Final Exam Flashcards
Mark of a Criminal - Pager
Experiment Design used
Dependent variable: criminal record and race
Experimental groups: testers - 2 white males and 2 black males, paired by race
Control groups: the white males with no criminal records
Did it use random assignment for experimental and control groups? No. They had to choose very specific characteristics in the 4 men of the study so the only difference to the employer would be their race and/or their criminal record
One main result: a criminal record reduces the number of callbacks by 50%
One limitation/ethical concern: manipulating the work histories of both criminal and non criminal testers so the long absence of a job while incarcerated did not create bias on the part of the employer
Gendered Interpretations of Job Loss - Rao
Methods used?
Sample probability or nonprobability?
Sample size?
Type of data collected?
What type of analysis used?
One main results?
One limitation/ethical concern?
- Qualitative Methods used
- random sample of unemployed professionals recruited from random job searching/career building sites in the US
- less than 50
- in depth interviews and follow-up interviews on unemployed men and unemployed women as two different groups
- Qualitative Analysis
- unemployed men viewed their job loss as an expected aspect of paid work while women viewed their job loss as an opportunity to start over/find a new career
- that job loss could be shaped by the intersections of other aspects other than gender, such as race, social class or sexual orientation.
Nuremberg War Crime Trials
Exposed medical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors in the name of “science”
Milgram’s obedience experiments
experiment to determine the likelihood of people following orders from an authority despite their own sentiments; widely cited as helping to understand the emergence of phenomena such as Nazism and mass cults.
Tuskegee Study
U.S. Public Health Service study of the “natural” course of syphilis of low-income African American men for 40 years without providing them with penicillin, even after the drug was discovered to treat the illness
Belmont Report
Guidelines developed by the U.S. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research in 1979 for the protection of human subjects.
Respect for persons
Belmont report coined.
the ethical principle of treating persons as autonomous agents and protecting those with diminished autonomy in research involving human subjects.
Beneficence
Belmont report -
minimizing possible harms and maximizing benefits in research involving human subjects.
Justice
Belmont report -
being upfront about what the risks and benefits of the study are
Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects
Belmont Report coined.
regulations by the US dept. of health & human services AND FDA
Code of ethics
Professional codes adopted by professional associations of social scientists for the treatment of human subjects by members, employees, and students and designed to comply with federal policy.
Debriefing
A researcher’s informing subjects after an experiment about the experiment’s purposes and methods and evaluating subjects’ personal reactions to the experiment.
Conflict of interest
When a researcher has a significant financial stake in the design or outcome of his or her own research.
Deception
Used in social experiments to create more “realistic” treatments in which the true purpose of the research is not disclosed to participants, often within the confines of a laboratory.
Zimbardo’s prison simulation study
Stanford University, Philip Zimbardo
designed to investigate the impact of social position on behavior—specifically, the impact of being either a guard or a prisoner; widely cited as demonstrating the likelihood of emergence of sadistic behavior in guards.
Certificate of Confidentiality
A certificate issued to a researcher by the National Institutes of Health that ensures the right to protect information obtained about high-risk populations or behaviors—except child abuse or neglect—from legal subpoenas.
IRB
Institutional Review Board -
federal law - review the ethical issues in all proposed research that is federally funded, involves human subjects, or has any potential for harm to human subjects.
Office for Protection From Research Risks, National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)
provides leadership and supervision about the protection of the rights, welfare, and well-being of subjects involved in research conducted or supported by DHHS, including monitoring IRBs.
Ethical Principles goals:
- achieving valid results
- honesty and openness
- protecting research participants
- obtain informed consent
- avoid deception in research, except in limited circumstances
- maintain privacy and confidentiality
- consider uses of research so that benefits outweigh risks
Conceptualization
The process of specifying what we mean by a term.
Concept
A mental image that summarizes a set of similar observations, feelings, or ideas.
Key concepts in sociology
- poverty
- youth gangs
- trust
Operationalization
Specifying the measures that will indicate the value of cases on a variable.
Indicator
The question or other operation used to indicate the value of cases on a variable.
Constant
A number that has a fixed value in a given situation; a characteristic or value that does not change.
Measurement
Linking abstract concepts to empirical indicants.
Also, the procedures used to identify the empirical variation in a concept of interest.
Closed-ended (fixed-choice) question
preformatted response choices for the respondent to circle or check
Measurement alternatives
- asking questions
- making observations
- collecting unobtrusive measures
- coding content
- taking pictures
- combining measurement operations
Mutually exclusive
when every case can be classified as having only one attribute (or value).
Exhaustive
when a questions responses choices cover all possible responses.
Open ended question
A survey question to which the respondent replies in his or her own words, either by writing or by talking.
types of questions we can ask
- close ended/fixed choice
- mutually exclusive
- exhaustive
- open ended
unobtrusive measure
A measurement based on physical traces or other data that are collected without the knowledge or participation of the individuals or groups that generated the data.
levels of measurements
- nominal level
- ordinal level
- interval/ratio level
- dichotomy
- comparison levels
nominal level of measurement
Variables whose values have no mathematical interpretation; they vary in kind or quality, but not in amount.
Ordinal level of measurement
A measurement of a variable in which the numbers indicating a variable’s values specify only the order of the cases, permitting greater than and less than distinctions.
Discrete measure
A measure that classifies cases in distinct categories.
Interval/ratio level of measurement
A measurement of a variable in which the numbers indicating a variable’s values represent FIXED measurement units. They may or may not have an absolute, or fixed, zero point.
Continuous measure
A measure with numbers indicating the values of variables as points on a CONTINUUM
dichotomy
a variable having only 2 values
units of analysis
The level of social life on which a measure is focused, such as individuals, groups, towns, or nations.
ecological fallacy
An error in reasoning in which incorrect conclusions about individual-level processes are drawn from group-level data
reductionist fallacy (reductionism)
An error in reasoning that occurs when incorrect conclusions about group-level processes are based on individual-level data; also known as an INDIVIDUALIST fallacy.
measurement validities:
- face validity
- content validity
- criterion validity
- construct validity
face validity
The type of validity that exists when an inspection of items used to measure a concept suggests that they are appropriate “on their face.”
content validity
The type of validity that exists when the full range of a concept’s meaning is covered by the measure.
Criterion validity
The type of validity that is established by comparing the scores obtained on the measure being validated with those obtained with a more direct or already validated measure of the same phenomenon (the criterion)
Concurrent validity (part of criterion)
The type of validity that exists when scores on a measure are closely related to scores on a criterion measured at the same time
Predictive validity (part of criterion)
The type of validity that exists when a measure predicts scores on a criterion measured in the future.
construct validity
The type of validity that is established by showing that a measure is related to other measures as specified in a theory.
reliability
A measurement procedure yields consistent scores when the phenomenon being measured is not changing.
test-retest reliability
A measurement showing that measures of a phenomenon at two points in time are highly correlated, if the phenomenon has not changed, or has changed only as much as the measures have changed.
index
the sum or average of responses to a set of questions about a concept
interitem reliability
An approach that calculates reliability based on the correlation among multiple items used to measure a single concept; also known as internal consistency.
Interobserver reliability
When similar measurements are obtained by different observers rating the same persons, events, or places.
aspects of measurement reliability
- test-retest
- index
- interitem
- interobserver