Final Exam Flashcards
What is Arrhythmias
Abnormal heart rhythm caused by hearts electrical system.
What is Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)
valves of the heart are damaged, impairing its capability to control the direction of blood flow
What are the two ways cancer can be classified
- The type of tissue in which the cancer originates (histological)
- By primary site, or the location in the body where the cancer first developed
What is a carcinoma (cancer)
Malignancies of epithelial tissue (soft tissue)
What is a sarcoma (cancer)
Tumors can be found anywhere in the body
What is a lymphoma (cancer)
Develop in the glands or the nodes of the lymphatic system. Can also develop in specific organs such as the stomach, breast or brain
What is Leukaemia
liquid/blood cancer due to overproduction of WBC
What are the 4 different types of leukaemia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML)
Chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML)
What is myeloma (cancer)
Originates in the plasma of bone marrow. When cells invade the bone, they cause multiple areas of damage that weaken the bone and cause lesions
what % does smoking contribute to cancer in aus
13%
how does PA reduce colorectal cancer
Energy balance
Hormone metabolism
Insulin regulation
how does PA reduce breast cancer
- lowering hormone levels, particularly in premenopausal women
- Lowering levels of insulin and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), improving the immune response
- Assisting with weight maintenance to avoid a high body mass and excess body fat
Is type 1 diabetes insulin dependent or non insulin dependent. Is this the most common form in Aus?
insulin dependent
No
Is type 2 diabetes insulin dependent or non insulin dependent. Is this the most common form in Aus?
non insulin dependent.
Yes
How can PA help diabetes
Blood sugar control
Better cholesterol and blood lipid profiles
Lowers BP
Weight Management
Lower Risk of CVD
Safety considerations for diabetes during PA
Wear MedicAlert bracelet
Have a friend who knows you have diabetes
Monitor your blood glucose
Carry some form of fast acting CHO (e.g glucose tablets or lollies)
Best way to achieve peak bone mass
Starting load bearing activities during childhood
What are risk factors of osteoporosis
Certain conditions and medications contribute to increased risk
Low calcium and vit D levels increase risk
Low physical activity, smoking, excessive alcohol intake, and excess weight
Can osteoporosis be genetically inherited
Yes
How can you prevent osteoporosis
increase peak bone mass prior to 18-30 yrs of age
Decrease rate of bone loss that occurs after the age of 40-50 years
Medicinal Treatment of Osteoporosis
Calcium supplementation
Bisphosphonates to prevent loss of bone mass
Hormone replacement therapy such as estrogen
vit D
How much can PA prevent or reverse bone loss per year in both pre and post menopausal women
1%
Risk factors of osteoarthritis
Excess weight puts extra stress on the joints
Repeated abnormal stress (e.g elite athletes, construction workers) may be at greater risk
Prevention of osteoarthritis
Nutrition
Increasing flexibility
Heat and cold therapy
What is eustress
stress that is health or gives one a feeling of fulfillment or other positive feelings
What is distress
stress that is unhealthy, under which our physical and mental health deteriorate
What is the Health Belief Model
People are more likely to change their health if they think they are susceptible to a certain illness or they think the benefits outweigh the barriers
What is the theory of reasoned action and planned behaviour
Behaviour is voluntary, and our personal attitudes towards outcomes affect if we follow a certain behaviour
What are the 3 determinants of the theory of reasoned action and planned behaviour
- Attitudes towards behaviour
- Subjective norms
- Perceived behavioural control
What are negatives of the theory of reasoned action and planned behaviour
Assumes that behaviour is a linear decision making process
The timeframe between “intent” and “behavioural action” is not addressed by the theory
Does not take into account, environmental economic factors that may influence a persons intention to perform a behaviour
What are the 5 stages of the transtheoretical model
- Pre-contemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
What is pre-contemplation in the transtheoretical model
consciously not considering change
What is contemplation in the transtheoretical model
A person consider is making a change to their lifestyle
what is preparation in the transtheoretical model
Person makes a serious commitment to change
What is Action in the transtheoretical model
Change is initiated
What is maintenance in the transtheoretical model
Sustaining the lifestyle change
What are limitations of the transtheoretical model
Assumes that people want to change or would want to change if they knew better.
Treats people in each stage as if they are all the same.
Do people have to go through all stages?
What is the social cognitive theory
The social environment, personal characteristics of the individual, and behaviour interact and influence each other.
Provide an example of the social cognitive theory
If we’re not allowed to smoke in a shopping centre, and could get fined, then this regulation makes it less easy to become a smoker
OR
If people give us a dirty glance at a party for smoking, this is discouraging in a more subtle way
What is reciprocal determinism in the social cognitive theory
The way in which an individual, their environment and their behaviour, continuously interact and influence each other
What are the 4 main sources to developing self-efficacy
- Mastering experiences
- Vicarious experiences provided by social models
- Social persuasion
- Reducing people’s stress reactions
What are some demographic and biological Correlates of Physical Activity
Age
Gender
SES
Occupational status
Martial status
Overweight/obesity
What are some psychological, cognitive and emotional Correlates of Physical Activity
Self efficacy
Perceived benefits
Barriers to PA
Stages of change (transtheoretical model)
Perceived health
Intention to being PA
Enjoyment of PA
What are some behavioural attributes and skills Correlates of Physical Activity
Dietary habits
Smoking status
Decisional balance
Past exercise/PA behaviour and habit
What are some socio-cultural Correlates of Physical Activity
Social support
Culture/ethnicity
What are some environmental Correlates of Physical Activity
Access to facilities
Weather
Community level influences
What percentage of elderly men were insufficiently active
69%
What percentage of elderly women were insufficiently active
75%
What percentage of indigenous adults were overweight or obese
66%
What percentage of aboriginal adults were sufficiently active
38%
What percentage of aboriginal children were sufficiently active
48%
What percentage of aboriginal adults meet both the PA and screen based guidelines
25%
What is process evaluation
Examines the way the program was implemented and delivered
What are the 4 creases process evaluation focuses on
- Reach
- Satisfaction
- Implementation
- Materials
What is impact evaluation
The impact the program has (e.g policy changes, awareness, skills)
Immediate
What is outcome evaluation
Long term effects of the program (e.g ↑ in PA, n,
↓ in smoking)
