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TED 1200 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Child growth and development consists of _______, _______, and _______, growth.

A

Physical, social, emotional

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2
Q

What segment of lifespan development does child development focus on?

A

Child development focuses from conception to adolescence: 0 - 20 years old

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3
Q

Dividing the years from birth to adulthood into into time periods is a _______.

A

Social construction

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4
Q

Prenatal period is the time between conception and birth, typically ___ weeks

A

38

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5
Q

According to Freud’s _______ theory, child development occurs in a series of stages focused on different pleasure areas of the body

A

Psychosexual

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6
Q

Age:
Infanthood (___ - ___)
Toddler (___-___)
Early Childhood (___-___)
Middle Childhood (___-___)
Comprise Childhood (___-___)
Adolescence (___-___)

A

Age:
Birth - 1
1 - 5
3 - 8
9 - 11
3 - 11
12 - 18+

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7
Q

What is the difference between nature and nurture?

A

Nature: physical and genetic factors affect a child’s development

Nurture: environmental factors affect a child’s development

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8
Q

What are some of the limitations/flaws of Piaget’s theory?

A

Overestimating adolescent aptitude (natural abilities)

Underestimating newborn potential

Disregards environmental factors on child development

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9
Q

What are the three independent components of personality in Freud’s Structural Paradigm?

A

Id - instinctive sexual aggressions (unconscious)
Ego - mediating between id and superego (conscious)
Superego - morals and conscience (preconscious)

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10
Q

What are the stages of Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development?

A

Oral: mouth - sucking, swallowing, etc.
Anal: anus - potty training
Phallic: sexual organ - masturbation
Latent: N/A - social
Genital: sexual organ - sexual intercourse

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11
Q

What are Erik Erikson’s stages of Psychosocial Development?

A

Trust v. Mistrust: birth - 18 months: hope
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt: 18 months - 3 years: will
Initiative v. Guilt: 3 - 5 years: purpose
Industry v. Inferiority: 5 - 13 years: competency
Identity v. Confusion: 13 - 21 years: fidelity
Intimacy v. Isolation: 21 - 39 years: love
Generativity v. Stagnation: 40 - 65 years: care
Integrity v. Despair: 65+ years: wisdom

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12
Q

What does Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory say?

A

Learning is contingent (dependent) upon culture and varies amongst cultures. Vygotsky signifies that educators take into account the effect of cultures on the learning environment.

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13
Q

Dominant/recessive interactions are the most frequent type of allele-allele interaction. When one dominant allele crosses with a recessive allele, what is the allele of the offspring?

A

Dominant

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14
Q

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

A

Germinal: 0 - 2 weeks
Embryonic: 3 - 8 weeks
Fetal: 9 weeks - birth

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15
Q

The growth of your child is influenced by your child’s genes as well as other elements including a _______, _______, _______, and _______. Your child receives the nutrition and energy from healthy meals that they require to grow and thrive.

A

balanced diet, regular exercise, health, neighborhood

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16
Q

The desire to master _______, _______, and _______ and _______ abilities in newborns and toddlers persists as they get older.

A

movement, balance, fine and gross motor

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17
Q

_______, _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______ are all aspects of cognition. Our cognitive abilities assist us in organizing our information and applying it to new situations.

A

Language, creativity, thought, reasoning, problem-solving, memory

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18
Q

Social and Emotional development

A

A child’s ability to establish and maintain deep connections with both adults and other children is referred to as social development. The ability of a kid to express, identify, and manage his or her emotions as well as react appropriately to those of others is known as emotional development.

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19
Q

What are the 7 stages of human body growth?

A

Infant development
Toddler development
Preschooler development
Middle Childhood development
Adolescent development
Adult Development

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20
Q

8 Early Stages of Brain Development

A

Neurulation
Proliferation
Cell migration
Differentiation
Synaptogenesis
Synapse pruning
Myelination
Summary

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21
Q

What is gross motor and fine motor development?

A

Gross: involves larger body muscle movement
Fine: involves smaller body muscle movement

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22
Q

_______, _______, and _______ can encourage brain growth whereas _______ and _______ exposure can have long-term harmful effects on a child’s brain. An important public health objective is to guarantee that parents, caregivers, and early childhood care providers have the tools and abilities to offer _______, _______, _______, and _______.

A

Talking, reading, playing…stress, trauma…secure, stable, caring, stimulating care

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23
Q

According to Piaget’s theory, children advance through the phases of cognitive development through maturation, methods of discovery, and some social transmissions through _______ and _______.

A

Assimilation, accomodation

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24
Q

An approach to cognitive development studies called ______________ theory seeks to explain how information is stored in memory.

A

Information processing

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25
Q

As adults, it is difficult to conceive of life without a sense of “_______.”

A

self

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26
Q

Morality refers to standards that guide people’s judgments about what is _______ and _______, and about _______. It involves _______, _______, _______, and it is fundamental and important in our relationships with others.

A

right, wrong, justice,…cognition, affect, behavior

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27
Q

What is the importance of forming a secure attachment in infancy?

A

To develop a foundation for healthy parent-child relationships and social emotional adjustment. Style of parenting – responsive parenting – that can foster children’s secure attachment.

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28
Q

Are the changes of the brain during the middle years more dramatic than changes in the early years?

A

No

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29
Q

Why does body growth occur slowly during middle childhood ages?

A

It gives children time to adjust to their bodies and learn to use them more effectively.

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30
Q

Children of age 2-6/7 are considered _______ because they lack cognitive _______-actions that are carried out and reversed mentally

A

preoperational, operations

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31
Q

Emphasis on deeper, more enduring qualities over surface appearances

A

concrete operations

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32
Q

The understanding that quantities such as numbers, weight, volume, or area stay the same even when appearances are altered

A

conservation

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33
Q

According to Piaget, the ability to solve conservation problems depends on an understanding of three basic aspects of reasoning.

A

identity, compensation, and reversibility

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34
Q

If nothing is added or taken away, an item stays the same

A

identity

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35
Q

An apparent change in one direction can be compensated for by a change in a another direction

A

compensation

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36
Q

A child can mentally cancel out the change that has been made

A

reversibility

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37
Q

A child’s ability to focus on a single characteristic of objects in a set and group the objects according to the characteristic

A

classification

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38
Q

The process of making orderly arrangements from large to small or vice versa

A

seriation

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39
Q

The area between a child’s current development level and the level of development that a child could achieve with support from others

A

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

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40
Q

Designed to promote learning, but is not a traditional lecture or discussion

A

instructional conservation

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41
Q

The understandings and skills developed over generations that families need to function

A

funds of knowledge

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42
Q

Attention disorders and impulsive-hyperactivity disorders

A

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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43
Q

The work space of the memory system where new information is combined with existing knowledge

A

working memory

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44
Q

Where well-learned knowledge is stored more permanently

A

long-term memory

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45
Q

We have to search intentionally to retrieve _______

A

explicit memory

46
Q

Memory that requires no thinking or effort

A

implicit memory

47
Q

knowledge (____), specific events (____)

A

semantic, episodic

48
Q

Verbal sound information

A

phonological loop

49
Q

Visual/spatial information

A

visual sketchpad

50
Q

Where phonological loops, visual/spatial information, and long-term memory are integrated together to create mental representations

A

episodic buffer

51
Q

“worker” that oversees processing

A

central executive

52
Q

One’s knowledge and beliefs about one’s own cognitive processes

A

metacognition

53
Q

Explicit, conscious, and factual knowledge about one’s cognitive abilities and the skills, strategies, and resources needed to perform a task

A

declarative metacognition

54
Q

Knowing how to use the strategies, focus attention, and generally enact the plans one makes: implicit and unconscious

A

procedural metacognition

55
Q

Knowing when and why to apply procedures and strategies

A

conditional or self-regulatory metacognition

56
Q

Tht two international assessment programs are called:

A

The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), and Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)

57
Q

There is math superiority in the Asian countries of _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.

A

Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, Chinese Taipei, and Japan

58
Q

The _______(NCLB) act required all students in grades 3 through 8 and also once in high school should take standardized achievement tests in reading, mathematics, and science

A

No Child Left Behind

59
Q

AYP stands for _______

A

Adequate yearly progress

60
Q

Parents who are reassuring and supportive of their children’s autonomy will help their children handle the _______, _______, and _______ that are bound to come with schooling.

A

frustrations, delays, tensions

61
Q

Families from lower SES families show higher average levels of achievement on test scores and stay in school longer than children from higher SES families.

A

False

62
Q

The three categories of classroom climate that are related to the development and learning of preschool and elementary school students are:

A

affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions

63
Q

A composite of the beliefs and attitudes we have about ourselves

A

self-concept

64
Q

As children develop, they start to distinguish between their _______ and _______ selves

A

ideal and real

65
Q

The self-evaluative part of the self-concept and that self-evaluations often are based on feedback from others, including parents, teachers, and peers

A

self-esteem

66
Q

The minority children show greater awareness of race and ethnicity than children who identify with the majority group

A

True

67
Q

Having high academic self-esteem is associated with success in school as well as a willingness to attempt challenging tasks

A

True

68
Q

_______ involves effortful, voluntary control of emotions, attention, and behavior

A

emotional self-regulation

69
Q

_______________ is when children believe they are in control of their emotional experiences

A

emotional self-efficacy

70
Q

The ability to imagine what other people are thinking and feeling, develops gradually as children become less egocentric and more able to recognize and coordinate multiple dimensions of interpersonal experiences

A

perspective taking

71
Q

What are Selman’s 5 stages of Perspective Taking?

A

Stage 0: Egocentric Viewpoint (3-6)
Stage 1: Social-Informational Role Taking (6-8)
Stage 2: Self-Reflective Role Taking (8-10)
Stage 3: Mutual Role Taking (10-12)
Stage 4: Social and Conventional System Role Taking (12-15+)

72
Q

Judgments about the rightness or wrongness of certain acts

A

moral reasoning

73
Q

Equality, Merit, and Benevolence

A

distributive justice

74
Q

Children 5-6 believe that rules are absolute and cannot be changed because they were given by authorities

A

moral realism

75
Q

At age 8, children understand that people can agree to change rules if they want to. They also start to realize that you don’t get punished unless you get caught

A

moral relativism

76
Q

Judgment based solely on a person’s needs and perceptions

A

preconventional

77
Q

Expectations of informal and formal groups, society, and law are taken into account

A

conventional

78
Q

Judgments are based on more generalizable universal principles that are personally held and not necessarily based on society’s laws

A

postconventional

79
Q

Hypothetical situations that ask people to make difficult decisions and justify them

A

moral dilemmas

80
Q

Voluntary behavior intended to benefit other people: it usually involves low self-sacrifice or is strongly encouraged by adults

A

prosocial behavior

81
Q

When adults use ______________, they give children reasons why their behavior is wrong

A

inductive discipline

82
Q

Behavior intended to to hurt others or to damage property

A

aggressive behavior

83
Q

Places where members care about and support each other, actively participate in and have influence on the group’s activities and decisions, feel a sense of belonging and identification in the group, and have common norms, goals, values

A

learning communities

84
Q

_______ in the frontal lobe continue to be _______ during adolescence

A

Axons, myelinated

85
Q

By the end of adolescence, brains and neurological changes help individuals to avoid risky behaviors, be more purposeful and organized, and inhibit impulsive behavior

A

True

86
Q

The dramatic physical growth and development during puberty requires increases in _______, _______, _______, and _______.

A

energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals

87
Q

Foods to increase

A

half fruits, vegetables
half whole grains
fat-free or low fat milk

88
Q

Foods to decrease

A

sodium
sugary drinks

89
Q

Lunch is the most important meal of the day; adolescents who skip lunch are more likely to become obese

A

False; breakfast

90
Q

What is the recommended amount of calcium to intake a day?

A

1,300 mg

91
Q

By 18, __% of the bone mass is developed

A

90

92
Q

Teenagers need about how many hours of sleep a day?

A

9

93
Q

How many minutes is the recommended time of exercise

A

60 minutes/ 1 hour

94
Q

Ways of speaking that fit certain social situations

A

registers

95
Q

The minimal and informal language of overusing words such as “like” and “ya’know,” “OK,” and “whatever”

A

mallspeak

96
Q

Young leader focus more on the goals of the _______.

A

group

97
Q

Teaching where English should be introduced as early as possible

A

transition approach

98
Q

Teaching which improves native language in order to gradually develop in English

A

native-language maintenance instruction

99
Q

Moves from the general assumption to the specific

A

deductive reasoning

100
Q

Moves from specific instances to a general conclusion

A

inductive reasoning

101
Q

Consideration of hypothetical situations to reason deductively

A

hypothetical deductive reasoning

102
Q

To help students understand and think deeply about what they read

A

reciprocal teaching

103
Q

Switch back and forth from one task to another, but focuses on only one at a time

A

sequential multitasking

104
Q

Overlapping in focus on several tasks at a time

A

simultaneous multitasking

105
Q

Adolescent self-concept is usually contingent upon social settings and are more complex and differentiated than in earlier childhood

A

True

106
Q

Adolescent self-esteem is associated with positive outcomes, and positive self-regard is generally thought to protect oneself against negative outcomes

A

True

107
Q

Adolescents have lesser extremes and less changes in mood than either preadolescents or adults

A

False

108
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with risk-taking?

A

cerbellum

109
Q

In parenting adolescents, parent should balance in granting _______ and maintaining _______

A

autonomy, control

110
Q

Tensions between most parents and adolescents are not serious enough to cause a dramatic deterioration in their relationships

A

True

TED 1200 (1 decks)

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