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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Physical Exam of urine includes?

A

Color
Clarity
Specific Gravity

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2
Q

Why do PTs W/ diabetes mellitus suffer from polyuria?

A

Getting rid of excess glucose.

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3
Q

Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Increased volume

PTs exhibit polydipsia (Thirst)

Urine dilute W/ ^ SG.

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4
Q

Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Decreased production of ADH

Decreased water reabsorption

Urine dilute W/ low SG

PTs exhibit polydipsia (Thirst)

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5
Q

If a specimen has been left out more than 2 hours, can it be used? If not, why?

A

No, because bacteria growth.

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6
Q

How are specimens preserved if assays can’t be done w/n 2 hours?

A

Refrigerated to prevent bacteria growth.

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7
Q

Which specimens do we not want for Culture?

A

Random and 24hr

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8
Q

Best specimens for urine culture are?

A

Mid Stream CC and Catheterized

Suprapubic last resort.

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9
Q

National Fire Protection Association Diamond?

A

Red: Fire

Blue: Heath

White: Specific Hazard

Yellow: Reactivity

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10
Q

RACE?

A

Rescue
Alarm
Contain
Extinguish/Evacuate

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11
Q

PASS?

A

Pull
Aim
Squeeze
Sweep

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12
Q

QM variable consist of?

A

Pre-Analytical
Analytical
Post-Analytical

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13
Q

Pre-Analytical?

A

Everything up to the testing environment.

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14
Q

Analytical?

A

Testing Environment

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15
Q

Post-Analytical?

A

Everything after testing.

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16
Q

CAP

A

Crediting Agency of Pathologists

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17
Q

What are CAP surveys?

A

Proficiency Testing (known values).

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18
Q

If you get the proficiency testing wrong, what is the next step?

A

Root-cause analysis

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19
Q

3 major functions of the kidneys?

A

Acid-Base balance

Filter plasma

Reabsorption

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20
Q

Renal blood flow?

A
  1. Renal Artery
  2. Afferent Arteriole
    • Supplies blood to kidney.
  3. Glomerulus
    • Blood from Arteriole.
  4. Efferent Arteriole
    • Blood from glomerulus
  5. Peritubular Capillaries/PCT
  6. Vasa Recta/Loop of Henle
  7. Peritubular Capillaries/DCT
  8. Renal Vein
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21
Q

What is affected by the RAAS?

A

Regulates blood flow in glomerulus (Renal flow).

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22
Q

Aldosterone helps W/ reabsorption of what?

A

Sodium

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23
Q

Passive Transport?

A

Mainly water

Some sodium (depending on where it is).

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24
Q

Active Transport?

A

Everything else

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25
Q

ADH production is triggered by what?

A

Dehydration/ body water content.

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26
Q

Renal system role in acid/base balance?

A

Secrete & reabsorb H ions and bicarbonate.

Change in pH W/ ammonia absorption.

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27
Q

Good clearance test substance?

A

Filtered out and into urine.

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28
Q

Endo clearance test substance?

A

Creatinine

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29
Q

Exo clearance test?

A

Radio nucleotides

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30
Q

Can we live W/ 1 kidney? How?

A

Yes, kidney doubles function for work of 2.

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31
Q

Osmolality

A

Accounts for all particles.

Freezing point depression
(More stuff=longer freeze)

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32
Q

SG measures?

A

only the particles excreted in our urine. (Small particles)

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33
Q

Arterioles affect on glomerular pressure?

A

Constrict or dilate

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34
Q

2 types of Nephrons?

A

Cortical

Juxtamedullary

35
Q

Cortical nephron?

A

85% of nephrons

W/n cortex of kidney

Remove waste products

Reabsorption of nutrients

36
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Longer loops of henle

Extend deep into medulla of kidney.

Urine Concentration

37
Q

Urine’s yellow pigment?

38
Q

Hematuria is?

A

Cloudy

W/ complete RBCs

39
Q

Hemoglobinuria is?

A

Hgb in urine

Red clear specimen (Lysed RBCs).

40
Q

Amorphous Phosphates?

A

Alkaline and White

41
Q

Amorphous Urates?

A

Acidic and Pink

42
Q

Key characteristics of diabetes mellitus?

A

Glucose +

Ketones +

43
Q

Bacteria’s breakdown of urea?

A

Ammonia and smells like it too.

44
Q

pH reagent strip reaction?

A

Methyl Red (Acidic)

Bromothymol Blue (Alkaline)

45
Q

pH Reagent Strip Reaction is a?

A

Double indicator system reaction.

46
Q

Primary protein of concern in urine?

A

Albumin (Shield of Negativity)

47
Q

Pre-renal Proteinuria?

A

Transient, increased in plasma proteins, acute phase reactants

Rarely seen on reagent strip.

48
Q

BJP is not commonly checked for, but indicates?

A

Multiple Myeloma

49
Q

Renal Proteinuria?

A

Glomerular or Tubular damage

50
Q

Post-renal Proteinuria?

A

Lower urinary & genitourinary tract.

Microbial infections causing inflam.

51
Q

Protein reagent strip principle?

A

Protein error of indicators.

52
Q

Protein error of indicators?

A

Certain indicators change color in presence of proteins @ a constant pH.

53
Q

Colors of positive protein?

A

Green to Blue

54
Q

False positive protein reactions?

A

Highly pigmented urine

High SG

Antiseptics

Detergents

55
Q

Most frequent chemical analysis on urine?

56
Q

What enzymes are involved in a Glucose reagent strip?

A

Oxidase

Peroxide

Chromogen

57
Q

What type of reaction is the glucose reagent test?

A

Double sequential enzyme reaction

58
Q

Glucose false-positives?

A

Contamination of peroxide or oxidizing detergent.

59
Q

False-negative in Glucose test?

A

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

High ketones

High SG and low temp

60
Q

Greatest source of glucose test error?

A

Unpreserved specimen allowing bacterial degradation.

61
Q

Blood reagent strip principle?

A

Pseudoperoxidase Activity

62
Q

Blood reaction?

A

Peroxidase

63
Q

Fat metabolism produces which ketones?

A

Acetone

Acetoacetic Acid- Prod most

B-hydrobutyrase

64
Q

Urobilinogen comes from?

A

Heme

PP ring

65
Q

Phenyl Nobenezpine for UTIs causes what in urine?

A

Bright orange color

66
Q

W/ bright orange urine, what big 3 tests could be altered?

A

Urobilinogen

Bilirubin

Nitrate

67
Q

What other tests could show cross-reactivity W/ orange urine?

A

Leukocytes

Ketones

68
Q

Easily detect casts with brightfield by?

A

Lower condenser power

Lower light power

69
Q

Squamous Epithelial Cells are from?

A

Urethra or the genitals

70
Q

Transitional Epithelial cells are from?

A

Bladder, Ureters

71
Q

RTEs are from?

A

Tubules, Renal, glomerulus

72
Q

How do you know if your on the right plane?

A

Find an epi cell

73
Q

Transitional Cell characteristics?

A

Big

Centralized nucleus

Caudate

Little surprise faces

MMMM DONUTS

74
Q

RTE characteristics?

A

Small cell

Big nucleus

Spherical, Columnar, Cuboidal

All the olives

75
Q

Sq Epi Cell characteristics?

A

Giant

Abnormal shape

Apple fritter

76
Q

Urine stasis and uromodulin make these?

77
Q

Normal casts in urine?

78
Q

What are waxy casts made of?

A

Degenerated hyaline and granular casts.

79
Q

What are waxy casts?

A

Brittle

Highly Refractile

Jagged ends and notches

Dark pink stain

80
Q

PTs W/ waxy casts usually suffer from?

A

Renal Failure

Extreme urine stasis

81
Q

Crystals are ID by?

A

pH they are in

Shape of crystal

Solubility of crystal

82
Q

Acidic Crystals?

A

Amorphous Urates

Uric Acid

Acid Urates

Sodium Urates

83
Q

Appearance of most acidic crystals?

A

Yellow to reddish brown

Urinalysis (2 decks)

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