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Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Domus

A

house, family, household: includes Pater Familias, mother, children, enslaved individuals, livestock, extended family

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2
Q

Conception and Cotraception

A

herbal contraception widely practiced: silphium was cash crop of Cyrene

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3
Q

Adolescence (Women and children)

A

children had nurses and teachers (pedagogus) for early life

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4
Q

Adolescence (Girls)

A

married soon after puberty
family provided dowry

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5
Q

Boys

A

Apprenticeship or formal education of some kind
often would enter military service or cursus honorum

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6
Q

Bulla (ae)

A

Suspended amulet that upper class boys wore to protect them from evil spirits and/or evil eye

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7
Q

Roman Women

A

took on nomen of father
educated similar to boys but no rhetoric or philosophy

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8
Q

Marriage

A

-often for political purposes
-ritual included clasping of hands
-divorce and remarriage were easy and common

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9
Q

Ideal Roman wife characteristics

A

-virtuous
-chaste
-faithful
-hard worker
-loving

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10
Q

Praetorian Guard

A

-Elite force of soldiers that was supposed to protect emperor
-sometimes assisted in assassination of emperor if necessary
-had a lot of sway in picking the next emperor if one died

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11
Q

Maiestas

A

“Treason” trials enacted by some of the earlier emperors along with use of informants to solidify emperor’s hold on control

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12
Q

Caligula (37-41)

A

-megalomaniac
- was in fact assassinated by Praefect of Praetorian Guard
- Reign of terror in Judaea
-made horse a senator (Incitatus)
- deified sister Drusilla after incestual relationship

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13
Q

Claudius

A

-acclaimed by Praetorians
- adds new provinces
-conspiracies and secret trials/exceutions
*-Freedmen played a large role in the administration of his empire
-dominated by Messalina and then Agrippina (niece)

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14
Q

Nero

A

-son of Agrippina
-initial reign marked by leadership of Burrus and Seneca
-has mother killed in 59 after multiple attempts
- Great Fire of Rome (64)
-Christians blamed for the fire
-intended to build “Neropolis”and “Golden house”
- Revolt starts with Vindex; gets suppressed but spreads to Praetorians
-Senate declares Nero and enemy of state
-he commits suicide

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15
Q

Chaos after Nero

A

-false Neros after his suicide
-Year of Four Emperors : Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian
-Galba=cheap; reputation for harshness among troops
-Otho=lacked support of Rhine troops; called Nero by lower classes; defeated by Vitellius
-Vitellius= troops of Lower Germany declare for him; defeats Otho at Bedriacum
-Vespasian= put down rebellion of Jews in 66; legions of Egypt and Judaea declare for him in 69; blocks grain transport to Rome

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16
Q

Lex de Imperio Vespasiani

A

Senate decree: formalizes power of emperor with reference to deified J-C’s; codifies emperor’s powers and declares that it’s going to Vespasian

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17
Q

Vespasian

A

-First Jewish War (66-73)
-Flavian dynasty connects itself with Augustus; rejects Nero
- Builds Colosseum
-Meta Sudans (fountain at juncture of Augustan regions of city
- buried in mausoleum of Augustus

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18
Q

Titus (79-81)

A
  • punished/banished informer
    -affable, generous
    -relief work post-Vesuvius (79)
    -dedicated Colosseum
    -Arch of Titus
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19
Q

Domitian

A

-alienated Senate through the maiestas trials
- 93: call me “lord and god” = no more first among equals; didn’t go over well
- Titus’s brother; known as evil/bad: would stab caught flies with a pen
-killed by plot of wife, Domitia
-Senate erased all good records of Domitian (Damnatio Memoriae)

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20
Q

Eruption of Vesuvius

A

(79) During reign of Titus

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21
Q

Rediscovery of Pompeii

A

1594-1600: Domenico Fontana builds canal
1710-1716: Duc D’Elbeuf digs in well shaft to reach theater of Herculaneum
1748: excavations began in earnest; tourism increases

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22
Q

Stages of Vesuvius Eruption

A

Aug. 20, 79: small earthquakes
Aug. 24-45 (or later in September), 79: full scale eruption

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23
Q

Pompeii death phases

A
  1. Single Deaths by falling buildings and pumice stone
  2. Large scale deaths by pyroclastic flow (poisonous gas/ash) killed everyone else in 15 minutes
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24
Q

House style: Atrium house

A

house built around atrium/courtyard; rear of house has peristyle for separation of public and private life

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25
Q

Roman Housing Functions: Public Areas in front of house

A

-house front could be rented out
-salutation: formal morning greeting between patron and client
-triclinium: dining and entertainment
-received decorations; were for show

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26
Q

Roman Housing Function: Private Areas in rear of house

A

-small chambers could be used for sleeping
-kitchen/domestic and/or slave areas
-house’s use varied according to time of day; women could weave in courtyard; furniture was movable

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27
Q

City stuff for Pompeii specifically

A

-sidewalks were raised; roads paved with stones
-street signs; graffiti
-lots of taverns/bars (located in house fronts) and other things like bakeries
-street fountains: fed by aqueducts; water pressurized at certain points
-public baths

28
Q

Roman Ludi

A

-festivals that included formal competitions such as circuses, beast hunts, chariot races, gladiatorial combat, etc.
-funded by elite individuals; Emperor funded them during Imperial period

29
Q

Circus Maximus

A

-roman arena for chariot racing
-constructed in Regal period

30
Q

Horse and Chariot Races

A

-begins with parade
-12 races in a day; later expanded
-7 laps around
-winner presented with palm branch
-Four teams (Reds, Whites, Greens, Blues)
-factions associated with each stable (like modern football)
(curse tablets found along Via Appia associated with these

31
Q

Amphitheaters

A

-Colosseum
-gladiatorial games
-venationes
-beast hunts
-public executions (sometimes tableaux style)

32
Q

Gladiatorial Games

A

-originally associated with funerary rites
-gladiators: prisoners of war, criminals, slaves
-Types: Thracian (wide-brimmed hat, curved sword), Samnite (visored helmet, oblong shield), Retarius (net and trident)

33
Q

Venationes

A

animal hunts; often exotic animals from far off provinces

34
Q

Waterworks/Aqueducts

A

-aqueducts: water channels
-first constructed (Aqua Appia) in 312 BCE
-most are traveling underground
-arches allow water to bridge valleys; all channels have slight incline
-once aqueducts enter city, water goes through settling basins, then is rerouted through various distribution points

35
Q

Public baths

A

-major focus of city life and inexpensive for visitors
-served a similar function to gymnasia in Athens and Greece; had libraries, meeting rooms, gardens

36
Q

Latrines

A

-Essentially public restrooms
-always communal
-used a sponge to wipe that was shared around

37
Q

Nerva (96-98)

A

-selected by Senate
-adopted Traianus in 97
-maintained good relations with Senate

38
Q

Changes in Principate (overall)

A

-37: Gaius is given imperial powers en bloc
-Dec. 69: Lex de Imperio Vespasiani: 73/74, Vespasian and Titus are Censors
-Titus uses title “Imperator”
-Nerva adopts Spaniard general Trajan

39
Q

Trajan’s changes to Principate

A

-“Curatores” special administrators posted to imperial cities

40
Q

Hadrian’s changes to Principate

A

-consilium principis: private advisors to princeps
-Quattuorviri consulares: adjudicated cases in Italy
- Slavius Iulianus organized edicts of praetors into body of law

41
Q

Trajan (98-117)

A
  • from Italica in Spain
  • After accession, Trajan remains in Germany to settle things before returning to Rome
  • Dacian Wars (101-102)(105-106)
    -brought lots of wealth back to Rome
    -Built monuments (aka Forum, libraries of Greek and Latin, and Markets of Trajan) with booty
    -annexed Nabataean as Arabia and Petraea
    -introduced Alimenta Scheme: funds for poor and orphans in Italy)
42
Q

Methods of imperial imagery in Rome and provinces

A

-monuments
-style relating back to Augustus
-connecting forums etc. to past emperor’s monuments
-Column of Trajan: warfare, grandeur from military prowess, etc.
-Arch @ Beneventum: defining moments of Trajan reign and victories
- emperor is always in center and everyone looking at him
-Tropaeum Triani: in Dacia; celebrates victory; Roman power/prestige

43
Q

Roman Economy

A

-built on agriculture; wealth was measured in land
-senators not in trade; equites are in trade

44
Q

Romans and Trade

A

-important players in Mediterranean trade since Republic times
-extensive trade in border areas and beyond

45
Q

Grain Trade in Rome

A

-imported at Ostia Antica (port)
-Gaius Gracchus instituted first sale of grain at fixed price
-Clodius gave away grain as dole to citizens
-many Egypt taxes were paid in grain

46
Q

Antonnine Plague (165-180)

A

-probably something like smallpox that swept the roman world
-2000 deaths/day in Rome
-10% of Empire died

47
Q

Edict of Caracalla (212)

A

decree that every person in Roman Empire is now a citizen

48
Q

Hadrian (117-138)

A

consolidated Roman Empire, solidified administration
-tour of empire
-Hadrian’s wall in Brittania

49
Q

Threats to Roman World in 2nd century

A

-Military: external pressure, revolts
-natural: diaster and disease
-economic
-political

50
Q

Commodus (180-192)

A

-resolves conflict in 180
-goes crazy, devotes himself to gladiatorial combat
-strangled in palace

51
Q

Reorganization of army under Severus

A

-increased size of army; personal troops
-military pay increased, life improved
-frontiers secured: troops stationed along front to deal w/threats

52
Q

Imperial Family (Domus Divina) under Severus

A

-Severus retroactively adopted by Antonines
-Julia Domna, Caracalla and Geta very visible
-imperial cult is strengthened
-monarchy is anti-senatorial, absolutist

53
Q

Caracalla (211-217) +Geta (211-212)

A

Co-Augusti completed campaign and returned father’s ashes to Rome; Geta is killed in mother’s arms in 212
- soldiers benefited from Caracalla’s reign
-currency devalued: new taxes, economic strain on empire
-212: edict of Caracalla: everyone is now a citizen

54
Q

Sources for the army

A

-documents preserved on papyrus, wood
-military diplomas list service
-inscriptions concerning individual soldiers, military units, and veterans
-Trajan’s column, Trophaeum Traiani
-ruins of forts

55
Q

Impact of army

A

-brought imperial rule to the provinces in a tangible way
-built roads, aqueducts, public works
-provided access to citizenship for non-citizens
-granted a means of financial gain for citizens
-acted as an economic stimulus to some areas

56
Q

Romanization

A

-adopting Roman lifestyle, thought, ideals (being “Roman largely legal distinction); indicators of Roman-ness spread throughout empire
-romanization mostly occurred among elite

57
Q

Markers of Romanization

A

-Roman colonial foundations
-Roman goods, etc.

58
Q

Local Admin in Provinces

A

-“Foreign” (Peregrine) cities kept own laws and structures
-Municipia were modeled on Roman administration
-magistracies required cash
-many local communities run by town councils: administered taxation
-service became onerous in Later Empire

59
Q

Roman State Religion

A

-membership in polis (ancient city) defined connection to religious life
-religion tied city to gods, provided for maintenance of right relations with gods
-sacrifice was a central rite of Roman religion

60
Q

Imperial Cult

A

-instituted after death of Julius Caesar
-“Numen” of living emperor was honored along with Roma
-Augustus, at death, entered pantheon
-Trajan is first associated with Jupiter

61
Q

Mystery cults

A

-Mithras
-mystery cults were secret organizations; one was not supposed to reveal secrets to others; typically involved stuff about afterlife

62
Q

Dura Europos

A

-stunning mix of religious structures found at site
-Jewish Synagogue: Late 2nd century: Torah Shrine
-Christian meeting place

63
Q

Mithras

A

-Eastern god, important in 2nd century
-worship closely associated with soldiers
-main image is Tauroctony
-cult only for men
-initiation preceded along grades or levels associated w/planets
-usually meeting places underground in vaulted spaces
-

64
Q

Chaos of 3rd century

A

-external threats (aka Sassanians) + Germans and Persians
-mutiny of Rhine army
-political instability and civil war
-economic crisis: invasions and debased currency

65
Q

Political/Military Reforms of 3rd century

A

-emperor served as officiator of law
-emperor was supreme commander, bore title Invictus
- emperor was instrumental in maintaining peace of gods
-Diocletian increased number of soldiers on frontiers
-number of provinces increased
-chain of command

66
Q

Imperial Bureaucracy

A

-bureaucracy associated with court and imperial household
-increase in network of spies
-police responsible for imperial guard
-administration divided into various offices

Roman History (2 decks)

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