Final Exam

Question 1

What are the functions of the kidney?

Answer 1

-filter blood + excrete toxic metabolic wastes
-regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity
-regulate electrolytes and acid-base balance
-secrete erythtopoietin stimulating production of RBC’s
-help regulate calcium levels by participating in calcitriol synthesis
-clear hormones from blood
-detoxify free radicals

Question 2

What is the function of the kidney when the person is starving?

Answer 2

synthesis of glucose from amino acids

Question 3

What are the 4 nitrogenous waste products removed in urine?

Answer 3

Ammonia
urea
uric acid
creatinine

Question 4

What percentage of cardiac input do the kidney receive?

Answer 4

21%

Question 5

What is the pathway of blood from aorta to nephron?

Answer 5

1. Aorta
2. Renal Artery
3. Segmental arteries
4. interlobular arteries
5. Arcuate arteries
6. cortical radiate arteries
7. afferent arterioles to supply each glomerulus of each nephron

Question 6

Describe the pathway of blood leaving the glomerulus through peritubular capillaries.

Answer 6

1. efferent arterioles
2. peritubular capillaries
3. cortical radiate vein
4. arcuate vein
5. interlobular vein
6. renal vein
7. Inf Vena Cava

Question 7

Describe the pathway of blood leaving the glomerulus through vasa recta?

Answer 7

1. efferent arteriole
2. either cordial radiate vein or arcuate vein
3. interloper vein
4. renal vein
5. Inf Vena Cava

Question 8

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

Answer 8

glomerulus
glomerulus capsule

Question 9

Describe the structure of the glomerulus.

Answer 9

A ball of capillaries.

Question 10

What is the function of the glomerulus?

Answer 10

Filter blood coming in the afferent arteriole

Question 11

Describe the structure of the glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule.

Answer 11

Composed of 2 layers: parietal and visceral w/ a capsular space in between them that collects filtrate. Visceral layer made of podocytes.

Question 12

What are the main parts of the renal tubule?

Answer 12

PCT
nephron loop (loop of henle)
DCT
collecting duct

Question 13

Does each nephron have its own collecting duct?

Answer 13

No. Multiple DCT from other nephrons drain into a common collecting duct.

Question 14

What is the difference between afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles?

Answer 14

Afferent bring blood to glomerulus and are larger

Efferent carry blood away from golemerulus

Question 15

Efferent glomerulus turn into what?

Answer 15

peritubular capillaries
vasa recta

Question 16

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

Answer 16

cortical
juxtamedullary

Question 17

85% of nephrons are _______.
15% of nephrons are _______.

Answer 17

Cortical
juxtamedullary

Question 18

Which nephron are very long?

Answer 18

juxtamedullary

Question 19

What nephrons are short?

Answer 19

cortical

Question 20

Which nephrons branch into peritubular capillaries?

Answer 20

Cortical

Question 21

Which nephrons branch into vasa recta?

Answer 21

juxtamedullary

Question 22

Which nephrons maintain the salinity gradient in the medulla which helps to conserve water?

Answer 22

juxtamedullary

Question 23

What term is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

Answer 23

The amount of plasma being filtered by the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule in 1 min. Roughly mining about 125 mL/min

Question 24

What is the formula to determine GFR?

Answer 24

NFP x Kf

(Net Filtration Pressure X filtration coefficient)

Question 25

What happens when GFR is too high?

Answer 25

fluids flow through renal tubules too rapidly for them to reabsorb the usual amounts of water and solutes increasing urine output which can cause dehydration/ electrolyte deficiency.

Question 26

What happens when GFR is too low?

Answer 26

kidney disease, azotemia