Final Exam Flashcards
The _________blank secretes a hormone that increases the body’s metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.
thyroid gland
pancreas
adrenal gland
parathyroid gland
thymus
Thyroid gland
A female’s first pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type _________blank and both children are most likely _________blank.
A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive
A, Rh-positive; B, Rh-negative
O, Rh-negative; AB, Rh-negative
AB, Rh-positive; O, Rh-negative
AB, Rh-positive; O, Rh-positive
A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive
_________blank are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.
Neurotransmitters
Neuromodulators
Hormones
Parahormones
Paracrines
Paracrines
The _________blank valve regulates the flow of blood between the right ventricle and the vessels leading to the lungs.
right atrioventricular
left atrioventricular
aortic
pulmonary
mitral
pulmonary
Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH?
CRH
GHRH
GHIH
APRH
TRH
CRH
The _________blank performs the work of the heart.
fibrous skeleton
pericardial cavity
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium
myocardium
What are the least abundant of the formed elements?
Platelets
Basophils
Erythrocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
What type of shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increase capillary permeability?
Compensated
Anaphylactic
Neurogenic
Cardiogenic
Septic
Septic
Which of the following is not true of a patient with anemia?
Multiple Choice
Their blood viscosity is increased.
They are lethargic.
Their blood osmolarity is reduced.
Their resistance to blood flow is reduced.
More fluid transfers from their bloodstream into their intercellular spaces.
Their blood viscosity is increased.
Which of the following is not normally found in plasma?
Multiple Choice
Glycogen
Fibrinogen
Glucose
Urea
Albumin
Glycogen
Which of the following might be injected into a patient who is prone to forming blood clots and therefore at risk of a heart attack or stroke?
Multiple Choice
Thromboplastin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Heparin
Factor X
Heparin
Which of the following would not decrease the blood colloid osmotic pressure (COP)?
Multiple Choice
Severe liver failure
A diet predominantly based on red meat
Starvation
An extremely low-protein diet
Hypoproteinemia
A diet predominantly based on red meat
A nurse takes your blood pressure and tells you the numbers are 110/70. What are your blood pressures?
Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 83 mmMg
Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 90 mmMg
Diastolic = 110 mmHg, Systolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 107 mmMg
Diastolic = 110 mmHg, Systolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 90 mmMg
Diastolic = 110 mmHg, Systolic = 40 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 70 mmHg, MAP = 90 mmMg
Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 83 mmMg
Atrial systole begins _________blank.
Multiple Choice
immediately before the P wave
During the P wave.
during the Q wave
during the S-T segment
immediately after the T wave
During the P wave.
hich of the following are powerful vasoconstrictors?
Multiple Choice
Norepinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Norepinephrine and natriuretic peptides
Norepinephrine and angiotensin II
Epinephrine and aldosterone
Epinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Norepinephrine and angiotensin II
When the left ventricle contracts, the _________blank valve closes and the _________blank valve is pushed open.
Multiple Choice
mitral; pulmonary
right AV; pulmonary
right AV; aortic
mitral; aortic
aortic; pulmonary
mitral; aortic
Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus?
Multiple Choice
Hypoglycemia
Polyuria
Polyphagia
Polydipsia
Glycosuria
Hypoglycemia
The plateau in the action potential of cardiac muscle results from the action
Multiple Choice
Na+ Inflow
K+ inflow
K+ outflow
fast Ca2+ channels
slow Ca2+ channels
Slow Ca2+ channels
The _________blank is the pacemaker that initiates each heart beat.
Multiple Choice
sympathetic division of the nervous system
autonomic nervous system
sinuatrial (SA) node
atrioventricular (AV) node
cardiac conduction system
Sinuatrial (SA) node
Why are pregnant Rh- females given an injection of Rh immune globulin?
Multiple Choice
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-D antibodies.
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-A antibodies.
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-O antibodies.
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-B antibodies.
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-D antibodies.
What is the mean arterial pressure for a person with 110 and 65 mm Hg as systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively?
Multiple Choice
45 mm Hg
80 mm Hg
87.5 mm Hg
90 mm Hg
175 mm Hg
80 mm Hg
Which of the following is most likely to cause anemia?
Multiple Choice
High altitude
Air pollution other than by carbon monoxide
Renal disease
Smoking
Any factor that creates a state of hypoxemia
Renal disease
Which of the following would decrease the velocity of blood flow?
Multiple Choice
Increased viscosity
Increased blood pressure
Increased vessel radius
Increased afterload
Decreased vasomotion
Increased viscosity
In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. What causes the varicose veins?
Multiple Choice
An aneurysm or weak point in an artery
An aneurysm or weak point in a vein
Failure of the venous valves
Failure of the lymphatic valves
A ruptured aneurysm in a vein
Failure of the venous valves
Which is the correct sequence of events of the cardiac cycle?
Multiple Choice
Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → isovolumetric relaxation → ventricular ejection
Ventricular filling → isovolumetric relaxation → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection
Ventricular filling → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric contraction → isovolumetric relaxation
Ventricular filling → isovolumetric relaxation → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric contraction
Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric relaxation
Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric relaxation
The _________blank secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin.
Multiple Choice
posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
thyroid
thymus
Anterior pituitary
he _________blank secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.
Multiple Choice
thymus
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
pineal gland
pituitary gland
parathyroid glands
Which is the correct path of an electrical excitation from the pacemaker to a cardiomyocyte in the left ventricle (LV)?
Multiple Choice
Sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → atrioventricular (AV) node → subendocardial branches → cardiomyocyte in LV
Atrioventricular (AV) node → subendocardial branches → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → sinuatrial (SA) node → cardiomyocyte in LV
Atrioventricular (AV) node → sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → subendocardial branches → cardiomyocyte in LV
Sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → subendocardial branches → cardiomyocyte in LV
Sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → subendocardial branches → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → cardiomyocyte in LV
Sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → subendocardial branches → cardiomyocyte in LV
Hypertension is commonly considered to be a chronic resting blood pressure higher than __________blank.
Multiple Choice
180/90
190/80
120/70
130/80
200/90
130/80
Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?
Multiple Choice
Insulin
Cortisol
Progesterone
Aldosterone
Estradiol
Insulin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
kidneys
adrenal gland
anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
pancreas
Kidneys
Erythrocytes transport oxygen and _________blank.
Multiple Choice
defend the body against pathogens
initiate blood clotting
regulate erythropoiesis
transport nutrients
transport some carbon dioxide
transport some carbon dioxide
During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response), stress overwhelms homeostasis. One characteristic of this stage is that _________blank.
Multiple Choice
glycogen supplies are depleted
energy demands are met primarily by fat metabolism
fermentation is not enough to provide the necessary ATP
energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism
energy demands are met primarily by carbohydrate metabolism
energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism
Diabetes insipidus is caused by _________blank.
Multiple Choice
epinephrine hypersecretion
cortisol hypersecretion
aldosterone hypersecretion
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hypersecretion
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion
A person with type A blood can safely donate RBCs to someone of type _________blank and can receive RBCs from someone of type _________blank.
Multiple Choice
O; AB
AB; O
A; B
B; A
O; O
AB; O
A person with type AB blood has _________blank RBC antigen(s).
Multiple Choice
no
anti-A and anti-B
anti-A
anti-B
A and B
A and B
Which of the following is not an endocrine organ?
Multiple Choice
Spleen
Pineal gland
Thymus
Neurohypophysis
Testis
Spleen
Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by _________blank.
Multiple Choice
breathing
gravity
valves contracting and relaxing
osmotic gradients
pressure gradients
pressure gradients
Which of the following does not lead to edema?
Multiple Choice
Obstruction of lymphatic vessels
Liver disease
Famine
Hyperproteinemia
Hypertension
Hyperproteinemia
The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
neurohypophysis
pineal gland
cerebral cortex
adenohypophysis
thalamus
adenohypophysis
In a normal ECG, the deflection that is generated by ventricular repolarization is called the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
R wave
QRS wave
P wave
S wave
T wave
T wave
The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by _________blank.
Multiple Choice
cortisol
epinephrine
norepinephrine
angiotensin
aldosterone
cortisol
Which circuit carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the left atrium of the heart?
Multiple Choice
Pulmonary
Systemic
Coronary
Fetal
Lymphatic
Pulmonary
Which of the following has the most important effect on blood velocity?
Multiple Choice
Blood viscosity
Vessel radius
Blood osmolarity
Hematocrit
Vessel length
Vessel radius
Which of the following is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger?
Multiple Choice
G protein activates adenylate cyclase
cAMP activates protein kinases
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP
G protein is activated by the binding of a hormone to the receptor
Enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases
Enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases
Where in the body are hemopoietic stem cells found?
Multiple Choice
Yellow bone marrow
Thymus
Red bone marrow
Spleen
Liver
Red bone marrow
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?
Multiple Choice
It causes the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex.
It acts on the hypothalamus to decrease appetite.
It causes smooth muscle contraction in the female reproductive tract.
It causes vasodilation.
It increases water retention from renal tubules.
It increases water retention from renal tubules.
When the aortic semilunar valve closes and blood bounces off of it, it produces the _________blank heart sound that is ultimately related to when the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
lubb (S1); atria contract
dupp (S2); atria relax
lubb (S1); ventricles contract
dupp (S2); ventricles relax
lubb (S1); ventricles relax
dupp (S2); ventricles relax
Which of the following best describes a hormone?
Multiple Choice
A chemical messenger transported by the bloodstream that stimulates target cells in another organ often a good distance away.
Chemical messengers that diffuse from their point of origin locally to affect other cells physiology.
Chemical messengers that travel across a synapse to stimulate another cell.
Junctions between cells interconnecting their cytoplasm.
A chemical messenger that is triggered by the binding of a ligand on the cell surface and causes a change in DNA transcription.
A chemical messenger transported by the bloodstream that stimulates target cells in another organ often a good distance away.
Aspirin and ibuprofen block the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
release of arachidonic acid from the plasma membrane
action of phospholipase A1
action of phospholipase A2
action of lipoxygenase
action of cyclooxygenase
action of cyclooxygenase
What is the most abundant protein in plasma?
Multiple Choice
Insulin
Creatine
Bilirubin
Albumin
Creatinine
Albumin
Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause _________blank when it begins in adulthood.
Multiple Choice
myxedema
Graves disease
Cushing syndrome
goiter
acromegaly
acromegaly
Which of the following does not contribute to venous return?
Multiple Choice
The difference of pressure between venules and the venae cavae
The expansion of the thoracic cavity during inhalation
The suction created by the atria slightly expanding during ventricular systole
Widespread vasodilation
Contraction of skeletal muscles of the limbs
Widespread vasodilation
What is the abbreviation for the hormone also known as vasopressin?
Multiple Choice
ADH
ACTH
TRH
DHEA
GnRH
ADH
The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to _________blank.
Multiple Choice
the end-systolic volume
the end-diastolic volume
the afterload
the heart rate
contractility
the end-diastolic volume
Atrial depolarization causes the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
first heart sound
quiescent period
P wave
The ABO blood group is determined by _________blank in the plasma membrane of RBCs.
Multiple Choice
glycolipids
glycoproteins
antibodies
antigen-antibody complexes
agglutinins
glycolipids
A bee sting can trigger a massive release of histamine, which causes __________blank and a(n) __________blank in arterial blood pressure.
Multiple Choice
vasodilation; decrease
vasodilation; increase
vasoconstriction; decrease
vasoconstriction; increase
vasoconstriction; oscillation
vasodilation; decrease
What is the most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary?
Multiple Choice
Oncotic pressure
Tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Which of the following decreases blood pressure?
Multiple Choice
Norepinephrine
Antidiuretic hormone
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
Natriuretic peptides
Natriuretic peptides
Which term refers to relaxation of the heart?
Multiple Choice
Diastole
Systole
Asystole
Fibrillation
Bradycardia
Diastole
What type of shock can be produced by hemorrhage, severe burns, or dehydration?
Multiple Choice
Anaphylactic
Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
Venous pooling
Neurogenic
Hypovolemic
The hormone called _________blank plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.
Multiple Choice
calcitonin
melanin
melatonin
hepcidin
inhibin
melatonin
During isovolumetric contraction, the pressure in the ventricles _________blank.
Multiple Choice
falls rapidly
rises rapidly
remains constant
rises and then falls
falls and then rises
rises rapidly
Stroke volume is increased by _________blank.
Multiple Choice
high arterial blood pressure
negative inotropic agents
increased venous return
increased afterload
dehydration
increased venous return
The _________blank are the superior chambers of the heart and the _________blank are the inferior chambers of the heart.
Multiple Choice
visceral layers of the serous percardiaum; parietal layers of the serous pericardium
ventricles; atria
atria; ventricles
left ventricles; right ventricles
left atria; right atria
atria; ventricles
Viscosity and osmolarity will both increase if the amount of __________blank in the blood increases.
Multiple Choice
erythrocytes
protein
water
erythrocytes and protein
protein and water
erythrocytes and protein
Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _________blank, which _________blank blood glucose.
Multiple Choice
glucagon; lowers
glucagon; raises
insulin; lowers
insulin; raises
glucocorticoids; raises
glucagon; raises
What might account for a soldier experiencing syncope after standing at attention for a long period of time?
Multiple Choice
Increased respiratory rate
Vasoconstriction
Increased heart rate
Venous pooling
Hypertension
Venous pooling
The _________blank secrete(s) _________blank, which promotes Na+ and water retention.
Multiple Choice
adrenal medulla; epinephrine
pancreas; cortisol
kidneys; corticosterone
adrenal cortex; aldosterone
thyroid; calcitonin
adrenal cortex; aldosterone
Which of the following statements about TIAs and CVAs is true?
Multiple Choice
TIAs are often early warning signs of an impending stroke.
TIAs are the result of brain tissue death caused by ischemia.
A CVA usually results from spasms of diseased cerebral arteries.
TIAs often result in blindness and paralysis.
TIA and CVA are two terms for the same condition.
TIAs are often early warning signs of an impending stroke.
What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic nonprotein moiety of hemoglobin?
Multiple Choice
Biliverdin
Bilirubin
Globin
Heme
Iron
Bilirubin
Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false?
Multiple Choice
The body produces autoantibodies that destroy the pancreatic beta cells in type I DM.
Target cells are unresponsive to insulin in type II DM.
Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin.
Diabetic neuropathy is a common long-term effect of DM.
Type II DM is more common than type I DM.
Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin.
The pacemaker potential is a result of _________blank.
Multiple Choice
Na+ inflow
Na+ outflow
K+ inflow
K+ outflow
Ca2+ inflow
Na+ inflow
An individual has type B, Rh-positive blood. The individual has _________blank antigen(s) and can produce anti-_________blank antibodies.
Multiple Choice
A and D; B
B and D; A
B; A and D
A; B and D
D; A and B
B and D; A
The heart is enfolded within a space called the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
pericardial cavity
mediastinum
abdominal cavity
pleural cavity
myocardium
pericardial cavity
Alternative routes of blood supply are called __________blank.
Multiple Choice
metarterioles
capillary beds
preferred channels
thoroughfare channels
anastomoses
anastomoses
Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone?
Multiple Choice
Negative feedback inhibition
The antagonistic effect
Up-regulation
Enzyme amplification
Down-regulation
Up-regulation
Where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body?
Multiple Choice
Pulmonary circuit
Heart
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Veins
The viscosity of blood is due more to the presence of _________blank than to any other factor.
Multiple Choice
fibrin
albumin
sodium
erythrocytes
nitrogenous wastes
erythrocytes
Most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to _________blank.
Multiple Choice
the plasma membrane of erythrocytes
alpha chains in hemoglobin
beta chains in hemoglobin
delta chains in hemoglobin
heme groups in hemoglobin
heme groups in hemoglobin
Which of the following is the most superficial layer enclosing the heart?
Multiple Choice
Fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Endocardium
Epicardium
Parietal layer of the serous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
Any abnormal cardiac rhythm is called a(n) _________blank.
Multiple Choice
ectopic focus
sinus rhythm
nodal rhythm
heart block
arrhythmia
arrhythmia
Which of the following is not a function of blood?
Multiple Choice
Transports a variety of nutrients
Helps to stabilize the pH of extracellular fluids
Participates in the initiation of blood clotting
Produces plasma hormones
Helps to regulate body temperature
Produces plasma hormones
Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone?
Multiple Choice
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Somatostatin
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What is the most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary?
Multiple Choice
Oncotic pressure
Tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Which cells aid in the body’s defense processes by secreting histamine and heparin?
Multiple Choice
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils
Platelets
Monocytes
Basophils
The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute is called the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
cardiac reserve
preload
afterload
stroke volume
cardiac output
cardiac output
The number of _________blank typically increases in response to bacterial infections.
Multiple Choice
basophils
monocytes
erythrocytes
eosinophils
neutrophils
neutrophils
The cessation of bleeding is specifically called _________blank.
Multiple Choice
a vascular spasm
homeostasis
hemostasis
platelet plug formation
coagulation
hemostasis
Mitral valve prolapse causes blood to leak back into the _________blank when the ventricles contract.
Multiple Choice
left atrium
right atrium
aorta
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries
left atrium
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to the polyuria and dehydration associated with diabetes mellitus?
Multiple Choice
Hyperglycemia → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose enters renal tubules → osmotic diuresis
Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis
Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis → glucose transport maximum exceeded
Hyperglycemia → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis
Osmotic diuresis → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis
The nervous system reacts to stimuli _________blank compared to the endocrine system, adapts _________blank compared to the endocrine system, and has _________blank effects compared to the endocrine system.
Multiple Choice
slowly; slowly; widespread
quickly; slowly; specific
quickly; quickly; widespread
quickly; quickly; specific
slowly; quickly; specific
quickly; quickly; specific
The nervous system reacts to stimuli _________blank compared to the endocrine system, adapts _________blank compared to the endocrine system, and has _________blank effects compared to the endocrine system.
Multiple Choice
slowly; slowly; widespread
quickly; slowly; specific
quickly; quickly; widespread
quickly; quickly; specific
slowly; quickly; specific
quickly; quickly; specific
The structural framework of a blood clot is formed by _________blank.
Multiple Choice
soluble fibrinogen
soluble fibrin
a fibrin polymer
a fibrinogen polymer
a thrombin polymer
a fibrin polymer
Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one’s physical or emotional well-being is called _________blank.
Multiple Choice
stress
pathology
disease
hyperthyroidism
hirsuitism
stress
Parathyroid hormone promotes which of the following?
Multiple Choice
The resorption of calcium from bone
Increased osteoblast activity
Decreased absortion of calcium from the small intestine
Increased calcium levels in the urine
Decreased production of calcitriol (vitamin D) in the kidney
The resorption of calcium from bone
The _________blank secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells.
Multiple Choice
thyroid
thymus
adrenal gland
spleen
parathyroid
thymus
The ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of prior exposure and the body’s production of antibodies or lymphocytes against one pathogen, is called _________blank.
Multiple Choice
adaptive immunity
nonspecific defense
the first line of defense
the second line of defense
a natural barrier
adaptive immunity
Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between cellular and humoral immunity?
Multiple Choice
Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so.
Cellular immunity utilizes B lymphocytes while humoral immunity utilizes T lymphocytes.
Cellular immunity produces antibodies while humoral immunity uses perforins.
Cellular immunity attacks foreign or diseased cells whereas humoral immunity uses antibodies to defend against future exposures.
Neither defends against bacteria.
Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so.
A severe and immediate local IgE reaction to an allergen within seconds of exposure is called _________blank.
Multiple Choice
anaphylaxis
type-II hypersensitivity
cell-mediated immunity
type-III hypersensitivity
immune complex hypersensitivity
anaphylaxis
Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in __________blank.
Multiple Choice
protein
carbon dioxide
metabolic waste
electrolytes
sodium and potassium
protein
Immune surveillance is a process in which __________blank nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells.
Multiple Choice
T lymphocytes (T cells)
reticular cells
dendritic cells
macrophages
natural killer (NK) cells
natural killer (NK) cells
T cells achieve immunocompetence in the __________blank.
Multiple Choice
bone marrow
bloodstream
spleen
thymus
liver
thymus
The __________blank show(s) a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.
Multiple Choice
lymph nodes
thymus
spleen
pharyngeal tonsils
appendix
thymus
Which of the following does(do) not belong to the second line of defense?
Multiple Choice
The macrophage system
Natural killer cells
Inflammation
The gastric juices
Interferon and the complement system
The gastric juices
__________blank lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas __________blank utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future.
Multiple Choice
Innate immunity; cytotoxicity
Adaptive immunity; innate immunity
A natural killer cell; a macrophage
Innate immunity; adaptive immunity
Natural immunity; artificial immunity
Innate immunity; adaptive immunity
Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called __________blank and a vasodilator called __________blank.
Multiple Choice
bradykinin; histamine
selectin; prostaglandin
histamine; heparin
heparin; histamine
prostaglandins; selectin
heparin; histamine
__________blank are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.
Multiple Choice
Complement system globulins
Interferons
Granzymes
Pyrogens
Perforins
Interferons
A pyrogen is a substance that causes __________blank.
Multiple Choice
inflammation
opsonization
complement fixation
cytolysis
fever
fever
__________blank is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.
Multiple Choice
Impaired use
Redness
Pain
Heat
Swelling
Impaired use
One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that __________blank.
Multiple Choice
immunity starts in defined organs in the body
immunity starts in specialized tissues in the body
immunity is carried on by a specific group of cells of the immune system
immunity is directed against a particular pathogen
immunity is carried on by a specific group of tissues of the immune system
immunity is directed against a particular pathogen
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against __________blank.
Multiple Choice
allergens
venoms
cancer cells
extracellular viruses
toxins
cancer cells
Vaccination stimulates __________blank immunity.
Multiple Choice
natural active
artificial active
natural passive
artificial passive
innate
artificial active
__________blank constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma.
Multiple Choice
IgD
IgE
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgG
Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n) __________blank.
Multiple Choice
hapten
immunoglobulin
natural killer cell
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein
basophil
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein
Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both __________blank.
Multiple Choice
secrete interferons
secrete granzymes and perforin
participate in the immune response
participate in innate immunity
secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
secrete granzymes and perforin
__________blank participate in both innate immunity and the immune response.
Multiple Choice
Memory T ( TM) cells
Regulatory T ( TR) cells
Natural killer (NK) cells
Helper T ( TH) cells
Cytotoxic T ( TC) cells
Helper T ( TH) cells
Which is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response?
Multiple Choice
Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → differentiation → clonal selection → attack
Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack
Antigen presentation → antigen recognition → clonal selection → differentiation → attack
Antigen presentation → antigen recognition → clonal selection → attack differentiation
Antigen recognition → differentiation → antigen presentation → clonal selection → attack
Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack
Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in the __________blank.
Multiple Choice
blood plasma
lymph nodes
thymus
red bone marrow
liver
lymph nodes
Before B cells secrete antibodies, they differentiate into __________blank.
Multiple Choice
stem cells
antigen-presenting cells
plasma cells
T cells
macrophages
plasma cells
Which of the following is something antibodies do not do?
Multiple Choice
Link antigen molecules together
Neutralize antigens by binding to regions of an antigen that can be pathogenic
Bind to enemy cells, thus changing their shape so their complement-binding sites are exposed
Differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack
Bind antigen molecules of two or more enemy cells and stick them together
Differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack
Bronchoconstriction, dyspnea, and widespread vasodilation are all characteristics of __________blank.
Multiple Choice
local anaphylaxis
anaphylactic shock
autoimmune disease
an HIV infection
AIDS
anaphylactic shock
An immediate and intense type I reaction that can be treated with antihistamines is characteristic of __________blank.
Multiple Choice
anaphylaxis
anaphylactic shock
autoimmune disease
an HIV infection
AIDS
anaphylaxis
Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish __________blank from foreign ones.
Multiple Choice
self-immunoglobulins
self-antibodies
self-antigens
self-interleukins
self-complement proteins
self-antigens
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
Multiple Choice
Control of pH
Promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood
Helps regulate blood pressure
Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators
Aids in defecation
Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators
Which of the following is directly related to respiratory production of carbon dioxide?
Multiple Choice
Regulation of blood pressure
The synthesis of vasodilators
Aids in defecation
Regulation of pH
Regulation of body temperature
Regulation of pH
In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?
Multiple Choice
Atmospheric pressure
Respiratory rate
Bronchiole diameter
Quantity of surfactant
Contraction of the diaphragm
Bronchiole diameter
How is the vital capacity calculated?
Multiple Choice
Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory volume
Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
Respiratory volume + tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except __________blank.
Multiple Choice
carbaminohemoglobin
carbonic acid
carbonate
bicarbonate ions
dissolved gas
carbonate
Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom’s life?
Multiple Choice
There is reserve oxygen in Tom’s lungs.
There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom’s blood.
The ambient PO2 can support life that long.
The Haldane effect lasts up to 5 minutes.
Tom’s hypoxic drive will keep him alive for up to 5 minutes.
There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom’s blood.
During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?
Multiple Choice
Increased H+ level in the blood
The Bohr effect
Reduced blood pH
Reduced oxyhemoglobin
Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle
Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle
In the air we breathe, which gas is found in the highest concentration?
Multiple Choice
Oxygen
Water vapor
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to __________blank oxygen molecules.
Multiple Choice
6
2
3
4
5
4
Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a PO2 of __________ mm Hg, a PCO2 of __________ mm Hg, and a pH of __________.
Multiple Choice
40; 95; 7.4
95; 40; 7.4
7.4; 40; 95
95; 7.4; 40
40; 7.4; 95
95; 40; 7.4
Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue?
Multiple Choice
Apoxia
Hypoxia
Anoxia
Cyanosis
Eupnea
Hypoxia
Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?
Multiple Choice
Sickle-cell disease
Emphysema
Squamous-cell carcinoma
Asthma
Atelectasis
Sickle-cell disease
Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli?
Multiple Choice
Cor pulmonale
Pulmonary hemosiderosis
Emphysema
Atelectasis
Collapsed lung
Emphysema
The blood transports more CO2
CO
2
in the form of __________blank than in any other form.
Multiple Choice
carbaminohemoglobin
carboxyhemoglobin
bicarbonate ions
dissolved CO2 gas
bisphosphocarbonate
bicarbonate ions
If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through?
Multiple Choice
Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
Nares → Nasal Sinuses → Laryngopharynx → Nasopharynx → Trachea → Larynx → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Sac → Alveolar Duct → Alveolus
Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
Which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases?
Multiple Choice
Henry’s
Charles’s
Boyle’s
Dalton’s
Newton’s
Dalton’s
What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer?
Multiple Choice
Mesothelioma
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Small-cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Small-cell carcinoma
The __________blank is not an organ of the urinary system.
Multiple Choice
urethra
liver
ureter
urinary bladder
kidney
liver
Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?
Multiple Choice
They regulate osmolarity of the body fluids.
They fight osteoporosis by synthesizing vitamin D.
They help control blood pressure.
They release a majority of wastes into the bloodstream.
They indirectly increase oxyhemoglobin.
They release a majority of wastes into the bloodstream.
A by-product of protein catabolism, __________blank constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste.
Multiple Choice
urea
creatinine
uric acid
azotemia
ammonia
urea
Which organ system excretes nitrogenous wastes?
Multiple Choice
The urinary system
The cardiovascular system
The integumentary system
The digestive system
The respiratory system
The urinary system
Blood plasma is filtered in the __________blank.
Multiple Choice
renal tubule
renal corpuscle
renal capsule
renal column
renal calyx
renal corpuscle
Which of the following form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus?
Multiple Choice
Macula densa cells
Mesangial cells
Nephrocytes
Podocytes
Monocytes
Podocytes
Cortical nephrons can be distinguished from juxtamedullary nephrons by __________blank.
Multiple Choice
their location within the renal cortex
their filtration rate
whether they drain into a collecting duct or directly into the renal pelvis
the size of their renal corpuscle
which molecules can pass through their filtration membrane
their location within the renal cortex
In a healthy kidney, very little __________blank is filtered by the glomerulus.
Multiple Choice
amino acids
electrolytes
glucose
vitamins
protein
protein
Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen, which is released from the __________blank, to form angiotensin I.
Multiple Choice
lungs
kidneys
liver
heart
spleen
liver
Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate?
Multiple Choice
Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
A drop in oncotic pressure
Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole
Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
An increase in osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule
Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
The mechanism of stabilizing the GFR based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as __________blank.
Multiple Choice
renal autoregulation
the myogenic mechanism
tubuloglomerular feedback
sympathetic control
the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
the myogenic mechanism
In response to a drop in overall blood pressure, __________blank stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet.
Multiple Choice
azotemia
sodium chloride
parathyroid hormone
aldosterone
angiotensin II
angiotensin II
Which of the following induces renin secretion, constricts afferent arterioles, and reduces GFR and urine volume?
Multiple Choice
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone
Parathyroid hormone
Norepinephrine
Angiotensin II
Norepinephrine
Hypocalcemia stimulates __________blank.
Multiple Choice
a decrease in aldosterone production
secretion of parathyroid hormone
secretion of renin
an increase in blood urea nitrogen
vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles
secretion of parathyroid hormone
Natriuretic peptide inhibits __________blank reabsorption by the collecting duct, which __________blank urine output.
Multiple Choice
K+ ; increases
NaCl; decreases
NaCl; increases
K+ ; decreases
Ca2+ ; increases
NaCl; increases
Loop diuretics reduce body water content by acting on the __________blank.
Multiple Choice
feedback loop between the kidney and posterior pituitary gland
countercurrent multiplier system
countercurrent exchanger system
aquaporins of the collecting duct
thirst mechanism and water intake
countercurrent multiplier system
Aldosterone acts on the __________blank.
Multiple Choice
proximal convoluted tubule
medullary portion of the collecting duct
descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)
distal convoluted tubule
glomerulus
distal convoluted tubule
Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone?
Multiple Choice
Decreased urine volume
Decreased urine molarity
Increased urine volume
Increased urine salinity
Increased urine acidity
Decreased urine volume
Which of the following does not contribute to water conservation?
Multiple Choice
The collecting duct
The countercurrent multiplier
The countercurrent exchange system
Diuretics
The length of the nephrons
Diuretics
Normal urine from a healthy person should not contain __________blank.
Multiple Choice
creatinine
urobilin
glucose
ammonia
magnesium
glucose
To meet the definition of polyuria, the minimum daily output of urine is __________blank.
Multiple Choice
0.5 L
1.0 L
1.5 L
2.0 L
3.0 L
2.0 L
Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of __________blank.
Multiple Choice
diabetes insipidus
acute glomerulonephritis
diabetes mellitus
renal calculus
pyelitis
diabetes mellitus
A patient enters a hospital after a motorcycle accident. He complains of mid-back pain. X-rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures. His emergency room examination includes urinalysis. Which of the following findings from the urinalysis would most likely suggest trauma to the kidneys from the accident, but not to the urinary bladder?
Multiple Choice
Pyuria
Hematuria
Albuminuria
Uremia
Phenylketonuria
Albuminuria
Micturition is another term for __________blank.
Multiple Choice
the production of nitrogenous wastes
glomerular filtration
the countercurrent multiplier process
inflammation of the urinary bladder
the elimination of urine
the elimination of urine
What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another?
Multiple Choice
The temperature difference between compartments
The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment
The relative volume in each compartment
The relative size of each compartment
The blood pressure
The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment
In which compartment would fluid accumulate in edema?
Multiple Choice
Intracellular fluid
Transcellular fluid
Tissue (interstitial) fluid
Blood plasma
Lymph
Tissue (interstitial) fluid
Most body water intake is from __________blank, whereas most body water lost is via __________blank.
Multiple Choice
metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration
metabolic water; sweat
drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air
drinking; urine
drinking; radiation
drinking; urine
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?
Multiple Choice
It stimulates angiotensin II secretion.
It promotes water conservation.
It stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors.
It inhibits salivation and thirst.
It targets the cerebral cortex.
It promotes water conservation.
Water output is largely controlled by varying __________blank.
Multiple Choice
metabolic water production
sweating
cutaneous transpiration
drinking
urine volume
urine volume
Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high?
Multiple Choice
ADH release is inhibited.
ADH release is stimulated.
The renal tubules reabsorb more water.
The renal tubules reabsorb more sodium.
The kidneys produce less urine.
ADH release is inhibited.
In response to dehydration, osmoreceptors stimulate the secretion of __________blank.
Multiple Choice
ADH
calcitonin
ANP
sodium ions
bicarbonate ions
ADH
A hemorrhage results in which of the following?
Multiple Choice
A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity
A decrease in water volume and an increase in osmolarity
A decrease in water volume and a decrease in osmolarity
An increase in ECF volume but a decrease in ICF volume
A decrease in ECF volume but an increase ICF volume
A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity
What is the principal cation of the ECF?
Multiple Choice
Ca2+
Cl−
K+
Na+
Pi
Na+
What is the function of aldosterone?
Multiple Choice
It increases both Na+ and K+ reabsorption.
It increases both Na+and K+ secretion.
It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.
It reduces Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.
It causes the urine to be more diluted.
It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.
Hypernatremia is a plasma __________blank concentration above normal.
Multiple Choice
Ca2+
Na+
K+
Cl−
Pi
Na+
Which of the following is not caused by hypernatremia?
Multiple Choice
Water retention
Edema
Hypertension
Interstitial fluid accumulation
A reduction in plasma volume
A reduction in plasma volume
Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of what?
Multiple Choice
ADH
Aldosterone
Natriuretic peptide
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Aldosterone
What is the most abundant cation in the ICF?
Multiple Choice
Ca2+
Na+
K+
Cl−
Pi
K+
Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia?
Multiple Choice
Cells are partially depolarized.
There is more diffusion of potassium into the cells.
Cells are more excitable.
The resting membrane potential is more positive.
Cells are hyperpolarized.
Cells are hyperpolarized.
Which of the following is not a role of calcium in the body?
Multiple Choice
It participates in muscle contraction.
It is a significant component of nucleic acids.
They serve as second messengers.
It activates exocytosis.
It is important in blood clotting.
It is a significant component of nucleic acids.
How is calcium concentration in the body regulated?
Multiple Choice
By hormones
By sodium and calcium concentrations in the plasma
By chloride and phosphate concentrations in the plasma
By the parasympathetic nervous system
By the sympathetic nervous system
By hormones
What is the normal pH of tissue fluid?
Multiple Choice
6.95 - 7.05
7.05 - 7.15
7.15 - 7.25
7.25 - 7.35
7.35 - 7.45
7.35 - 7.45
What are the major chemical buffer systems of the body?
Multiple Choice
The urinary and respiratory
The urinary and digestive
The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
The bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein
The bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate
The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
What protein is the most important buffer in blood plasma?
Multiple Choice
Fibrinogen
Albumin
Alpha globulin
Gamma globulin
Transferrin
Albumin
The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which __________blank.
Multiple Choice
supplies the buffer system with CO2
supplies the buffer system with O2
expels HCO3− produced by the buffer system
expels H+ produced by the buffer system
expels CO2 produced by the buffer system
expels CO2 produced by the buffer system
Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells?
Multiple Choice
It causes repolarization.
It causes depolarization below threshold.
It causes hyperpolarization.
It causes depolarization above threshold.
It has no effect.
It causes hyperpolarization.
How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis?
Multiple Choice
By secreting more bicarbonate ions
By secreting more hydrogen ions
By secreting more sodium ions
By reabsorbing more hydrogen ions
By reabsorbing more ammonia
By secreting more hydrogen ions
Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to __________blank.
Multiple Choice
metabolic alkalosis
metabolic acidosis
urinary alkalosis
urinary acidosis
respiratory acidosis
respiratory acidosis
An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following?
Multiple Choice
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Digestive alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following?
Multiple Choice
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Lymphatic alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Emphysema can lead to which of the following?
Multiple Choice
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Digestive alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following compensatory symptoms?
Multiple Choice
Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
Decreased H+ secretion by the kidneys
Decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneys
Increased glucose production in the kidneys.
Hyperventilation
