Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What is the objective of System Design?
A
Define, organize and structure the components of the final solution to the construction such that it can serve as a blue print.
2
Q
Will agile/iteration projects build more or fewer models?
A
Fewer
3
Q
What are the three types of models?
A
Requirement models, Analysis models, and Design models
4
Q
What are the two key elements in the environment?
A
Communications with External Systems
Conforming to an existing Technology Architecture
5
Q
What are the two models used to describe the environment?
A
Network Diagram and Deployment Diagram
6
Q
What is an Application component?
A
A well defined unit of software that performs some functions
7
Q
What are some issues regarding package components?
A
Scope and size
Programming language
Build or Buy
8
Q
What are the models developed during Component Design?
A
Package diagrams
Component diagrams
Deployment diagrams
9
Q
What does designing the UI include?
A
Analysis and Design tasks, as well as heavy user involvement
10
Q
What are the typical models used for user interface design?
A
Story boards
Screen and report mockups
11
Q
In project management how should it proceed?
A
Requirement Analysis to Design to Implementation to System Testing to Delivery and Installation
12
Q
What are the three goals of every project?
A
To meet the budget
To Finish on schedule
To meet the S/W specification
13
Q
What is a project?
A
An undertaking, limited in time to achieve a set of goals that require a concerted effort.
14
Q
What is the focus of project management?
A
Administration of resources
Accountability maintenance
Reacting to change
Making sure the goals are met
15
Q
What are the four project phases?
A
Initiation
Planning
Closing
Execution
16
Q
What occurs in the Initiation phase?
A
Assembling the team, defining the expectations, defining the scope
17
Q
What occurs in the Planning phase?
A
Identifying the tasks
Developing the schedule and budget
18
Q
What occurs in the Closing phase?
A
Delivering and submitting the project
Writing a report representing the evaluation of the project and the development staff
19
Q
What occurs in the Execution phase?
A
Developing the project to accomplish the goal
Monitoring the changes to the project
Making corrections to the project
Adjusting the schedule
Leading the team staff
20
Q
In traditional project management what occurs?
A
The entire project is planned upfront without any scope for changing
21
Q
In agile project management what occurs?
A
22
Q
What does current technology frequently use?
A
Relational database management systems
23
Q
What are Integrity controls?
A
Something that controls and maintain the integrity of inputs, outputs, data and programs
24
Q
What is Security Controls?
A
Something that protects the assets from threats, internal and external
25
What are the objectives of Integrity controls?
To ensure that only appropriate and correct business transactions are accepted
To ensure that transactions are recorded and processed correctly
To protect and safeguard assets such as the database
26
What do Input controls do?
Prevents invalid or erroneous data from entering the system
27
How do value limit controls perform the function of input controls?
By checking the range of inputs for reasonableness
28
How do completeness controls perform the function of input controls?
By ensuring that all the data has been entered
29
How do data validation controls perform the function of input controls?
By ensuring that specific data values are correct
30
How do field combination controls perform the function of input controls?
By ensuring that data is correct based on relationships between fields
31
What is the function of Output controls?
To ensure that the output arrives at the proper destination and is accurate, current and complete.
32
What is the function of Redundancy, Backup and Recovery?
To protect data and systems from catastrophes
33
What is the function of Security controls?
To protect all assets against external threats
34
What is the two main objectives for Security controls?
Protecting and maintaining a stable functioning operative environment
Protecting information and transactions during transmission across networks and the Internet
35
What are somethings one can use to implement Security controls?
Authentication
Access control list
Authorization
Registered Users
Unauthorized Users
Privileged Users
36
What are the 8 issues in system design?
Identifying design goals
Subsystem Decomposition
Identifying Concurrency
Hardware/Software Mapping
Persistent Data Management
Global Resource Handling
Software Control
Boundary Conditions
37
Nonfunction requirements is composed of what in System Design?
Identifying design goals
38
The Object model is composed of what in System Design?
Hardware/Software Mapping
Data Management
39
The Functional Model is composed of what in System Design?
System Decomposition
Boundary Conditions
40
The Dynamic Model is composed of what in System Design?
Concurrency
Software Control
Global Resource Handling
41
What are some examples of Design goals?
Reliability
Modifiability
Maintainability
Understandability
42
What are the Typical Design trade offs?
Functionality vs Usability
Cost vs Robustness
Efficiency vs Portability
Rapid development vs Functionality
Cost vs Reusability
Backward Compatibility vs Readability
43
What is a Subsystem?
Collection of classes, associations, operations, events and constraints that are closely interrelated with each other
44
What is a Service?
A set of named operations that share a common purpose
45
What is a Subsystem interface?
Set of fully typed UML operations
46
What is a Application programmer's interface?
The specification of the subsystem interface in a specific programming language
47
What is a layer referring to the subsystem?
A subsystem that provides a service to another subsystem with the following restrictions
48
What is a partition?
A layer divided horizontally into several independent subsystems
49
What are the two major types of Layer relationships?
Compile time dependency "depends on"
Runtime dependency "calls"
50
What does Coherence measure?
Dependency among classes
51
What does Coupling measure?
Dependency among subsystems
52
Good design has what in relation to coherence and coupling?
High coherence and Low coupling
53
How can high coherence be achieved?
By having most interaction be within subsystems rather than across subsystems
54
How can low coupling be achieved?
By having a calling class having little information about the internals of the called class
55
What is Subsystem decomposition?
Identification of subsystems services and their association to each other
56
What is an Architectural Style?
A pattern for a subsystem decomposition
57
What is Software Architecture
An instance of an architectural style
58
What are some examples of Architectural Styles?
Client/Server
Peer-To-Peer
Repository
Model/View/Controller
Three-tier, Four-Tier Architecture
Service-Oriented Architecture
Pipes and Filters
59
What is the Client/Server Architectural Style?
One or many servers provide services to instances of subsystems called clients
60
What are some issues with Client/Server Architecutures?
Client/Server systems do not provide peer-to-peer communication
61
What is Peer-to-Peer Architectural Style?
A generalization of client/server architectural style where clients can be servers and servers can be clients
62
What is a virtual machine?
A subsystem connected to higher and lower level virtual machines by "provides services for" associations
63
In closed architecture or opaque layering what restriction is placed on the Virtual machine?
The virtual machine can only call operations from the layer below
64
What occurs in open architecture or transparent layering?
Each virtual machine can call operations from any layer below
65
What is the Pipes and Filters Architectural System?
An architectural style that consists of two subsystems called pipes and filters
66
What is a Filter?
A subsystem that does a processing step
67
What is a Pipe?
A connection between two processing steps
68
What is a Repository Architectural Style
Subsystems access and modify data from a single data structure called the repository
69
In the Model View Controller Architectural Style how many subsystems are there and what are they?
3 and they are the
Model subsystem
View subsystem
Controller subsystem
70
What is a 3 Layer Architectural Style?
An architectural style where an application consists of 3 hierarchically ordered subsystems
71
What is the difference between the MVC and the 3-Tier Architectural Style?
The MVC is nonhierarchical while the 3 tier architectural style is hierarchical
72
What are the two types of Static Diagrams?
Use case diagram and class diagram
73
What are the two types of dynamic diagrams?
State Diagrams, Activity diagrams, Sequence Diagrams and communication diagrams
74
What are the two types of implementation diagrams?
Component diagram, Deployment diagram and Network diagrams
75
What are behavior diagram?
Types of diagrams that depicts behaviors of a system
76
What are Interaction diagrams?
Subsets of behavior diagrams which emphasizes object interactions
77
What are Structure diagrams?
Types of diagrams that depicts the elements of a specification that are irrespective of time
78
What is a component?
An encapsulated reusable and replaceable part of software
79
What is an interface?
Definition of a collection of one or more operations
80
What is a provided interface?
An interface that the component realizes
81
What is a required interface?
An interface that the component needs to function
82
How do provided interfaces and required interfaces differ in their representation in a diagram?
While they both are labeled with their name and is connected by a solid line to the component, a provided interface is a ball while the required interface is a socket
83
What do Component Diagrams represent?
They represent several things
The physical software components and the interfaces between them
The structure of the code
The structure of the software releases
The source code and relationships between the files
84
What are the elements of components?
Components can have
Interfaces
Usage dependencies
Ports
Connectors
85
What are the two types of conenctors?
Delegation
Assembly
86
How is an assembly connector notated?
By a ball and socket connection
87
What are semantics for an assembly connector?
The signals that travel along an instance of a connector
88
A port indicates what about a component?
That the component itself does not provide the required interfaces instead it is delegated to an internal class
89
What does an external view of a component show?
Publicly visible properties and operations
90
What does an internal view of a component show?
The realizing classes/components are nested within the component shape
91
What do deployment diagrams show?
The physical relationship between hardware and software in a system
92
What is object responsibility?
A design principle that states objects are responsible for carrying out system processing
93
What is Separation of Responsibilities?
Segregate classes into packages or groups based on primary focus of the classes
94
What is Protection from Variations?
Parts of a system unlikely to change are separated from those that will change
95
What is Coupling?
A quantitative measure of how closely related classes are linked
96
What is Indirection?
An intermediate class is placed between two classes to decouple them, but still link them
97
What is Cohesion?
A quantitative measure of the focus or unity of purpose within a single class
98
What approach says to create models only if they are necessary?
The Agile approach
99
What is Object-oriented design?
The process to identify the classes their methods and the messages required for a use case
100
What is Use case driven design?
Design carried out use case by use case
101
What are the steps of Objects design?
First cut Design Class Diagram
Extend use case with Communication Diagram or Sequence diagram
Final Design Class Diagram
Package Diagram
102
What is a sterotype?
A categorization of model elements by its characteristics
103
What is a persistent class?
A class whose objects exist after a system is shut down
104
What is an entity class?
A design identifier for a problem domain class
105
What is a boundary class/view class?
A class that exists on as systems automation such as an input window form or Web page
106
What is a controller class?
A class that mediates between boundary classes and entity classes acting as a switchboard between the view layer and domain layer
107
What is the data access class?
A class that is used to retrieve data from and send data to a database
108
What are the three layers in Object Oreiented Design?
View Layer
Business Logic/Problem Domain Layer
Data Access Layer
109
What is Use case realization?
The process of elaborating the detailed design for a particular use case using interaction diagrams
110
What is a Communication diagram?
A type of interaction diagram which emphasizes the set of objects involved in a use case
111
What is a Sequence diagram?
A type of interaction diagram which emphasizes the sequence of messages involved in a use case
112
What a lifeline in a sequence diagram?
A dashed line under an object which serves as an origin point and a destination point for messages
113
What is an Activation lifeline?
A vertical box on a lifeline which indicates the time period when the object is executing based on the message
114
In the data layer what are two methods that are created
Instantiating the object in memory
Sending a message to the data access object to instantiates the object
115
What is a Statechart diagram?
A state machine that describes the response of an object of a given class to the receipt of outside messages or events
116
What is an activity diagram?
A special type of state chart diagram where all the states are action states
117
What is a design pattern?
A recurring solution to a standard problem in a certain context
118
What are the 4 basic elements of a design pattern?
Pattern name
Problem
Solution
Consequences
119
What is a singleton design pattern?
When there is only a single instance of a class with a global point of access to it
120
What are the three types of design patterns?
Creational patterns
Structural Patterns
Behavioral Patterns
121
What are Creational patterns?
Patterns that deal with initializing and configurating classes and objects
122
What are Structural Patterns?
Patterns that deal with decoupling interface and implementation of classes
123
What are Behavioral patterns?
Patterns that deal with dynamic interactions among ensembles of classes and objects
124
What patterns are creational patterns?
Singleton
Factory
Abstract Factory
125
What patterns are Structural patterns?
Proxy
Adaptor
Bridge
Facade
Decorator
126
What patterns are behavioral patterns?
Chain of responsibility
Command
Interpreter
Memento
127
What is a Proxy pattern?
A design pattern that causes the program to act as a convenient surrogate or placeholder for another object
128
What are the three types of proxies?
Remote Proxy
Virtual Proxy
Protected Proxy
129
What is a remote proxy?
A local representative for an object in a different address space
130
What is a virtual proxy?
Represents large objects that should be loaded on demand
131
What is a protected proxy?
A protect access to the original object
132
What is an Adapter pattern?
An adapter pattern allows classes to work together that couldn't otherwise because of incompatible interfaces
133
What does the letters in SOLID stand for?
S Single Responsibility principle
O Open Closed principle
L Liskov subsitution principle
I Interface segregation principle
D Dependency Inversion Principle
134
What is the Decorator Pattern?
Additional responsibilities are attached to an onject dynamically
135
What is the Facade Pattern?
It provides an unified interface to a set of objects in a subsystem
136
What is the Factory method Pattern?
It determines the types of objects to be instantiated at run time
137
What is an Abstract Factory?
Like a factory except that it produces interfaces instead of objects
138
What is the Single Responsibility Principle?
Each class should have only one responsibility
139
What is the Open Closed Principle?
Software entities should be open for extension but closed for modification
140
What is the Liskov substitution principle?
Functions that use pointers or references to base classes must be able to use objects of derived classes without knowing it
141
What is the Interface segregation principle?
Clients should not be forced to depend upon interfaces that they do not use
142
What is the Dependency inversion principle
Depend upon abstractions not concretions
143
What is verification?
Are we building the system correctly
144
What is validation
Are we building the correct system
145
What are the three ways we can deal with faults?
Fault avoidance
Fault detection
Fault tolerance
146
What are the four types of testing?
Unit testing
Integration Testing
System Testing
Acceptance Testing
147
What is unit testing?
Testing of an individual component
148
What is Integration Testing?
Testing of groups of subsystems and eventually the entire system
149
What is System testing?
The testing of the entire system
150
What is acceptance testing?
Evaluates the entire system delivered by the developers
151
What is black box testing?
Testing from a functional/behavioral perspective to ensure a program meets its specification
152
What are drivers?
A method or class developed for unit testing that simulates the behavior of a method that sends a message to the method being tested
153
What is bottom up testing?
Where you test a product staring from the lower features first then go higher after you are done
154
What is top down testing?
Where you test a product starting from the top layer and go lower after you are done
155
What is Functional Testing?
Testing of the functionality of a system
156
What is Performance Testing?
Testing non functional requirements of a system
157
What are the types of Performance/Stress Testing?
Security testing
Environmental Testing
Quality Testing
Recovery Testing
Human factor testing
