too often in sports
High Winds, Severe Cold, Damp weather or combination of any
Shivering stops when core temp of 85-90°F
Death is when core temp is between77-85°F
frostbite
white, waxy, black,
Firm
Deep, skin and other tissue
May blister and be painful for weeks
lightning
flash to bang method: count seconds, 5 = miles away, within 5 flee
where to go?
buildings, car, low area and crouch
altitude
physiological response:
less oxygen, increase HR, increase breathing (hyperventilation)
emergency action plan
provides guidelines and templates to help prepare individuals for a catastrophic injury situation within sports
primary survey
check for life-threatening injuries
emergency personnel, emergency communication, emergency equipment, roles of first responders, activation of emergency medical system, venue directions, sports medicine staff and phone numbers
care of athlete primary survey
hold c-spine
responsive
airway
breathing
circulation
shock
bleeding
make the call
