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Motivation > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the rubicon model?

A

Predecisional phase
Postdecisional phase
Actional phase
Postactional phase

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2
Q

What is the predecisional phase?

A

The goal setting phase

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3
Q

What is the postdecisional phase?

A

The goal planning phase

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4
Q

What is the actional phase?

A

The goal striving phase

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5
Q

What is the intention-behaviour gap?

A

the disconnection between a person’s intentions (to achieve a goal) and their actions

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6
Q

What are outcome simulations?

A

When you fantasize about what it will be like when you achieve your goal

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7
Q

What are process simulations?

A

When you focus on the steps required to achieve your goal

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8
Q

What are implementation intentions?

A

If-then plans that specify the exact behaviour you’ll use in a particular situation

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9
Q

What are goal intentions?

A

Statements that identify the endpoint of the goal

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10
Q

What are implementation intentions?

A

Statements that specify the way you will achieve your goal

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11
Q

What are the 4 benefits of implementation intentions?

A
  1. they help with goal persistence
  2. they help with overriding bad habits
  3. they help with goal initiation
  4. they help with controlling inner states of emotion
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12
Q

What does S.M.A.R.T stand for?

A

Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Relevant
Timely

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13
Q

Define the S of S.M.A.R.T goals

A

Specific: the who, what, where, when, which
Defining the goal as much as possible to avoid ambiguity

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14
Q

Define the M of S.M.A.R.T goals

A

Measurable: the from and to
The ability to track the progress and measure the outcome

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15
Q

Define the A of S.M.A.R.T goals

A

Attainable: the how
How to accomplish the goal, is it reasonable enough to be accomplished?

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16
Q

Define the R of S.M.A.R.T goals

A

Relevant: is the goal worthwhile and will it meet your needs?

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17
Q

Define the T of S.M.A.R.T goals

A

Timely: the when
Your objective needs a timeline

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18
Q

What factors influence the success of implementation intentions

A

Goal commitment, Self-efficacy, Self-control

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19
Q

Why is it important to be flexible?

A

Rigid and detailed plans reduce your sense of autonomy and causes the “what the hell” effect

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20
Q

Why is accountability important?

A

The more accountable your plan is, the easier it is to see when you are failing and need to increase effort

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21
Q

What is the planning fallacy?

A

The tendency for people to be overly optimistic with their plans

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22
Q

What is perceived expertise?

A

The individual evaluation of one’s knowledge on a topic, believing they know all there is
Thinking you are an expert does not make you so

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23
Q

What is loss aversion?

A

The attempt to avoid anything bad

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24
Q

What is the simulation heuristic?

A

The tendency for people to judge the likelihood of an event by how easily it can be imagined

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25
Q

Give an example of a simulation heuristic

A

“If I didn’t stop for coffee, then I wouldn’t be late”

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26
Q

What is self regulation?

A

Our capacity to alter our response and behaviours

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27
Q

What are standards?

A

Our ideas about how things SHOULD be

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28
Q

What is the ideal self?

A

What we personally hope to become in the future

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29
Q

What is the undesired self?

A

Our greatest fears for ourselves

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30
Q

What is Higgin’s self-discrepancy theory?

A

The theory that we feel dejected when we think our actual self is not aligned with our ideal/ought self

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31
Q

What is the ought self?

A

The self of duties and obligations

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32
Q

What is regulatory focus?

A

How an individual frames their goals

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33
Q

What are the directions of regulatory focus?

A

Promotion oriented and Prevention oriented

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34
Q

How are approach goals and promotion goals different?

A

Promotional goals have a bigger outcome in mind
- study to get a good grade
- study to get a good grade to improve your GPA

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35
Q

How are avoidance goals and prevention goals different?

A

Avoidance goals have a bigger outcome in mind
- perform well to avoid an F
- perform well to avoid an F and keep their scholarship

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36
Q

What is regulatory fit?

A

When a person’s regulatory focus matches the focus of the situation of the task

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37
Q

How do cultural differences affect promotion vs prevention oriented goals?

A

Western cultures tend to adopt a promotion-orientation while european cultures tend to adopt a prevention-orientation

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38
Q

What is the self-awareness theory?

A

The theory that when we feel as if our actual self is not living up to our standards, we feel motivated to reduce discrepancy

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39
Q

What is objective self awareness?

A

A reflective state with attention focused on ourselves
When we are self-aware, it often produces negative emotions, we often believe that we’re falling short of our standards

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40
Q

What is monitoring?

A

When we keep track of behaviours that we want to regulate

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41
Q

What is the Tote Model Method?

A

The internal feedback loop of our monitoring our behaviours

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42
Q

What does the T.O.T.E model stand for?

A

Test, Operate, Test, Exit

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43
Q

Explain the Ts of the Tote model method

A

Test: comparing your current state to your desired state

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44
Q

Explain the O of the Tote model method

A

Operate: exert effort to reduce the discrepancy between current and desired state

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45
Q

Explain the E of the Tote model method

A

Exit: When the discrepancy is eliminated because we achieved or abandoned our goal

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46
Q

How does the Tote model method introduce a feedback loop?

A

Within the Operate and Re-test.
The second test tells us if we are close enough to our desired state, if not we operate again

47
Q

How does strength impact goal striving?

A

Goal striving requires us to emphasize the future over the present
If we have no strength, then we cannot focus on the future

48
Q

What is the limited resource model?

A

The idea that strength is both limited and a general resource

49
Q

How is strength a limited resource? How is it a general resource?

A

Limited: we only have so much self control, when it is out we have no more
General: There are a number of ways to tap into strength and self control

50
Q

What is inhibitory insanity?

A

When we exert self-control in one domain, it becomes impaired and reduces the ability to exert self control in other domains

51
Q

How can your reduce self control failures

A
  • Plan your day with depletion in mind
  • Avoid taking on too many goals at once
  • Create a habit
  • Avoid complete bans
52
Q

How can you boost self-control?

A
  • Practice
  • Re-train your brain
  • Take breaks
  • Seek out autonomy
  • Believe in yourself
53
Q

What is the sunk cost effect?

A

When you’ve invested SO MUCH into your goal, that it is hard to let it go

54
Q

Which part of the brain enables people to hold a goal in mind?

A

The lateral section of the prefrontal cortex

55
Q

Which part of the brain is activated when people reflect on their goals?

A

The medial prefrontal cortex

56
Q

Which part of the brain helps the brain prepare for action?

A

The premotor cortex

57
Q

Which part of the brain detects discrepancies between your actual and desired states?

A

The dorsal anterior cingulated cortex

58
Q

Once a discrepancy is detected, which parts of the brain help regulate people’s goal directed behaviour?

A

The premotor cortex
The primary motor cortex
The basal ganglia

59
Q

Which parts of the brain allow individual to exert self-control and inhibit undesirable responses?

A

The prefrontal cortex
The inferior frontal gyrus

60
Q

What is the James-Lange Theory on emotions?

A

The theory that we experience our emotions before we react to the stimulus
When a fearful stimulus is present, it automatically activates our sympathetic nervous system

61
Q

How do the two parts of the autonomic nervous system work?

A

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action while the parasympathetic nervous system brings us back to calm

62
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions?

A

The theory that emotions occur simultaneously with reactions/behaviour

63
Q

Which part of the brain plays a part in the Cannon-Bard theory? How?

A

The thalamus interprets and reacts to the situation before the conscious mind can

64
Q

What is the Schachter-Singer cognitive labelling theory?

A

The theory that emotions are caused by the combination of physical arousal and a cognitive label
We identify the arousal and act accordingly

65
Q

What is the misattribution of arousal?

A

The possibility that we can be tricked into feeling a particular emotion because there is no clear explanation for the immediate situation

66
Q

Give an example of the misattribution of arousal?

A

The lab lies and tells you the wrong side-effects of a vaccine
You feel more agitated because you experience something else (unexplainable)

67
Q

What is Lazarus’ Appraisal theory?

A

The theory that cognitions precede arousal

68
Q

Explain the primary and secondary appraisals in Lazarus’ theory

A

Primary: initial perception of the stimulus - is it good/bad/irrelevant?
Secondary: assessment of stimulus - do I have the ability to cope with this right now?

69
Q

What are the 3 layers of the brain? To which animal do they relate?

A

Brainstem: reptile
Subcortical region: mouse
Cortex: monkey

70
Q

Why is the brainstem your ‘reptile’ brain?

A

It is the most basic part of the brain, responsible for safety and maintenance (no higher function)

71
Q

Why is the subcortical region your ‘mouse’ brain?

A

It is the secondary brain section, responsible for emotions and memory

72
Q

Why is the cortex your ‘monkey’ brain

A

The most advanced part of the brain, used for higher processes

73
Q

What are the requirements of core emotions?

A

Innate, universal, expressed in a distinct way

74
Q

What is Ekman’s work on core emotions?

A

Suggesting that there are 6 core emotions, he went to an isolated tribe and showed them the series of images. They all accurately depicted the same thing for the same emotions (universal, expressed distinctly)

75
Q

What is Plutchik’s work on core emotions?

A

Suggesting there are 8 core emotions, he links them to a corresponding motive
Stating that core emotions serve a unique evolutionary motive

76
Q

According to Plutchik’s work, link the core emotions to their motive
Anger, Joy, Anticipation, Disgust, Sadness, Surprise, Fear, Trust

A

Anger:Destruction
Joy:Reproduction
Anticipation:Exploration
Disgust:Rejection
Sadness:Reunion
Surprise:Orientation
Fear:Protection
Trust:Affiliation

77
Q

According to Plutchik’s work, link the core emotions to their motive - explain WHY
Destruction, Reproduction, Exploration, Rejection, Reunion, Orientation, Protection, Affiliation

A

Anger:Destruction
Joy:Reproduction
Anticipation:Exploration
Disgust:Rejection
Sadness:Reunion
Surprise:Orientation
Fear:Protection
Trust:Affiliation

78
Q

What is Fredrickson’s Broadened-and-Bulit theory?

A

The theory that positive emotions broaden our attention and thoughts and help us build up our resources

79
Q

According to Fredrickson, how to positive and negative emotions differ?

A

Positive emotions produce nonspecific cognitive responses
Negative emotions produce specific actional responses

80
Q

What is emotional regulation?

A

the way in which people try to influence which emotions they experience, when they’re experienced, and how they are expressed
WHAT-WHEN-HOW

81
Q

What are the five models of emotional regulation?

A

Situational selection
Situational modification
Attentional deployment
Cognitive change
Response modulation

82
Q

What is the situational selection model of emotional regulation? Give an example

A

Seeking out situations based on their emotional impact
EX: skipping Xmas dinner because there is always a fight

83
Q

What is the situational modification model of emotional regulation? Give an example

A

Changing the external environment to direct it towards a different emotional outcome
EX: making a joke about your bad memory to avoid the embarrassment of getting a name wrong

84
Q

What is the attentional deployment model of emotional regulation? Give an example

A

Changing the internal environment to redirect your attention or distract yourself
EX: focusing on the tv to distract yourself from the dentist

85
Q

What is the cognitive change model of emotional regulation? Give an example

A

Changing the meaning of a situation to change your emotional response to it
EX: when someone cuts you off in traffic “What an ass” becomes “Wow I hope everything is okay!”

86
Q

What is the response modulation model of emotional regulation? Give an example

A

Directly changing your behaviour to decrease the intensity of your emotion
EX: listening to music, deep breathing, etc.

87
Q

What is equifinality? Give an example

A

The distinction that goals vary in the number of ways they can be attained
A goal that can be accomplished in various ways has high equifinality
EX: to be in better shape, you can run/gym/sport/etc

88
Q

What are the 3 common mistakes in goal planning?

A

Planning fallacy
Perceived expertise
Loss aversion

89
Q

What is multifinality? Give an example

A

Multifinality is the distinction that many goals can be accomplished by the same means
EX: getting good grades will help you pass, get a high GPA, get into grad school, etc

90
Q

What are higher order goals? Give an example

A

An overarching goal that houses other smaller goals
Getting good grades > pass classes > high GPA > get into grad school

91
Q

What are goal means?

A

The way you achieve your goals

92
Q

In goal systems theory, how do goal means connect goals and higher-order goals?

A

We expect that the goals can be accomplished by the same means if they are housed under the same higher-order goal

93
Q

What is goal systems theory? Give an example

A

The theory that when multiple goals are housed under a higher-order goal, they should be connected
Steps towards the same outcome should be linkable
Study hard + attend all lectures = get good grades = go to grad school

94
Q

How can you improve goal commitment?

A

Indulging
Dwelling
Mental contrasting

95
Q

What is indulging? How does it boost goal commitment?
Give an example

A

The mental elaboration on a positive future
Boosts commitment by allowing you to see how good it COULD be
EX: how happy you will be when you complete the 10k race

96
Q

What is dwelling? How does it boost goal commitment?
Give an example

A

The mental elaboration on the negative present state
Boosts commitment by focusing on how bad things are currently
EX: Focusing on all the reasons why you can’t succeed

97
Q

What is mental contrasting? How does it boost goal commitment?
Give an example

A

The comparing of the positive future against the negative present
Makes the future look even better, more desirable
EX: How happy you’ll be when you finish the 10k, and what is currently holding you back

98
Q

Where do goals come from? (3 factors)

A

Need
Demands
Culture

99
Q

How can the gap between intentions and actions be minimized?

A

Using outcome or process simulations

100
Q

What is the difference between outcome and process simulations?

A

Outcome simulations focus on the emotions following the achievement of the goal while process simulations focus on the coming steps towards acheivement

101
Q

What is the difference between goal and implementation intentions?

A

The goal intention defines the endpoint of the goal while implementation intentions define the plans/exact behaviour you’ll use in a particular situation

102
Q

What are the reasons people fail to achieve their goals?

A

Their self-esteem is challenged
The sunk-cost effect

103
Q

If your goal is to “Do well in school” what could the 5-step implementation intention process look like?

A

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Timely
EX: I currently have a 7.8GPA and want to achieve at least a 9.0GPA by the time I graduate in a year, so that I have a better chance at grad school.

104
Q

What are framing effects? Provide an example

A

That the means of achieving a goal will change based on how you frame the desired outcome (promotion vs prevention)
EX: I want a high grade
- Promotion: I’ll study to learn and keep doing well
- Prevention: I’ll cheat so I don’t fail this class

105
Q

What is a goal / What are the 4 important aspects of a goal?

A

A future oriented, cognitive representation toward/away from a specified outcome
(Future, cognitive, directed, specific)

106
Q

Define goal specificity and difficulty, how do they impact goal setting?

A

Difficulty: how hard the goal is to achieve - we are more likely to accomplish harder goals
Specificity: how precise our goal is - without specificity our goal is not defined enough and loses value

107
Q

Are we more likely to achieve easy or difficult goals? Why?

A

We are more likely to achieve difficult goals because they require us to put in the work whereas easy goals may not seem like big achievements

108
Q

What is upwards counterfactual thinking? Give an example

A

When you imagine a more positive alternative to what the situation is
EX: If I hadn’t turned left, I wouldn’t be stuck in traffic

109
Q

What is downward counterfactual thinking? Give an example

A

When you imagine a negative alternative to the situation
EX: If I hadn’t taken that job, I’d be bankrupt!

110
Q

What is the expectancy-value theory?

A

The idea that people are more likely to pursue a goal when you expect you are able to and the goal has a high value

111
Q

What is a distal goal? a proximal goal?

A

Distal: long-term goal, achieved in the future
Proximal: short-term goal, achieved sooner

112
Q

What are the features of a goal?

A

Difficulty, Expectations, Proximity, Specificity, Value

113
Q

What is the “what the hell” effect?

A

When you have acted against your goal and become more likely to give into impulses
“Ah what the hell I already did it once, might as well do it again”

Motivation (1 decks)

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