Final Exam Flashcards
What are the functions of hormones?
Chemical messengers that coordinate different functions I’m the body
What is the neuroendocrine system
When the nervous system (fast but short) works together with the (low and powerful) endocrine system
How are hormones circulated through the body? Local vs circulating
Local: acts in neighboring cells or in the same cell that secretes it
Circulating: goes the rough the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream to the target cell
Define endocrine glands and tissues
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood stream and endocrine tissues contain those glands
How does the mechanism for transport differ for lipid v water soluble hormones?
Water- circulate freely in the plasma, unattached to transport proteins
Lipids- bind to transport proteins to be carried in the blood
First and second messenger systems
First messenger are the hormones
Second messenger are the hormone receptors
How are hormones regulated?
Up-regulation: increases the number of surface receptors due to a decrease in hormone receptors
Down-regulation: decreasing receptors in an abundance of hormones
The three hormone interactions
Permissive: 2 hormones are present
Synergistic: multiple hormones work together
Antagonistic: hormones oppose each other
growth hormone (GH)
Produced
Targets
Functions
Hypothalamus
Regulates protein synthesis and cellular replication
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Produced
Targets
Functions
Hypothalamus
Stimulates the release of gonadotropin
Oxytocin
Produced
Targets
Functions
Hypothalamus
Womb contraction during childbirth
Lactation
Emotional responses
Social behavior
Prolactin
Produced
Targets
Functions
Hypothalamus
Milk production and dev of mammary glad
Vasopressin
Produced
Targets
Functions
Hypothalamus
Decreases water excretion by the kidneys
growth hormone releasing hormone
Hypothalamus
Controls the pituitary glands release of growth hormones
Growth hormone (somatotrophic cells)
Ant. Pituitary
Stimulates general body growth and regulates metabolism
Thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotrophic)
Ant. Pituitary
Controls secretion in the thyroid
Follicle stimulating hormone
+ Luteinizing hormone
Ant. Pituitary
(Gonadotrophic)
In men
Stimulates sperm production
Testosterone
In women
Stimulates ovaries to mature oocytes
Secretes estrogen and progesterone
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Ant. Pituitary
Stimulates suprerenal Cortex to secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol
Thyroxine (T4)
Thyroid gland
Controls calorie burn rate
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroid
Helps maintain muscle control, brain function and development, and heart and digestive functions
Calcitonin
Thyroid
Helps regulate calcium levels by reducing the amount in blood
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid gland
Stimulates osteoclast to release calcium into blood
Cortisol
Adrenal
Regulates stress response
Aldosterone
Adrenal
Regulates BP by managing sodium and potassium levels in blood
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Pancreas
Enhances effects of sympathetic nervous system during stress
Glucagon(alpha cells)
Pancreas
Raises blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen into glucose and converting other nutrients into glucose in the liver and releasing it into the blood
Insulin (beta cells)
Pancreas
Lowers blood glucose by accelerating transport of glucose into cells converting glucose into glycogen.
Stimulates protein synthesis
Somatostatin
Pancreas
Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon. Slows absorption of nutrients from digestive canal
Pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreas
Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes
Estrogen + progesterone
Ovaries
Regulates female reproductive cycle, maintain pregnancy, development of secondary sex characteristic
Relaxin
Ovaries
Increases flexibility of build symphysis during pregnancy and helps dilate uterine cervix during labor
Inhibin
Inhibits secretion of FSH from A.P
Testosterone
Testes
Regulates sperm production, maintains secondary sex characteristics
What is the difference in function between the right and left side of the heart
Right: pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs
Left: pumps oxygen rich blood to the body
Systole vs diastole
Systole: Ventricular contraction/ ejection
Diastole: relaxing of the ventricles (filling)
Define: Cardiac output
Heart rate BPM + stroke volume
Define: Stroke volume
Blood ejected during contraction or each stroke of the heart
Define: Preload
Amount of blood in your body ventricles at rest
Define: Contractility
Ability for the heart to spring back
Define: after load
Amount of pressure needed to eject blood from the heart
