Final Exam Flashcards
What are the outcome measures for standing
BERG balance test / Functional Reach & multidirectional reach/ mCTSIB
What are the outcome measures for walking
Functional Gait Assessment / 10m walk test / Timed up and Go / 6 min walk test
What is the purpose of 6 min walk test
Assess damages stance walked over 6 min as a sub maximal test of aerobic capacity
What is the purpose of TUG?
Assess mobility, balance, walking ability, and fall risk in older adults
What is the purpose of 10m walk test?
Assess average gait speed in preferred and maximal conditions
What is the purpose of Functional Gait Assessment?
Assess postural stability during various dynamic walking tasks
What is the purpose mCTSIB?
Quantify postural control under a variety of sensory conditions
What is the purpose of Functional Reach/Multidirectional Reach?
Assess patients stability by measuring maximum distance an individual can reach forward, backward, and lateral while standing in a fixed position
What is the purpose of the BBT?
Objectively measure static balance
What are the 14 items in the BBT?
Sitting to standing / standing unsupported / sitting with back unsupported and feet supported on floor on floor or stool / standing to sitting / transfers / standing unsupported with eyes closed / standing unsupported with feet together / reaching forward with outstretched arm while standing / pick up object from floor from standing position / turning to look behind over L and R shoulder while standing / turn 360 degrees / place alternate foot on step or stool while standing unsupported / standing unsupported one foot in front / standing on one leg
What are the three systems tested during the mCTSIB?
Visual / Vestibular / somatosensory
What are the ten items tested in the FGA?
Gait on level surface / change in gait speed / gait with horizontal head turns / gait with vertical head turns / gait with pivot turn / step over obstacle / gait with narrow base of support / gait with eyes closed / ambulating backwards / steps
What are the outcome measures for Sitting?
Function in Sitting Test and Functional Reach
What are the outcome measures for sit to stand?
5x sit to stand
What is the purpose of 5x sit to stand?
Measure functional lower limb muscle strength that may be useful in quantifying functional change of transitional movements
What is the purpose of Functional Reach?
Assess a patient’s stability by measuring maximum distance, an individual can reach forward while standing in a fixed position
What is the purpose of the function in sitting test?
Bedside evaluation of sitting balance, and it is used to evaluate sensory motor, proactive and reactive and steady state balance factors
What are the outcome measures for step ups?
The step test, and the step up test
What is the purpose of the step test?
Dynamic balance during an activity, requiring weight shift and movement while in single leg stance 
What is the purpose of the step up test?
To assess advanced change in base of support
What are the outcome measures for Reach grasp and manipulation?
Box and blocks and nine hole peg test
What is the purpose of box and blocks?
To assess unilateral, gross manual, dexterity
What is the purpose of the nine hole peg test?
A standardized quantitative assessment used to measure finger dexterity
What are the muscles active in initial contact?
Quadriceps, dorsiflexors, and abductors
What muscles are active during the loading response?
Plantar flexors, Dorsiflexors, quadriceps, hamstrings and abductors
What are the muscles active during mid stance?
Plantar flexors, quadriceps, hamstrings and abductors 
What are the muscles active in terminal stance?
Plantar flexors and abductors
What are the muscles active in pre-swing?
Dorsiflexors and hip flexors
What are the muscles active in initial swing?
Hip flexors, hamstrings, and Dorsiflexors
What are the muscles active in mid swing?
Hip flexors, quadriceps, hamstrings, and dorsiflexor’s
What are the muscles active in terminal swing?
Quadriceps dorsiflexor’s abductors hamstrings
What are the hip knee and ankle range of motion for initial contact
Hip: 20° flexion knee: 5° flexion ankle: 0° flexion
What are the hip knee and ankle range of motion for loading response? 
20° hip flexion
5° knee flexion
5° ankle, plantar flexion
What are the hip knee and ankle range of motion for mid stance? 
0° hip
5° knee flexion
5° ankle dorsiflexion 
What are the hip knee and ankle range of motion for terminal stance?
20° hip hyper extension
5° knee flexion
10° ankle dorsiflexion
What are the hip knee and ankle range of motion for pre-swing? 
10° hip hyper extension
40° knee flexion
15° plantar flexion 
What are the hip knee ankle range of motion for initial swing?
15° hip flexion
60° knee flexion
5° ankle plantar flexion 
What are the hip knee ankle range of motion for mid swing?
25° hip flexion
25° knee flexion
0° ankle
What are the hip knee and ankle range of motion for terminal swing?
20° hip flexion
5° knee flexion
0° ankle
What parts of gait is hip limited flexion seen in?
Initial contact loading response initial swing mid swing and terminal swing
What parts of gate is limited knee flexion seen in?
Loading response pre-swing and initial swing
What phases of gait are knee hyperextension and wobble seen in?
All Stance phases
What phase of gait are excess, plantar flexion, and excess dorsiflexion seen in?
Mid stance and terminal stance
What phases of gate is early heel rise seen in?
Mid stance
What phase of gate is no heel rise seen in
Terminal stance and pre-swing
What abnormal pelvic and trunk gait patterns are seen only in the stance phase
Forward trunk lean
Ipsilateral trunk lean
Contralateral trunk lean
Contralateral pelvic drop
What phases of gait can backward trunk lean be seen in?
All phases of gate
What abnormal gait patterns in the pelvis are seen in the swing phase
Ipsilateral pelvic drop
Pelvic hike
What are the three essential requirements for gait
Progression
Stability
Adaptation
What muscles are active in quiet stance
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior
Gluteus medius
TFL
Iliopsoas
Abdominals
Erector spinae
What are the two main constructs of postural control?
Orientation and stability
What are the determinants of stability
Strength, joint range of motion, task and environment
Ankle compensatory strategies occur in response to what
Small perturbations
Firm support
Distal or proximal
Hip compensatory strategies occur in response to what
Large or fast perturbations
On a compliant support service
Or a narrow support surface
Run proximal to distal
What is the ankle response to anterior sway?
Gastrocnemius
Hamstrings
Paraspinals
What is the ankle response to posterior sway?
Tibialis anterior
Quadriceps
Abdominals
What is the hip response to anterior sway?
Abdominals
Quadriceps
What is the hip response to posterior sway?
Paraspinals
Hamstrings
The stepping strategy occurs in response to what
Large or fast perturbations
Ankle or hip joint impairments
Which direction do you step during a compensatory postural stepping strategy
In the direction of the perturbation
What are the two adaptive and anticipatory postural controls
Feedback and feed forward
What type of postural control is feedback?
Adaptive and reactive
What type of postural control is feedforward?
Anticipatory and proactive
What is the most heavily relied on and fastest acting relating to balance, postural control sensory mechanism?
Somatosensory, a.k.a. proprioception
