Final Exam

Question 1

What is Arrhythmias

Answer 1

Abnormal heart rhythm caused by hearts electrical system.

Question 2

What is Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)

Answer 2

valves of the heart are damaged, impairing its capability to control the direction of blood flow

Question 3

What are the two ways cancer can be classified

Answer 3

1. The type of tissue in which the cancer originates (histological)
2. By primary site, or the location in the body where the cancer first developed

Question 4

What is a carcinoma (cancer)

Answer 4

Malignancies of epithelial tissue (soft tissue)

Question 5

What is a sarcoma (cancer)

Answer 5

Tumors can be found anywhere in the body

Question 6

What is a lymphoma (cancer)

Answer 6

Develop in the glands or the nodes of the lymphatic system. Can also develop in specific organs such as the stomach, breast or brain

Question 7

What is Leukaemia

Answer 7

liquid/blood cancer due to overproduction of WBC

Question 8

What are the 4 different types of leukaemia

Answer 8

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML)
Chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML)

Question 9

What is myeloma (cancer)

Answer 9

Originates in the plasma of bone marrow. When cells invade the bone, they cause multiple areas of damage that weaken the bone and cause lesions

Question 10

what % does smoking contribute to cancer in aus

Answer 10

13%

Question 11

how does PA reduce colorectal cancer

Answer 11

Energy balance
Hormone metabolism
Insulin regulation

Question 12

how does PA reduce breast cancer

Answer 12

• lowering hormone levels, particularly in premenopausal women
• Lowering levels of insulin and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), improving the immune response
• Assisting with weight maintenance to avoid a high body mass and excess body fat

Question 13

Is type 1 diabetes insulin dependent or non insulin dependent. Is this the most common form in Aus?

Answer 13

insulin dependent
No

Question 14

Is type 2 diabetes insulin dependent or non insulin dependent. Is this the most common form in Aus?

Answer 14

non insulin dependent.
Yes

Question 15

How can PA help diabetes

Answer 15

Blood sugar control
Better cholesterol and blood lipid profiles
Lowers BP
Weight Management
Lower Risk of CVD

Question 16

Safety considerations for diabetes during PA

Answer 16

Wear MedicAlert bracelet
Have a friend who knows you have diabetes
Monitor your blood glucose
Carry some form of fast acting CHO (e.g glucose tablets or lollies)

Question 17

Best way to achieve peak bone mass

Answer 17

Starting load bearing activities during childhood

Question 18

What are risk factors of osteoporosis

Answer 18

Certain conditions and medications contribute to increased risk

Low calcium and vit D levels increase risk

Low physical activity, smoking, excessive alcohol intake, and excess weight

Question 19

Can osteoporosis be genetically inherited

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

How can you prevent osteoporosis

Answer 20

increase peak bone mass prior to 18-30 yrs of age

Decrease rate of bone loss that occurs after the age of 40-50 years

Question 21

Medicinal Treatment of Osteoporosis

Answer 21

Calcium supplementation

Bisphosphonates to prevent loss of bone mass

Hormone replacement therapy such as estrogen

vit D

Question 22

How much can PA prevent or reverse bone loss per year in both pre and post menopausal women

Answer 22

1%

Question 23

Risk factors of osteoarthritis

Answer 23

Excess weight puts extra stress on the joints

Repeated abnormal stress (e.g elite athletes, construction workers) may be at greater risk

Question 24

Prevention of osteoarthritis

Answer 24

Nutrition
Increasing flexibility
Heat and cold therapy

Question 25

What is eustress

Answer 25

stress that is health or gives one a feeling of fulfillment or other positive feelings

Question 26

What is distress

Answer 26

stress that is unhealthy, under which our physical and mental health deteriorate

Question 27

What is the Health Belief Model

Answer 27

People are more likely to change their health if they think they are susceptible to a certain illness or they think the benefits outweigh the barriers

Question 28

What is the theory of reasoned action and planned behaviour

Answer 28

Behaviour is voluntary, and our personal attitudes towards outcomes affect if we follow a certain behaviour

Question 29

What are the 3 determinants of the theory of reasoned action and planned behaviour

Answer 29

1. Attitudes towards behaviour 2. Subjective norms 3. Perceived behavioural control

Question 30

What are negatives of the theory of reasoned action and planned behaviour

Answer 30

Assumes that behaviour is a linear decision making process The timeframe between "intent" and "behavioural action" is not addressed by the theory Does not take into account, environmental economic factors that may influence a persons intention to perform a behaviour

Question 31

What are the 5 stages of the transtheoretical model

Answer 31

1. Pre-contemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance

Question 32

What is pre-contemplation in the transtheoretical model

Answer 32

consciously not considering change

Question 33

What is contemplation in the transtheoretical model

Answer 33

A person consider is making a change to their lifestyle

Question 34

what is preparation in the transtheoretical model

Answer 34

Person makes a serious commitment to change

Question 35

What is Action in the transtheoretical model

Answer 35

Change is initiated

Question 36

What is maintenance in the transtheoretical model

Answer 36

Sustaining the lifestyle change

Question 37

What are limitations of the transtheoretical model

Answer 37

Assumes that people want to change or would want to change if they knew better. Treats people in each stage as if they are all the same. Do people have to go through all stages?

Question 38

What is the social cognitive theory

Answer 38

The social environment, personal characteristics of the individual, and behaviour interact and influence each other.

Question 39

Provide an example of the social cognitive theory

Answer 39

If we're not allowed to smoke in a shopping centre, and could get fined, then this regulation makes it less easy to become a smoker OR If people give us a dirty glance at a party for smoking, this is discouraging in a more subtle way

Question 40

What is reciprocal determinism in the social cognitive theory

Answer 40

The way in which an individual, their environment and their behaviour, continuously interact and influence each other

Question 41

What are the 4 main sources to developing self-efficacy

Answer 41

1. Mastering experiences 2. Vicarious experiences provided by social models 3. Social persuasion 4. Reducing people's stress reactions

Question 42

What are some demographic and biological Correlates of Physical Activity

Answer 42

Age Gender SES Occupational status Martial status Overweight/obesity

Question 43

What are some psychological, cognitive and emotional Correlates of Physical Activity

Answer 43

Self efficacy Perceived benefits Barriers to PA Stages of change (transtheoretical model) Perceived health Intention to being PA Enjoyment of PA

Question 44

What are some behavioural attributes and skills Correlates of Physical Activity

Answer 44

Dietary habits Smoking status Decisional balance Past exercise/PA behaviour and habit

Question 45

What are some socio-cultural Correlates of Physical Activity

Answer 45

Social support Culture/ethnicity

Question 46

What are some environmental Correlates of Physical Activity

Answer 46

Access to facilities Weather Community level influences

Question 47

What percentage of elderly men were insufficiently active

Answer 47

69%

Question 48

What percentage of elderly women were insufficiently active

Answer 48

75%

Question 49

What percentage of indigenous adults were overweight or obese

Answer 49

66%

Question 50

What percentage of aboriginal adults were sufficiently active

Answer 50

38%

Question 51

What percentage of aboriginal children were sufficiently active

Answer 51

48%

Question 52

What percentage of aboriginal adults meet both the PA and screen based guidelines

Answer 52

25%

Question 53

What is process evaluation

Answer 53

Examines the way the program was implemented and delivered

Question 54

What are the 4 creases process evaluation focuses on

Answer 54

1. Reach 2. Satisfaction 3. Implementation 4. Materials

Question 55

What is impact evaluation

Answer 55

The impact the program has (e.g policy changes, awareness, skills) Immediate

Question 56

What is outcome evaluation

Answer 56

Long term effects of the program (e.g ↑ in PA, n, ↓ in smoking)