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AP II Lecture > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that coordinate different functions I’m the body

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2
Q

What is the neuroendocrine system

A

When the nervous system (fast but short) works together with the (low and powerful) endocrine system

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3
Q

How are hormones circulated through the body? Local vs circulating

A

Local: acts in neighboring cells or in the same cell that secretes it

Circulating: goes the rough the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream to the target cell

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4
Q

Define endocrine glands and tissues

A

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood stream and endocrine tissues contain those glands

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5
Q

How does the mechanism for transport differ for lipid v water soluble hormones?

A

Water- circulate freely in the plasma, unattached to transport proteins

Lipids- bind to transport proteins to be carried in the blood

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6
Q

First and second messenger systems

A

First messenger are the hormones
Second messenger are the hormone receptors

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7
Q

How are hormones regulated?

A

Up-regulation: increases the number of surface receptors due to a decrease in hormone receptors

Down-regulation: decreasing receptors in an abundance of hormones

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8
Q

The three hormone interactions

A

Permissive: 2 hormones are present
Synergistic: multiple hormones work together
Antagonistic: hormones oppose each other

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9
Q

growth hormone (GH)
Produced
Targets
Functions

A

Hypothalamus
Regulates protein synthesis and cellular replication

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10
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Produced
Targets
Functions

A

Hypothalamus
Stimulates the release of gonadotropin

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11
Q

Oxytocin

Produced
Targets
Functions

A

Hypothalamus
Womb contraction during childbirth
Lactation
Emotional responses
Social behavior

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12
Q

Prolactin

Produced
Targets
Functions

A

Hypothalamus
Milk production and dev of mammary glad

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13
Q

Vasopressin

Produced
Targets
Functions

A

Hypothalamus
Decreases water excretion by the kidneys

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14
Q

growth hormone releasing hormone

A

Hypothalamus
Controls the pituitary glands release of growth hormones

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15
Q

Growth hormone (somatotrophic cells)

A

Ant. Pituitary
Stimulates general body growth and regulates metabolism

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16
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotrophic)

A

Ant. Pituitary
Controls secretion in the thyroid

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17
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone
+ Luteinizing hormone

A

Ant. Pituitary
(Gonadotrophic)
In men
Stimulates sperm production
Testosterone
In women
Stimulates ovaries to mature oocytes
Secretes estrogen and progesterone

18
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

A

Ant. Pituitary
Stimulates suprerenal Cortex to secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol

19
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

Thyroid gland
Controls calorie burn rate

20
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Thyroid
Helps maintain muscle control, brain function and development, and heart and digestive functions

21
Q

Calcitonin

A

Thyroid
Helps regulate calcium levels by reducing the amount in blood

22
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Parathyroid gland
Stimulates osteoclast to release calcium into blood

23
Q

Cortisol

A

Adrenal
Regulates stress response

24
Q

Aldosterone

A

Adrenal
Regulates BP by managing sodium and potassium levels in blood

25
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Pancreas
Enhances effects of sympathetic nervous system during stress

26
Q

Glucagon(alpha cells)

A

Pancreas
Raises blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen into glucose and converting other nutrients into glucose in the liver and releasing it into the blood

27
Q

Insulin (beta cells)

A

Pancreas
Lowers blood glucose by accelerating transport of glucose into cells converting glucose into glycogen.

Stimulates protein synthesis

28
Q

Somatostatin

A

Pancreas
Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon. Slows absorption of nutrients from digestive canal

29
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide

A

Pancreas
Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes

30
Q

Estrogen + progesterone

A

Ovaries
Regulates female reproductive cycle, maintain pregnancy, development of secondary sex characteristic

31
Q

Relaxin

A

Ovaries
Increases flexibility of build symphysis during pregnancy and helps dilate uterine cervix during labor

32
Q

Inhibin

A

Inhibits secretion of FSH from A.P

33
Q

Testosterone

A

Testes
Regulates sperm production, maintains secondary sex characteristics

34
Q

What is the difference in function between the right and left side of the heart

A

Right: pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs
Left: pumps oxygen rich blood to the body

35
Q

Systole vs diastole

A

Systole: Ventricular contraction/ ejection
Diastole: relaxing of the ventricles (filling)

36
Q

Define: Cardiac output

A

Heart rate BPM + stroke volume

37
Q

Define: Stroke volume

A

Blood ejected during contraction or each stroke of the heart

38
Q

Define: Preload

A

Amount of blood in your body ventricles at rest

39
Q

Define: Contractility

A

Ability for the heart to spring back

40
Q

Define: after load

A

Amount of pressure needed to eject blood from the heart

AP II Lecture (4 decks)

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