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BIO-330: Cell Biology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

You are a pathologist in training. You look at a slide that contains a skin lesion. There are many abnormal cells that have a diameter of approximately 3 um.

You predict these are:

A

invading prokaryotic cells causing an infection

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2
Q

What is true of electron microscopes?

A

they require that samples be treated with solutions that contain metal before imaging

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3
Q

Which is true about eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes CONTAIN mitochondria, but prokaryotes do NOT

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4
Q

In water, polar covalent bonds are found:

A

between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom WITHIN a water molecule

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5
Q

Condensation reactions _____________.

A

create new water molecules

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6
Q

What is the correct expression that accurately describes the calculation of pH?

A

pH = -log10[H+]

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7
Q

How does the chemical structure of phospholipids suit their function in the cell membrane?

A

-self assemble so that polar head groups associate with water molecules through hydrogen bonding
-polar molecules cannot easily cross as the interior of the membrane bilayer is hydrophobic
-self assemble so that water is excluded from the interior of the bilayer (hydrophobic exclusion
-aqueous solution within a cell is mostly separated from the external environment because the phospholipids form a bilayer

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8
Q

Your temperature is 100 F, give or take a few degrees.

What is true of this observation?

A

the heat released from your body contributes to the increasing disorder in the universe

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9
Q

A cell breaks down molecules to obtain energy.

What is a characteristic most likely associated with this process?

A

exergonic, catabolism, hydrolysis reactions

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10
Q

Imagine you are studying acetylcholinesterase activity isolated from rat brains. You determine that an acetylcholinesterase-catalyzed reaction has a deltaG = -80 kcal/mol. You decide to REPEAT the experiment and add TWICE as much of the enzyme.

What do you predict the deltaG to be?

A

-80 kcal/mol

*STAYS THE SAME!

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11
Q

A drug (Lisinopril) sits directly in the active site of an enzyme so that the normal substrate cannot bind.

What is this type of enzymatic inhibition called?

A

Competetive inhibition

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12
Q

What do protein alpha helices involve?

A

hydrogen bonding between carboxyl (carbonyl) and amino groups of different amino acids

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13
Q

What are proteins that are allosteric?

A

their activity is regulated by shifting between 2 or more confirmations (shapes)

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14
Q

Disulfide bridges on the same polypeptide chain are examples of a protein’s ______________.

HINT: structure

A

tertiary

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15
Q

A protein such as hemoglobin, which is composed of more than one polypeptide chain has ______________ structure.

A

quaternary

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16
Q

Within the subunits of hemoglobin, there is specific coordination of a heme (iron-containing) groups that are part of the proteins O2-binding ______________.

A

domain

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17
Q

Does a Kinase add or remove a phosphate group. What does Phosphatase do?

A

Kinase ADDS phosphate
Phosphatase REMOVES phosphate

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18
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Protein domains are only found in proteins with quaternary structure

A

False

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19
Q

Consider a 3-letter sequence of DNA that is transcribed to mRNA and eventually translated to become an amino acid.

When would a mutation in this DNA be LEAST likely to cause a problem?

A

if both the mutant and original amino acids are both non-polar

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20
Q

In the test zone of an ELISA Assay (e.g. pregnancy test), what is NOT present?

A

polyclonal antibodies that are specific to monoclonal antibodies

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21
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Spontaneous reactions occur rapidly even when no enzyme is present

A

False

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22
Q

TRUE/FALSE: If a molecule if reduced, the molecule has acquired more electrons

A

True

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23
Q

TRUE/FALSE: A biological example of the first law of thermodynamics is the proton gradient in mitochondria driving ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation

A

True

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24
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Enzymes may denature when the salt concentration of a solution is changed

A

True

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25
Q

What contains most of the “dry weight” of a cell?

A

proteins

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26
Q

What are non-polar, made of carbon ring structures or long hydrocarbon chains?

A

lipids

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27
Q

What is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and used for structural support and a ready energy source

A

polysaccharides

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28
Q

What is a polymer that contains phosphorus?

A

DNA

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29
Q

Give 3 examples of how ATP is used in a living cell.

A
  1. For proteins in the membrane to open up for molecules (e.g. Na/K pump)
  2. To allow an enzyme to add a phosphate group to a protein (turning it into and active/inactive state)
  3. Allow for the “power stroke” to occur within a myosin filament (contraction)
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30
Q

Name an example of an integral membrane protein

A

Bacteriorhodopsin

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31
Q

What cell types would you expect to have the HIGHEST relative amount of saturated phospholipids in its plasma membrane?

A

an extremophilic bacterium that lives in boiling, sulfuric pools

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32
Q

Within the cell membrane, a protein that is attached to a sugar group is called a ____________

A

glycoprotein

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33
Q

What is true regarding the carbohydrate later of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans?

A
  • makes up the extracellular (non-cytosolic) side of the plasma membrane
    -helps to protect the cell from friction and mechanical abrasion
    -allows cell-cell recognition
    -allows cell-cell adhesion
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34
Q

What is true about voltage-sensing ion channels?

A

their voltage sensor domain contains positively charged amino acids

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35
Q

What is true of experiments described in the Caterina et al. paper that described the discovery of VR1 (known now as TRPV1)?

A

researchers discovered that VR1 is activated by HOT TEMPERATURES

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36
Q

What is true of the experimental strategy used in the Caterina et al. paper that descrived the discovery of VR1 (known now as TRPV1)?

A

VR1 DNA was expressed in HEK293 cells and electrical responses were measured

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37
Q

Compared to the cytosol, the extracellular fluid in animals generally ________________.

A

has more glucose, more sodium, and more calcium

38
Q

The non-cytosolic face of the cell membrane ___________

A
  • contains glycolipids
    -contains sphingomyelin
    -is found on the inside of the intracellular vesicles
    -faces the ER lumen during membrane synthesis
39
Q

Ouabain is a toxin from the foxglove plant that inhibits the Na/K pump.

What would be the most reasonable prediction of the effects of this toxin on a neuron?

A

resting membrane potential becomes depolarized (moves closer to 0mV)

40
Q

Defects in peripheral membrane proteins, such as spectrin, may lead to:

A

-problems with red blood cells
-cells that cannot withstand mechanical stress
-defects in cell shape
-anemia

41
Q

Imagine the inside of a cell contains 0.95 mM glycine and outside of the cell contains 0.60 mM glycine. The cell membrane is impermeable to glycine

In this example, you would expect WATER to _______ the cell.

A

Enter

42
Q

What channel would NOT be expected to generate a change in voltage by movement of its substrate/solute across the membrane?

-aquaporin
-sodium channel
-calcium channel
proton (H+) channel

A

aquaporin

43
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Adding cholesterol to a cell membrane will generally make it more rigid

A

True

*Sometimes in high temps

44
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Osmosis is an example of active transport

A

False

45
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Flippase activity is generally required for phospholipids that assume a final position in the extracellular face of the cell membrane

A

False

*Cytosolic Face

46
Q

During the RISING PHASE of an action potential, what is occurring?

A

voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing sodium to enter the cell

47
Q

During the PEAK of an action potential, what is occurring?

A

equilibrium potential of sodium is reached

48
Q

During the FALLING PHASE of an action potential, what is occurring?

A

voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing potassium to exit the cell

49
Q

During the LOWEST POINT of an action potential, what is occurring?

A

equilibrium potential of potassium is reached

50
Q

During the RETURN TO RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL of an action potential, what is occurring?

A

potassium flows through leaky channels, membrane potential is becoming more depolarized

51
Q

During the RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL of an action potential, what is occurring?

A

voltage-gated channels are closed, membrane potential is constant

52
Q

What has a delayed activation in response to a depolarizing stimulus?

A

Voltage-gated potassium cahnnel

53
Q

What actively transports calcium ions out of the cell?

A

Calcium ATPase

54
Q

What transports sodium AGAINST its concentration gradient?

A

Sodium-potassium ATPase (Na/K pump)

55
Q

What transports glucose AGAINST its concentration gradient?

A

Sodium-glucose transporter 1

56
Q

The ___________ is made of actin, spectrin, and other proteins. It is a structure that is important for membrane integrity. It is found on the ____________ side of the cell membrane

A

Cell Cortex

Intracellular

57
Q

New phospholipids are added in the ______________ to the __________ face of the pre-existing membrane

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cytosolic

58
Q

What is the result of the transition step in aerobic respiration (pyruvate oxidized to acetyl CoA)?

A

NADH is produced

59
Q

Which protein is involved in the active pumping of protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

cytochrome c oxidase

60
Q

Redox reactions happen in many metabolic pathways.

As a molecule is oxidized, what is a possible effect on that molecule?

A

-electrons are lost from the molecules
-single covalent bonds become less common and double-covalent bonds become more common
-the molecule will contain fewer numbers of atoms

61
Q

Each molecule of NADH in the mitochondria can provide enough energy to produce up to how many molecules of ATP?

A

2.5

62
Q

By the end of the Krebs Cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose will eventually be used to power the cell is stored as ______________.

A

NADH

63
Q

During the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, what is produced?

A

NADH and CO2

64
Q

Several different classes of enzymes are needed for the catabolism of carbohydrates.

What best describes the functions of an ISOMERASE, an enzyme that catalyzes _____________.

A

the rearrangement of bonds within a single molecule

65
Q

What is true of glycolysis?

A

it results in the net creation of 2 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose

66
Q

What process generates the most ATP?

A

Electron Transport Chain followed by ATP synthase

67
Q

What is true of NADH that is produced in the cytosol?

A

-requires 1 molecule of ATP to transport these NADH into the mitochindira
-can be used during fermentation
-can be used in the ETC

68
Q

For a single molecule of pyruvate imported into the mitochondria, what is directly produced by the Krebs Cycle?

A

1 GTP
3 NADH
1 FADH2

69
Q

How many molecules of ATP can be produced during oxidative phosphorylation from 4 NADH (assuming that the NADH is produced in the mitochondria)?

A

10 ATP

4 x 2.5 = 10 ATP

70
Q

Normally, if a person is eating a strictly keto diet (very low carbs) what is happening to their circulating insulin and glucose levels?

A

Both would be LOW

71
Q

Under conditions where a person is eating a strict keto diet, what describes alterations to their metabolism?

A

acetyl CoA is converted to ketones

72
Q

What is true regarding the changes to metabolism that occur on a strict keto diet?

A

ketones are produced by the liver to provide energy to other tissues

73
Q

TRUE/FALSE: NADH is more reduced than NAD+

A

True

74
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

A

False

*occurs in cytosol

75
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Oxygen is more electronegative than any of the proteins in the ETC

A

True

*it is the final acceptor

76
Q

What is the appropriate statement for the following enzyme:

Phosphofructokinase

A

glycolytic enzyme that adds a phosphate group

77
Q

What is the appropriate statement for the following enzyme:

NADH dehydrogenase

A

ETC enzyme that moves protons into the intermembrane space of mitochondria

78
Q

What is the appropriate statement for the following enzyme:

Hexokinase

A

glycolytic enzyme that traps glucose inside the cell

79
Q

What is the appropriate statement for the following enzyme:

Lipase

A

breaks down fatty acids

80
Q

What is the appropriate statement for the following enzyme:

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

A

converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA

81
Q

What is the appropriate statement for the following enzyme:

Glycogen Phosphorylase

A

breaks down glycogen

82
Q

What is the appropriate statement for the following enzyme:

Fatty Acid Synthase

A

builds fatty acids

83
Q

What is the appropriate statement for the following enzyme:

HMG CoA Reductase

A

part of the cholesterol synthesis pathway

84
Q

What is the appropriate statement for the following enzyme:

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

A

builds precursors to fatty acids from acetyl CoA

85
Q

List the following proteins of the ETC proteins by the order that electrons from NADH encounter them

Cytochrome c oxidase
Cytochrome c
Ubinquinone
NADH dehydrogenase
Cytochrome b-c1

A
  1. NADH dehydrogenase
  2. Ubiquinone
  3. Cytochrome b-c1
  4. Cytochrome c
  5. Cytochrome c oxidase
86
Q

Under ________ conditions, cells use glycolysis to break down glucose and essentially “burn sugar using molecular oxygen.

A

aerobic

87
Q

_____________ combines with oxaloacetate to form the 6-carbon molecule Citrate in the Krebs Cycle.

A

Acetyl-CoA

88
Q

As Citrate is oxidized, NADH is generated and the NADH in turn is used to provide electrons to the ____________

A

ETC

89
Q

Electron transfers protons to be pumped against their gradient and eventually these electrons reduced oxygen to ___________

A

H2O

90
Q

Why is it essential that fermentation occurs?

A

-Glycolysis still occurs in this condition and results in the formation fo NADH
-This cannot be used in the ETC as oxygen isn’t present, so it may be converted back to NAD+ so that glycolysis may continue
-Basically an “ATP Backup” - net 2 ATP per glucose

BIO-330: Cell Biology (6 decks)

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