Final Exam Flashcards
what is the purpose of cytokines in the inflammatory response?
attract more phagocytic cells
what is your body’s reaction to an internal infection?
the inflammatory response
what are chemical messengers that activate other cells and attract other phagocytic cells?
cytokines
what is the purpose of the loop of henle?
to maintain a chemical gradient through the reabsorption of water in the distal tubule and collecting duct
what is the filtrate at the bottom of the loop of henle?
it is concentrated and pee flavored
what percentage of plasma entering the glomerulus is unfiltered and leaves the arteriole?
80%
what percentage of plasma entering the glomerulus get filtered? why?
about 20% BECAUSE filtration takes time. if 100% of the plasma got filtered every time it entered the glomerulus, there would be no blood available for the rest of the body. So, the glomerulus filters only 20% at a time with the idea that eventually all of the blood will get filtered as it gets recirculated throughout the body.
what percentage of the total Na+ that gets reabsorbed takes place in the proximal tubule?
67%
what percentage of the energy our kidneys use is for Na reabsorption?
80%
what percentage of Na reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule?
67% or 2/3
what percentage of Na reabsorption occurs in the ascending limb of the loop of henle?
25% or 1/4
what percentage occurs in the distal tubule and collecting ducts?
8%
when extracellular fluid becomes too acidic, the tubular secretion of __________ increases.
hydrogen ions
where does the 25% of the total Na+ reabsorbed take place?
ascending limb
which cell type in the adaptive immune system would be most helpful in destroying cancerous cells in your body?
cytotoxic T cells
what kind of cell is in the innate immune system?
natural killer cells
which cell type in the innate immune system would be useful in battling?
natural killer cells
which gastric hormone indirectly affects fat digestion?
cholecystokinin (CKK)
reabsorption of ____ in the proximal tubule is active.
Na+
what is the only barrier that Na+ crosses during reabsorption that requires energy?
the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cell
what does it take to actively transport out of the epithelial cell?
ATP
reabsorption of urea at the end of the proximal tubule is _________.
passive
select the incorrect statement about ADH.
produced by the distal tubule
a hormone called vasopressin that gets released by the brain and acts on the distal tubule of the collecting ducts of the nephrons.
ADH
some drugs are easily detected in the urine because of which process?
secretion
the Na+ K+ ATPase transport system that plays a pivotal role in much is located where?
basolateral membrane of tubular cells
the colon is part of which digestive organ?
large intestine
the pharyngoesophageal sphincter is normally closed to prevent what?
air from entering the esophagus during breathing
the purpose of the loop of henle is to establish a concentration gradient through reabsorption of _____ in the distal tubule and collecting duct?
water
water reabsorption is under control of vasopressin _______
only in the distal tubule and collecting duct
eating a meal that is high in protein will result in increased release of what?
chymotrypsin
failure of the pancreas to secrete adequate levels of sodium bicarbonate will result in which of the following:
damage to the small intestine due to exposure to acidic chyme
helper T cells are involved in:
both humoral and cell-mediated
how do memory B cells help you avoid getting the same illness twice?
by forming plasma cells and releasing antibodies
if you were to measure the pH of chyme in the duodenum, and found it, would it promote or delay further emptying of gastric contents?
promote
in which part of the nephron is Na+ NOT reabsorbed?
descending limb
increased blood flow to the sire of injury is a result of:
histamine
increased vasopressin levels might be attributed to improper functioning:
large intestine
a deficiency in cholesterol will have the largest effect on the activity of which of the following?
liver
a liver cell in your body that has become infected by a virus would present which:
class I MHC complex
a person who has had their gallbladder removed must closely monitor their:
fats
allergies are the result of excessive release of what?
histamine
an epitope is part of:
an antigen
bile salts are made from:
cholesterol
both B and T cells have receptors for antigens on their membranes. T/F?
True
cytotoxic T cells release perforin, which does what?
forms pores in cell membranes
during a record-setting performance at the bar, you manage to consume 1,000, how much water will you eliminate?
4,000 mL
which of the following is NOT a type of autoimmune disease?
Aids
Which of the following is NOT part of the humoral immune response?
activation of cytotoxic t-cells
which of the following is NOT part of your innate immunity?
T cell lymphocytes
Which of the following is not usually one of the substances that is secreted during tubular secretion?
Na+
Which of the following will NOT be recognized by T cell lymphocytes?
un-bound antigen circulating in the blood
which part of an antibody physically makes contact with antigens?
variable region
which process is thought to control interferon release?
fever
which tissue layer of the digestive tract helps prevent damage from friction?
serosa
which type of lymphocyte divides during the humoral immune response?
B cell
why would drinking sea water make you more dehydrated?
increased Na+ in the filtrate would lead to increased secretion of water in the distal tubule
which is NOT a pancreatic hormone that is involved in protein digestion?
aminopeptidase
which is reabsorbed at the proximal tubule?
amino acids, urea, and glucose (all of the above)
which is the primary absorptive organ in the digestive system?
small intestine
what is NOT a component of saliva?
pepsin
what are components of saliva?
lysozyme, water, and mucus
which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?
maintain appropriate Co2 levels in the blood
which of the following is NOT a step in transepithelial transport?
movement of the substance through tight junctions of tubular cells
ureters are surrounded by _______ muscles
smooth
the urethra is longer in ______
males
the dominant vascular component of the nephron is:
the glomerulus
what percentage of plasma passes through the glomerulus unfiltered?
80%
transport of Na+ across the ____________ requires energy
basolateral membrane
reabsorption of urea at the end of the proximal tubule is:
passive
Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule is:
active
reabsorption of glucose and amino acids involves:
secondary active transport
vasopressin promotes ________ of water
reabsorption
filtrate at the bottom of the loop of henle is:
very concentrated and very pee flavored
when filtrate reaches the distal tubule it is:
very dilute
which of these is an accessory organ:
pancreas
which tissue layer provides the most elasticity
submucosa
which enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?
amylase
which sphincter prevents food from exiting and entering the stomach into the duodenum?
pyloric
what is NOT a function of the stomach?
absorption
sodium bicarbonate has a ______ pH
high
which of the following activated pepsinogen?
HCl
which of the following is NOT digested by enzymes released from the pancreas?
they are all digested
what do chief and parietal cells secrete?
HCl
what is considered a ‘drying organ’?
large intestine
phagocytic cells are part of _______- immunity.
innate
during the inflammatory response, cytokines are released by:
macrophages
which of the following would NOT attack a cancer cell in your body tissues?
Which is the smallest? antigen, epitope, or antibody
epitope
which of these has antigen receptors on its membrane?
both B and T cells
Class I MHC presents to:
cytotoxic T cells only
An antigen-presenting cell would present an antigen using its:
MHC II
the stomach has a low ____
pH
what type of cell fights HIV?
helper t
where are sugars broken down first?
digestion (mouth)
what causes diarrhea?
one of the main purposes of the large intestine is to remove water from your feces before it leaves the body, to prevent you from becoming dehydrated. what is left should only be solid waster, sometimes certain foods or emotions can stimulate a contraction of the large intestine so waste moves through the intestine too quickly and not enough water is removed.
is K+ secreted or absorbed in the nephron?
secreted
what is an enzyme that does not break down protein?
amylase and lipase
