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BIO 169 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

The _________blank secretes a hormone that increases the body’s metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.

thyroid gland
pancreas
adrenal gland
parathyroid gland
thymus

A

Thyroid gland

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2
Q

A female’s first pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type _________blank and both children are most likely _________blank.

A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive
A, Rh-positive; B, Rh-negative
O, Rh-negative; AB, Rh-negative
AB, Rh-positive; O, Rh-negative
AB, Rh-positive; O, Rh-positive

A

A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive

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3
Q

_________blank are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.

Neurotransmitters
Neuromodulators
Hormones
Parahormones
Paracrines

A

Paracrines

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4
Q

The _________blank valve regulates the flow of blood between the right ventricle and the vessels leading to the lungs.

right atrioventricular
left atrioventricular
aortic
pulmonary
mitral

A

pulmonary

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5
Q

Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH?

CRH
GHRH
GHIH
APRH
TRH

A

CRH

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6
Q

The _________blank performs the work of the heart.

fibrous skeleton
pericardial cavity
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

A

myocardium

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7
Q

What are the least abundant of the formed elements?

Platelets
Basophils
Erythrocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

A

Basophils

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8
Q

What type of shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increase capillary permeability?

Compensated
Anaphylactic
Neurogenic
Cardiogenic
Septic

A

Septic

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9
Q

Which of the following is not true of a patient with anemia?

Multiple Choice
Their blood viscosity is increased.
They are lethargic.
Their blood osmolarity is reduced.
Their resistance to blood flow is reduced.
More fluid transfers from their bloodstream into their intercellular spaces.

A

Their blood viscosity is increased.

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10
Q

Which of the following is not normally found in plasma?

Multiple Choice
Glycogen
Fibrinogen
Glucose
Urea
Albumin

A

Glycogen

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11
Q

Which of the following might be injected into a patient who is prone to forming blood clots and therefore at risk of a heart attack or stroke?

Multiple Choice
Thromboplastin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Heparin
Factor X

A

Heparin

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12
Q

Which of the following would not decrease the blood colloid osmotic pressure (COP)?

Multiple Choice
Severe liver failure
A diet predominantly based on red meat
Starvation
An extremely low-protein diet
Hypoproteinemia

A

A diet predominantly based on red meat

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13
Q

A nurse takes your blood pressure and tells you the numbers are 110/70. What are your blood pressures?

Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 83 mmMg
Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 90 mmMg
Diastolic = 110 mmHg, Systolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 107 mmMg
Diastolic = 110 mmHg, Systolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 90 mmMg
Diastolic = 110 mmHg, Systolic = 40 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 70 mmHg, MAP = 90 mmMg

A

Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 83 mmMg

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14
Q

Atrial systole begins _________blank.

Multiple Choice
immediately before the P wave
During the P wave.
during the Q wave
during the S-T segment
immediately after the T wave

A

During the P wave.

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15
Q

hich of the following are powerful vasoconstrictors?

Multiple Choice
Norepinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Norepinephrine and natriuretic peptides
Norepinephrine and angiotensin II
Epinephrine and aldosterone
Epinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Norepinephrine and angiotensin II

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16
Q

When the left ventricle contracts, the _________blank valve closes and the _________blank valve is pushed open.

Multiple Choice
mitral; pulmonary
right AV; pulmonary
right AV; aortic
mitral; aortic
aortic; pulmonary

A

mitral; aortic

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17
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus?

Multiple Choice
Hypoglycemia
Polyuria
Polyphagia
Polydipsia
Glycosuria

A

Hypoglycemia

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18
Q

The plateau in the action potential of cardiac muscle results from the action

Multiple Choice
Na+ Inflow
K+ inflow
K+ outflow
fast Ca2+ channels
slow Ca2+ channels

A

Slow Ca2+ channels

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19
Q

The _________blank is the pacemaker that initiates each heart beat.

Multiple Choice
sympathetic division of the nervous system
autonomic nervous system
sinuatrial (SA) node
atrioventricular (AV) node
cardiac conduction system

A

Sinuatrial (SA) node

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20
Q

Why are pregnant Rh- females given an injection of Rh immune globulin?

Multiple Choice
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-D antibodies.

Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-A antibodies.

Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-O antibodies.

Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-B antibodies.

A

Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-D antibodies.

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21
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure for a person with 110 and 65 mm Hg as systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively?

Multiple Choice
45 mm Hg
80 mm Hg
87.5 mm Hg
90 mm Hg
175 mm Hg

A

80 mm Hg

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22
Q

Which of the following is most likely to cause anemia?

Multiple Choice
High altitude
Air pollution other than by carbon monoxide
Renal disease
Smoking
Any factor that creates a state of hypoxemia

A

Renal disease

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23
Q

Which of the following would decrease the velocity of blood flow?

Multiple Choice
Increased viscosity
Increased blood pressure
Increased vessel radius
Increased afterload
Decreased vasomotion

A

Increased viscosity

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24
Q

In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. What causes the varicose veins?

Multiple Choice
An aneurysm or weak point in an artery
An aneurysm or weak point in a vein
Failure of the venous valves
Failure of the lymphatic valves
A ruptured aneurysm in a vein

A

Failure of the venous valves

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25
Q

Which is the correct sequence of events of the cardiac cycle?

Multiple Choice
Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → isovolumetric relaxation → ventricular ejection

Ventricular filling → isovolumetric relaxation → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection

Ventricular filling → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric contraction → isovolumetric relaxation

Ventricular filling → isovolumetric relaxation → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric contraction

Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric relaxation

A

Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric relaxation

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26
Q

The _________blank secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin.

Multiple Choice
posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
thyroid
thymus

A

Anterior pituitary

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27
Q

he _________blank secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.

Multiple Choice
thymus
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
pineal gland
pituitary gland

A

parathyroid glands

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28
Q

Which is the correct path of an electrical excitation from the pacemaker to a cardiomyocyte in the left ventricle (LV)?

Multiple Choice
Sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → atrioventricular (AV) node → subendocardial branches → cardiomyocyte in LV

Atrioventricular (AV) node → subendocardial branches → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → sinuatrial (SA) node → cardiomyocyte in LV

Atrioventricular (AV) node → sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → subendocardial branches → cardiomyocyte in LV

Sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → subendocardial branches → cardiomyocyte in LV

Sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → subendocardial branches → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → cardiomyocyte in LV

A

Sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → subendocardial branches → cardiomyocyte in LV

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29
Q

Hypertension is commonly considered to be a chronic resting blood pressure higher than __________blank.

Multiple Choice
180/90
190/80
120/70
130/80
200/90

A

130/80

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30
Q

Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?

Multiple Choice
Insulin
Cortisol
Progesterone
Aldosterone
Estradiol

A

Insulin

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31
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the _________blank.

Multiple Choice
kidneys
adrenal gland
anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
pancreas

A

Kidneys

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32
Q

Erythrocytes transport oxygen and _________blank.

Multiple Choice
defend the body against pathogens
initiate blood clotting
regulate erythropoiesis
transport nutrients
transport some carbon dioxide

A

transport some carbon dioxide

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33
Q

During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response), stress overwhelms homeostasis. One characteristic of this stage is that _________blank.

Multiple Choice
glycogen supplies are depleted
energy demands are met primarily by fat metabolism
fermentation is not enough to provide the necessary ATP
energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism
energy demands are met primarily by carbohydrate metabolism

A

energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism

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34
Q

Diabetes insipidus is caused by _________blank.

Multiple Choice
epinephrine hypersecretion
cortisol hypersecretion
aldosterone hypersecretion
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hypersecretion

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion

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35
Q

A person with type A blood can safely donate RBCs to someone of type _________blank and can receive RBCs from someone of type _________blank.

Multiple Choice
O; AB
AB; O
A; B
B; A
O; O

A

AB; O

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36
Q

A person with type AB blood has _________blank RBC antigen(s).

Multiple Choice
no
anti-A and anti-B
anti-A
anti-B
A and B

A

A and B

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37
Q

Which of the following is not an endocrine organ?

Multiple Choice
Spleen
Pineal gland
Thymus
Neurohypophysis
Testis

A

Spleen

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38
Q

Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by _________blank.

Multiple Choice
breathing
gravity
valves contracting and relaxing
osmotic gradients
pressure gradients

A

pressure gradients

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39
Q

Which of the following does not lead to edema?

Multiple Choice
Obstruction of lymphatic vessels
Liver disease
Famine
Hyperproteinemia
Hypertension

A

Hyperproteinemia

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40
Q

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the _________blank.

Multiple Choice
neurohypophysis
pineal gland
cerebral cortex
adenohypophysis
thalamus

A

adenohypophysis

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41
Q

In a normal ECG, the deflection that is generated by ventricular repolarization is called the _________blank.

Multiple Choice
R wave
QRS wave
P wave
S wave
T wave

A

T wave

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42
Q

The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by _________blank.

Multiple Choice
cortisol
epinephrine
norepinephrine
angiotensin
aldosterone

A

cortisol

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43
Q

Which circuit carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the left atrium of the heart?

Multiple Choice
Pulmonary
Systemic
Coronary
Fetal
Lymphatic

A

Pulmonary

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44
Q

Which of the following has the most important effect on blood velocity?

Multiple Choice
Blood viscosity
Vessel radius
Blood osmolarity
Hematocrit
Vessel length

A

Vessel radius

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45
Q

Which of the following is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger?

Multiple Choice
G protein activates adenylate cyclase

cAMP activates protein kinases

Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP

G protein is activated by the binding of a hormone to the receptor

Enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases

A

Enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases

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46
Q

Where in the body are hemopoietic stem cells found?

Multiple Choice
Yellow bone marrow
Thymus
Red bone marrow
Spleen
Liver

A

Red bone marrow

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47
Q

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

Multiple Choice
It causes the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex.

It acts on the hypothalamus to decrease appetite.

It causes smooth muscle contraction in the female reproductive tract.

It causes vasodilation.

It increases water retention from renal tubules.

A

It increases water retention from renal tubules.

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48
Q

When the aortic semilunar valve closes and blood bounces off of it, it produces the _________blank heart sound that is ultimately related to when the _________blank.

Multiple Choice
lubb (S1); atria contract
dupp (S2); atria relax
lubb (S1); ventricles contract
dupp (S2); ventricles relax
lubb (S1); ventricles relax

A

dupp (S2); ventricles relax

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49
Q

Which of the following best describes a hormone?

Multiple Choice
A chemical messenger transported by the bloodstream that stimulates target cells in another organ often a good distance away.

Chemical messengers that diffuse from their point of origin locally to affect other cells physiology.

Chemical messengers that travel across a synapse to stimulate another cell.

Junctions between cells interconnecting their cytoplasm.

A chemical messenger that is triggered by the binding of a ligand on the cell surface and causes a change in DNA transcription.

A

A chemical messenger transported by the bloodstream that stimulates target cells in another organ often a good distance away.

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50
Q

Aspirin and ibuprofen block the _________blank.

Multiple Choice
release of arachidonic acid from the plasma membrane
action of phospholipase A1
action of phospholipase A2
action of lipoxygenase
action of cyclooxygenase

A

action of cyclooxygenase

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51
Q

What is the most abundant protein in plasma?

Multiple Choice
Insulin
Creatine
Bilirubin
Albumin
Creatinine

A

Albumin

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52
Q

Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause _________blank when it begins in adulthood.

Multiple Choice
myxedema
Graves disease
Cushing syndrome
goiter
acromegaly

A

acromegaly

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53
Q

Which of the following does not contribute to venous return?

Multiple Choice
The difference of pressure between venules and the venae cavae

The expansion of the thoracic cavity during inhalation

The suction created by the atria slightly expanding during ventricular systole

Widespread vasodilation

Contraction of skeletal muscles of the limbs

A

Widespread vasodilation

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54
Q

What is the abbreviation for the hormone also known as vasopressin?

Multiple Choice
ADH
ACTH
TRH
DHEA
GnRH

A

ADH

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55
Q

The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to _________blank.

Multiple Choice
the end-systolic volume
the end-diastolic volume
the afterload
the heart rate
contractility

A

the end-diastolic volume

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56
Q

Atrial depolarization causes the _________blank.

Multiple Choice
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
first heart sound
quiescent period

A

P wave

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57
Q

The ABO blood group is determined by _________blank in the plasma membrane of RBCs.

Multiple Choice
glycolipids
glycoproteins
antibodies
antigen-antibody complexes
agglutinins

A

glycolipids

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58
Q

A bee sting can trigger a massive release of histamine, which causes __________blank and a(n) __________blank in arterial blood pressure.

Multiple Choice
vasodilation; decrease
vasodilation; increase
vasoconstriction; decrease
vasoconstriction; increase
vasoconstriction; oscillation

A

vasodilation; decrease

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59
Q

What is the most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary?

Multiple Choice
Oncotic pressure
Tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Blood hydrostatic pressure

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

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60
Q

Which of the following decreases blood pressure?

Multiple Choice
Norepinephrine
Antidiuretic hormone
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
Natriuretic peptides

A

Natriuretic peptides

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61
Q

Which term refers to relaxation of the heart?

Multiple Choice
Diastole
Systole
Asystole
Fibrillation
Bradycardia

A

Diastole

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62
Q

What type of shock can be produced by hemorrhage, severe burns, or dehydration?

Multiple Choice
Anaphylactic
Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
Venous pooling
Neurogenic

A

Hypovolemic

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63
Q

The hormone called _________blank plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.

Multiple Choice
calcitonin
melanin
melatonin
hepcidin
inhibin

A

melatonin

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64
Q

During isovolumetric contraction, the pressure in the ventricles _________blank.

Multiple Choice
falls rapidly
rises rapidly
remains constant
rises and then falls
falls and then rises

A

rises rapidly

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65
Q

Stroke volume is increased by _________blank.

Multiple Choice
high arterial blood pressure
negative inotropic agents
increased venous return
increased afterload
dehydration

A

increased venous return

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66
Q

The _________blank are the superior chambers of the heart and the _________blank are the inferior chambers of the heart.

Multiple Choice
visceral layers of the serous percardiaum; parietal layers of the serous pericardium

ventricles; atria

atria; ventricles

left ventricles; right ventricles

left atria; right atria

A

atria; ventricles

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67
Q

Viscosity and osmolarity will both increase if the amount of __________blank in the blood increases.

Multiple Choice
erythrocytes
protein
water
erythrocytes and protein
protein and water

A

erythrocytes and protein

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68
Q

Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _________blank, which _________blank blood glucose.

Multiple Choice
glucagon; lowers
glucagon; raises
insulin; lowers
insulin; raises
glucocorticoids; raises

A

glucagon; raises

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69
Q

What might account for a soldier experiencing syncope after standing at attention for a long period of time?

Multiple Choice
Increased respiratory rate
Vasoconstriction
Increased heart rate
Venous pooling
Hypertension

A

Venous pooling

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70
Q

The _________blank secrete(s) _________blank, which promotes Na+ and water retention.

Multiple Choice
adrenal medulla; epinephrine
pancreas; cortisol
kidneys; corticosterone
adrenal cortex; aldosterone
thyroid; calcitonin

A

adrenal cortex; aldosterone

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71
Q

Which of the following statements about TIAs and CVAs is true?

Multiple Choice
TIAs are often early warning signs of an impending stroke.

TIAs are the result of brain tissue death caused by ischemia.

A CVA usually results from spasms of diseased cerebral arteries.

TIAs often result in blindness and paralysis.

TIA and CVA are two terms for the same condition.

A

TIAs are often early warning signs of an impending stroke.

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72
Q

What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic nonprotein moiety of hemoglobin?

Multiple Choice
Biliverdin
Bilirubin
Globin
Heme
Iron

A

Bilirubin

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73
Q

Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false?

Multiple Choice
The body produces autoantibodies that destroy the pancreatic beta cells in type I DM.

Target cells are unresponsive to insulin in type II DM.

Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin.

Diabetic neuropathy is a common long-term effect of DM.

Type II DM is more common than type I DM.

A

Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin.

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74
Q

The pacemaker potential is a result of _________blank.

Multiple Choice
Na+ inflow
Na+ outflow
K+ inflow
K+ outflow
Ca2+ inflow

A

Na+ inflow

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75
Q

An individual has type B, Rh-positive blood. The individual has _________blank antigen(s) and can produce anti-_________blank antibodies.

Multiple Choice
A and D; B
B and D; A
B; A and D
A; B and D
D; A and B

A

B and D; A

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76
Q

The heart is enfolded within a space called the _________blank.

Multiple Choice
pericardial cavity
mediastinum
abdominal cavity
pleural cavity
myocardium

A

pericardial cavity

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77
Q

Alternative routes of blood supply are called __________blank.

Multiple Choice
metarterioles
capillary beds
preferred channels
thoroughfare channels
anastomoses

A

anastomoses

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78
Q

Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone?

Multiple Choice
Negative feedback inhibition
The antagonistic effect
Up-regulation
Enzyme amplification
Down-regulation

A

Up-regulation

79
Q

Where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body?

Multiple Choice
Pulmonary circuit
Heart
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

A

Veins

80
Q

The viscosity of blood is due more to the presence of _________blank than to any other factor.

Multiple Choice
fibrin
albumin
sodium
erythrocytes
nitrogenous wastes

A

erythrocytes

81
Q

Most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to _________blank.

Multiple Choice
the plasma membrane of erythrocytes
alpha chains in hemoglobin
beta chains in hemoglobin
delta chains in hemoglobin
heme groups in hemoglobin

A

heme groups in hemoglobin

82
Q

Which of the following is the most superficial layer enclosing the heart?

Multiple Choice
Fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Endocardium
Epicardium
Parietal layer of the serous pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium

83
Q

Any abnormal cardiac rhythm is called a(n) _________blank.

Multiple Choice
ectopic focus
sinus rhythm
nodal rhythm
heart block
arrhythmia

A

arrhythmia

84
Q

Which of the following is not a function of blood?

Multiple Choice
Transports a variety of nutrients
Helps to stabilize the pH of extracellular fluids
Participates in the initiation of blood clotting
Produces plasma hormones
Helps to regulate body temperature

A

Produces plasma hormones

85
Q

Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone?

Multiple Choice
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Somatostatin
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

86
Q

What is the most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary?

Multiple Choice
Oncotic pressure
Tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Blood hydrostatic pressure

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure

87
Q

Which cells aid in the body’s defense processes by secreting histamine and heparin?

Multiple Choice
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils
Platelets
Monocytes

A

Basophils

88
Q

The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute is called the _________blank.

Multiple Choice
cardiac reserve
preload
afterload
stroke volume
cardiac output

A

cardiac output

89
Q

The number of _________blank typically increases in response to bacterial infections.

Multiple Choice
basophils
monocytes
erythrocytes
eosinophils
neutrophils

A

neutrophils

90
Q

The cessation of bleeding is specifically called _________blank.

Multiple Choice
a vascular spasm
homeostasis
hemostasis
platelet plug formation
coagulation

A

hemostasis

91
Q

Mitral valve prolapse causes blood to leak back into the _________blank when the ventricles contract.

Multiple Choice
left atrium
right atrium
aorta
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries

A

left atrium

92
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to the polyuria and dehydration associated with diabetes mellitus?

Multiple Choice

Hyperglycemia → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose enters renal tubules → osmotic diuresis

Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis

Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis → glucose transport maximum exceeded

Hyperglycemia → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis

Osmotic diuresis → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → hyperglycemia

A

Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis

93
Q

The nervous system reacts to stimuli _________blank compared to the endocrine system, adapts _________blank compared to the endocrine system, and has _________blank effects compared to the endocrine system.

Multiple Choice
slowly; slowly; widespread
quickly; slowly; specific
quickly; quickly; widespread
quickly; quickly; specific
slowly; quickly; specific

A

quickly; quickly; specific

94
Q

The nervous system reacts to stimuli _________blank compared to the endocrine system, adapts _________blank compared to the endocrine system, and has _________blank effects compared to the endocrine system.

Multiple Choice
slowly; slowly; widespread
quickly; slowly; specific
quickly; quickly; widespread
quickly; quickly; specific
slowly; quickly; specific

A

quickly; quickly; specific

95
Q

The structural framework of a blood clot is formed by _________blank.

Multiple Choice
soluble fibrinogen
soluble fibrin
a fibrin polymer
a fibrinogen polymer
a thrombin polymer

A

a fibrin polymer

96
Q

Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one’s physical or emotional well-being is called _________blank.

Multiple Choice
stress
pathology
disease
hyperthyroidism
hirsuitism

A

stress

97
Q

Parathyroid hormone promotes which of the following?

Multiple Choice
The resorption of calcium from bone

Increased osteoblast activity

Decreased absortion of calcium from the small intestine

Increased calcium levels in the urine

Decreased production of calcitriol (vitamin D) in the kidney

A

The resorption of calcium from bone

98
Q

The _________blank secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells.

Multiple Choice
thyroid
thymus
adrenal gland
spleen
parathyroid

A

thymus

99
Q

The ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of prior exposure and the body’s production of antibodies or lymphocytes against one pathogen, is called _________blank.

Multiple Choice
adaptive immunity
nonspecific defense
the first line of defense
the second line of defense
a natural barrier

A

adaptive immunity

100
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between cellular and humoral immunity?

Multiple Choice
Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so.

Cellular immunity utilizes B lymphocytes while humoral immunity utilizes T lymphocytes.

Cellular immunity produces antibodies while humoral immunity uses perforins.

Cellular immunity attacks foreign or diseased cells whereas humoral immunity uses antibodies to defend against future exposures.

Neither defends against bacteria.

A

Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so.

101
Q

A severe and immediate local IgE reaction to an allergen within seconds of exposure is called _________blank.

Multiple Choice
anaphylaxis
type-II hypersensitivity
cell-mediated immunity
type-III hypersensitivity
immune complex hypersensitivity

A

anaphylaxis

102
Q

Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in __________blank.

Multiple Choice
protein
carbon dioxide
metabolic waste
electrolytes
sodium and potassium

A

protein

103
Q

Immune surveillance is a process in which __________blank nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells.

Multiple Choice
T lymphocytes (T cells)
reticular cells
dendritic cells
macrophages
natural killer (NK) cells

A

natural killer (NK) cells

104
Q

T cells achieve immunocompetence in the __________blank.

Multiple Choice
bone marrow
bloodstream
spleen
thymus
liver

A

thymus

105
Q

The __________blank show(s) a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.

Multiple Choice
lymph nodes
thymus
spleen
pharyngeal tonsils
appendix

A

thymus

106
Q

Which of the following does(do) not belong to the second line of defense?

Multiple Choice
The macrophage system
Natural killer cells
Inflammation
The gastric juices
Interferon and the complement system

A

The gastric juices

107
Q

__________blank lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas __________blank utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future.

Multiple Choice
Innate immunity; cytotoxicity

Adaptive immunity; innate immunity

A natural killer cell; a macrophage

Innate immunity; adaptive immunity

Natural immunity; artificial immunity

A

Innate immunity; adaptive immunity

108
Q

Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called __________blank and a vasodilator called __________blank.

Multiple Choice
bradykinin; histamine
selectin; prostaglandin
histamine; heparin
heparin; histamine
prostaglandins; selectin

A

heparin; histamine

109
Q

__________blank are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.

Multiple Choice
Complement system globulins
Interferons
Granzymes
Pyrogens
Perforins

A

Interferons

110
Q

A pyrogen is a substance that causes __________blank.

Multiple Choice
inflammation
opsonization
complement fixation
cytolysis
fever

A

fever

111
Q

__________blank is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.

Multiple Choice
Impaired use
Redness
Pain
Heat
Swelling

A

Impaired use

112
Q

One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that __________blank.

Multiple Choice
immunity starts in defined organs in the body

immunity starts in specialized tissues in the body

immunity is carried on by a specific group of cells of the immune system

immunity is directed against a particular pathogen

immunity is carried on by a specific group of tissues of the immune system

A

immunity is directed against a particular pathogen

113
Q

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against __________blank.

Multiple Choice
allergens
venoms
cancer cells
extracellular viruses
toxins

A

cancer cells

114
Q

Vaccination stimulates __________blank immunity.

Multiple Choice
natural active
artificial active
natural passive
artificial passive
innate

A

artificial active

115
Q

__________blank constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma.

Multiple Choice
IgD
IgE
IgA
IgM
IgG

A

IgG

116
Q

Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n) __________blank.

Multiple Choice
hapten

immunoglobulin

natural killer cell

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein

basophil

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein

117
Q

Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both __________blank.

Multiple Choice
secrete interferons

secrete granzymes and perforin

participate in the immune response

participate in innate immunity

secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A

secrete granzymes and perforin

118
Q

__________blank participate in both innate immunity and the immune response.

Multiple Choice
Memory T ( TM) cells

Regulatory T ( TR) cells

Natural killer (NK) cells

Helper T ( TH) cells

Cytotoxic T ( TC) cells

A

Helper T ( TH) cells

119
Q

Which is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response?

Multiple Choice
Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → differentiation → clonal selection → attack

Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack

Antigen presentation → antigen recognition → clonal selection → differentiation → attack

Antigen presentation → antigen recognition → clonal selection → attack differentiation

Antigen recognition → differentiation → antigen presentation → clonal selection → attack

A

Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack

120
Q

Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in the __________blank.

Multiple Choice
blood plasma
lymph nodes
thymus
red bone marrow
liver

A

lymph nodes

121
Q

Before B cells secrete antibodies, they differentiate into __________blank.

Multiple Choice
stem cells
antigen-presenting cells
plasma cells
T cells
macrophages

A

plasma cells

122
Q

Which of the following is something antibodies do not do?

Multiple Choice
Link antigen molecules together

Neutralize antigens by binding to regions of an antigen that can be pathogenic

Bind to enemy cells, thus changing their shape so their complement-binding sites are exposed

Differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack

Bind antigen molecules of two or more enemy cells and stick them together

A

Differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack

123
Q

Bronchoconstriction, dyspnea, and widespread vasodilation are all characteristics of __________blank.

Multiple Choice
local anaphylaxis
anaphylactic shock
autoimmune disease
an HIV infection
AIDS

A

anaphylactic shock

124
Q

An immediate and intense type I reaction that can be treated with antihistamines is characteristic of __________blank.

Multiple Choice
anaphylaxis
anaphylactic shock
autoimmune disease
an HIV infection
AIDS

A

anaphylaxis

125
Q

Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish __________blank from foreign ones.

Multiple Choice
self-immunoglobulins
self-antibodies
self-antigens
self-interleukins
self-complement proteins

A

self-antigens

126
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?

Multiple Choice
Control of pH
Promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood
Helps regulate blood pressure
Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators
Aids in defecation

A

Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators

127
Q

Which of the following is directly related to respiratory production of carbon dioxide?

Multiple Choice
Regulation of blood pressure
The synthesis of vasodilators
Aids in defecation
Regulation of pH
Regulation of body temperature

A

Regulation of pH

128
Q

In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?

Multiple Choice
Atmospheric pressure
Respiratory rate
Bronchiole diameter
Quantity of surfactant
Contraction of the diaphragm

A

Bronchiole diameter

129
Q

How is the vital capacity calculated?

Multiple Choice
Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory volume

Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume

Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume

Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Respiratory volume + tidal volume

A

Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

130
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except __________blank.

Multiple Choice
carbaminohemoglobin
carbonic acid
carbonate
bicarbonate ions
dissolved gas

A

carbonate

131
Q

Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom’s life?

Multiple Choice
There is reserve oxygen in Tom’s lungs.

There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom’s blood.

The ambient PO2 can support life that long.

The Haldane effect lasts up to 5 minutes.

Tom’s hypoxic drive will keep him alive for up to 5 minutes.

A

There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom’s blood.

132
Q

During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?

Multiple Choice
Increased H+ level in the blood
The Bohr effect
Reduced blood pH
Reduced oxyhemoglobin
Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

A

Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

133
Q

In the air we breathe, which gas is found in the highest concentration?

Multiple Choice
Oxygen
Water vapor
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen

A

Nitrogen

134
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to __________blank oxygen molecules.

Multiple Choice
6
2
3
4
5

A

4

135
Q

Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a PO2 of __________ mm Hg, a PCO2 of __________ mm Hg, and a pH of __________.

Multiple Choice
40; 95; 7.4
95; 40; 7.4
7.4; 40; 95
95; 7.4; 40
40; 7.4; 95

A

95; 40; 7.4

136
Q

Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue?

Multiple Choice
Apoxia
Hypoxia
Anoxia
Cyanosis
Eupnea

A

Hypoxia

137
Q

Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?

Multiple Choice
Sickle-cell disease
Emphysema
Squamous-cell carcinoma
Asthma
Atelectasis

A

Sickle-cell disease

138
Q

Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli?

Multiple Choice
Cor pulmonale
Pulmonary hemosiderosis
Emphysema
Atelectasis
Collapsed lung

A

Emphysema

139
Q

The blood transports more CO2
CO
2
in the form of __________blank than in any other form.

Multiple Choice
carbaminohemoglobin
carboxyhemoglobin
bicarbonate ions
dissolved CO2 gas
bisphosphocarbonate

A

bicarbonate ions

140
Q

If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through?

Multiple Choice
Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus

Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus

Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus

Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus

Nares → Nasal Sinuses → Laryngopharynx → Nasopharynx → Trachea → Larynx → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Sac → Alveolar Duct → Alveolus

A

Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus

141
Q

Which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases?

Multiple Choice
Henry’s
Charles’s
Boyle’s
Dalton’s
Newton’s

A

Dalton’s

142
Q

What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer?

Multiple Choice
Mesothelioma
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Small-cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma

A

Small-cell carcinoma

143
Q

The __________blank is not an organ of the urinary system.

Multiple Choice
urethra
liver
ureter
urinary bladder
kidney

A

liver

144
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?

Multiple Choice
They regulate osmolarity of the body fluids.

They fight osteoporosis by synthesizing vitamin D.

They help control blood pressure.

They release a majority of wastes into the bloodstream.

They indirectly increase oxyhemoglobin.

A

They release a majority of wastes into the bloodstream.

145
Q

A by-product of protein catabolism, __________blank constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste.

Multiple Choice
urea
creatinine
uric acid
azotemia
ammonia

A

urea

146
Q

Which organ system excretes nitrogenous wastes?

Multiple Choice
The urinary system
The cardiovascular system
The integumentary system
The digestive system
The respiratory system

A

The urinary system

147
Q

Blood plasma is filtered in the __________blank.

Multiple Choice
renal tubule
renal corpuscle
renal capsule
renal column
renal calyx

A

renal corpuscle

148
Q

Which of the following form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus?

Multiple Choice
Macula densa cells
Mesangial cells
Nephrocytes
Podocytes
Monocytes

A

Podocytes

149
Q

Cortical nephrons can be distinguished from juxtamedullary nephrons by __________blank.

Multiple Choice
their location within the renal cortex

their filtration rate

whether they drain into a collecting duct or directly into the renal pelvis

the size of their renal corpuscle

which molecules can pass through their filtration membrane

A

their location within the renal cortex

150
Q

In a healthy kidney, very little __________blank is filtered by the glomerulus.

Multiple Choice
amino acids
electrolytes
glucose
vitamins
protein

A

protein

151
Q

Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen, which is released from the __________blank, to form angiotensin I.

Multiple Choice
lungs
kidneys
liver
heart
spleen

A

liver

152
Q

Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate?

Multiple Choice
Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole

A drop in oncotic pressure

Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

An increase in osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule

A

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

153
Q

The mechanism of stabilizing the GFR based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as __________blank.

Multiple Choice
renal autoregulation

the myogenic mechanism

tubuloglomerular feedback

sympathetic control

the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

the myogenic mechanism

154
Q

In response to a drop in overall blood pressure, __________blank stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet.

Multiple Choice
azotemia
sodium chloride
parathyroid hormone
aldosterone
angiotensin II

A

angiotensin II

155
Q

Which of the following induces renin secretion, constricts afferent arterioles, and reduces GFR and urine volume?

Multiple Choice
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone
Parathyroid hormone
Norepinephrine
Angiotensin II

A

Norepinephrine

156
Q

Hypocalcemia stimulates __________blank.

Multiple Choice
a decrease in aldosterone production
secretion of parathyroid hormone
secretion of renin
an increase in blood urea nitrogen
vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles

A

secretion of parathyroid hormone

157
Q

Natriuretic peptide inhibits __________blank reabsorption by the collecting duct, which __________blank urine output.

Multiple Choice
K+ ; increases
NaCl; decreases
NaCl; increases
K+ ; decreases
Ca2+ ; increases

A

NaCl; increases

158
Q

Loop diuretics reduce body water content by acting on the __________blank.

Multiple Choice
feedback loop between the kidney and posterior pituitary gland

countercurrent multiplier system

countercurrent exchanger system

aquaporins of the collecting duct

thirst mechanism and water intake

A

countercurrent multiplier system

159
Q

Aldosterone acts on the __________blank.

Multiple Choice
proximal convoluted tubule

medullary portion of the collecting duct

descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

distal convoluted tubule

glomerulus

A

distal convoluted tubule

160
Q

Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone?

Multiple Choice
Decreased urine volume
Decreased urine molarity
Increased urine volume
Increased urine salinity
Increased urine acidity

A

Decreased urine volume

161
Q

Which of the following does not contribute to water conservation?

Multiple Choice
The collecting duct
The countercurrent multiplier
The countercurrent exchange system
Diuretics
The length of the nephrons

A

Diuretics

162
Q

Normal urine from a healthy person should not contain __________blank.

Multiple Choice
creatinine
urobilin
glucose
ammonia
magnesium

A

glucose

163
Q

To meet the definition of polyuria, the minimum daily output of urine is __________blank.

Multiple Choice
0.5 L
1.0 L
1.5 L
2.0 L
3.0 L

A

2.0 L

164
Q

Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of __________blank.

Multiple Choice
diabetes insipidus
acute glomerulonephritis
diabetes mellitus
renal calculus
pyelitis

A

diabetes mellitus

165
Q

A patient enters a hospital after a motorcycle accident. He complains of mid-back pain. X-rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures. His emergency room examination includes urinalysis. Which of the following findings from the urinalysis would most likely suggest trauma to the kidneys from the accident, but not to the urinary bladder?

Multiple Choice
Pyuria
Hematuria
Albuminuria
Uremia
Phenylketonuria

A

Albuminuria

166
Q

Micturition is another term for __________blank.

Multiple Choice
the production of nitrogenous wastes
glomerular filtration
the countercurrent multiplier process
inflammation of the urinary bladder
the elimination of urine

A

the elimination of urine

167
Q

What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another?

Multiple Choice
The temperature difference between compartments

The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment

The relative volume in each compartment

The relative size of each compartment

The blood pressure

A

The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment

168
Q

In which compartment would fluid accumulate in edema?

Multiple Choice
Intracellular fluid
Transcellular fluid
Tissue (interstitial) fluid
Blood plasma
Lymph

A

Tissue (interstitial) fluid

169
Q

Most body water intake is from __________blank, whereas most body water lost is via __________blank.

Multiple Choice
metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration

metabolic water; sweat

drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air

drinking; urine

drinking; radiation

A

drinking; urine

170
Q

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

Multiple Choice
It stimulates angiotensin II secretion.
It promotes water conservation.
It stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors.
It inhibits salivation and thirst.
It targets the cerebral cortex.

A

It promotes water conservation.

171
Q

Water output is largely controlled by varying __________blank.

Multiple Choice
metabolic water production
sweating
cutaneous transpiration
drinking
urine volume

A

urine volume

172
Q

Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high?

Multiple Choice
ADH release is inhibited.
ADH release is stimulated.
The renal tubules reabsorb more water.
The renal tubules reabsorb more sodium.
The kidneys produce less urine.

A

ADH release is inhibited.

173
Q

In response to dehydration, osmoreceptors stimulate the secretion of __________blank.

Multiple Choice
ADH
calcitonin
ANP
sodium ions
bicarbonate ions

A

ADH

174
Q

A hemorrhage results in which of the following?

Multiple Choice
A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity

A decrease in water volume and an increase in osmolarity

A decrease in water volume and a decrease in osmolarity

An increase in ECF volume but a decrease in ICF volume

A decrease in ECF volume but an increase ICF volume

A

A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity

175
Q

What is the principal cation of the ECF?

Multiple Choice
Ca2+
Cl−
K+
Na+
Pi

A

Na+

176
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

Multiple Choice
It increases both Na+ and K+ reabsorption.

It increases both Na+and K+ secretion.

It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.

It reduces Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.

It causes the urine to be more diluted.

A

It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.

177
Q

Hypernatremia is a plasma __________blank concentration above normal.

Multiple Choice
Ca2+
Na+
K+
Cl−
Pi

A

Na+

178
Q

Which of the following is not caused by hypernatremia?

Multiple Choice
Water retention
Edema
Hypertension
Interstitial fluid accumulation
A reduction in plasma volume

A

A reduction in plasma volume

179
Q

Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of what?

Multiple Choice
ADH
Aldosterone
Natriuretic peptide
Oxytocin
Prolactin

A

Aldosterone

180
Q

What is the most abundant cation in the ICF?

Multiple Choice
Ca2+
Na+
K+
Cl−
Pi

A

K+

181
Q

Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia?

Multiple Choice
Cells are partially depolarized.

There is more diffusion of potassium into the cells.

Cells are more excitable.

The resting membrane potential is more positive.

Cells are hyperpolarized.

A

Cells are hyperpolarized.

182
Q

Which of the following is not a role of calcium in the body?

Multiple Choice
It participates in muscle contraction.
It is a significant component of nucleic acids.
They serve as second messengers.
It activates exocytosis.
It is important in blood clotting.

A

It is a significant component of nucleic acids.

183
Q

How is calcium concentration in the body regulated?

Multiple Choice

By hormones

By sodium and calcium concentrations in the plasma

By chloride and phosphate concentrations in the plasma

By the parasympathetic nervous system

By the sympathetic nervous system

A

By hormones

184
Q

What is the normal pH of tissue fluid?

Multiple Choice
6.95 - 7.05
7.05 - 7.15
7.15 - 7.25
7.25 - 7.35
7.35 - 7.45

A

7.35 - 7.45

185
Q

What are the major chemical buffer systems of the body?

Multiple Choice
The urinary and respiratory
The urinary and digestive
The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
The bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein
The bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate

A

The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein

186
Q

What protein is the most important buffer in blood plasma?

Multiple Choice
Fibrinogen
Albumin
Alpha globulin
Gamma globulin
Transferrin

A

Albumin

187
Q

The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which __________blank.

Multiple Choice

supplies the buffer system with CO2

supplies the buffer system with O2

expels HCO3− produced by the buffer system

expels H+ produced by the buffer system

expels CO2 produced by the buffer system

A

expels CO2 produced by the buffer system

188
Q

Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells?

Multiple Choice
It causes repolarization.
It causes depolarization below threshold.
It causes hyperpolarization.
It causes depolarization above threshold.
It has no effect.

A

It causes hyperpolarization.

189
Q

How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis?

Multiple Choice
By secreting more bicarbonate ions
By secreting more hydrogen ions
By secreting more sodium ions
By reabsorbing more hydrogen ions
By reabsorbing more ammonia

A

By secreting more hydrogen ions

190
Q

Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to __________blank.

Multiple Choice
metabolic alkalosis
metabolic acidosis
urinary alkalosis
urinary acidosis
respiratory acidosis

A

respiratory acidosis

191
Q

An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following?

Multiple Choice
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Digestive alkalosis

A

Metabolic alkalosis

192
Q

Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following?

Multiple Choice
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Lymphatic alkalosis

A

Metabolic alkalosis

193
Q

Emphysema can lead to which of the following?

Multiple Choice
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Digestive alkalosis

A

Respiratory acidosis

194
Q

A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following compensatory symptoms?

Multiple Choice
Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
Decreased H+ secretion by the kidneys
Decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneys
Increased glucose production in the kidneys.

A

Hyperventilation

BIO 169 (1 decks)

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