Final Exam Flashcards
Platyrrhine (NWM) traits
- Arboreal
- broad nose
- no cheek pouches
- long/prehensile tail
- central and south america
- “I” Shaped skull sutures
ex: Ateles, Aloutta
Catarrhine (OWM) Traits
-Arboreal/terrestrial quadruped
- narrow nose
- cheek pouches
- some have tails
- single births
- “H” shaped skull sutures
- Asia to Africa
ex: Macaca, Hylobatids, Orangutans, chimps
Lower Primates/Strepsirrhines
- split upper lip
- tooth comb
-grooming claw - tapedum lucidum (reflective membrane on back of eye)
- Lemurs and Lorises
- no post orbital closure
- bicornate uterus
Higher Primates/Haplorhines
- continuous upper lip
- fused mandibular symphasis
- post orbital closure
-diurnal - larger brain
- fovea capitus
- have placental disks
4 Biomes
- Forest
- woodlands
- savannas
- desert/semi-desert
Day Range
average distance a primate travels in a day
Home Range
plot of all the day ranges over a certain amount of time (annual, seasonal, etc)
Core Area
part of the range that you use most often - area where other groups within species don’t come to
Territory
defended portion of home range
5 locomotion patterns
- Arboreal quadruped
- leaper
- terrestrial quadruped
- arm swinger
- biped
6 social organizations
- Noyau
- Monogamy
- polyandry
- polygyny
- multi-male/multi-female
- fission/fusion
2 groups of catarrhines
cercopithecoids and hominoids
living cercopithecoid traits
- narrow nose
- quadrupedal
- bilophodont molars
- has tail
- equal length limbs
- sharper, longer canine
living Hominoid traits
- broad nose
- y5 molars
- larger brain
- short trunk
- long arms
- no external tail
- crescent shaped olecranon process
living colobine traits
- broad intraorbital region
- leaf and seed eaters
- narrow incisors
- deep jaw
- high cusps
- complex stomach
- long legs and tail
- leapers
living cercopithecinae traits
-shallow jaw
- low cusps
- cheek pouches
- similar length arms and legs
Lemur Radiation
Diet: fruit, leaves insects, broad
locomotion: Arboreal quadrupeds, terrestrial, leapers
broad activity patterns
broad social organizations
Where do Tarsiers fit between Hapolrhines and streppsirhines?
Tarsiers are prosimian grade but haplorhine clade.
primitive traits: small, nocturnal leapers, only partial closure, unfused mandible
derived traits: split placenta, unicornate uterus, retinal foeva, happlorhine lip
Seven subfamilies of platyrrhines
1.Callicebines- frugivore, generalized quadruped with leaping
2.Pitheciines - rainforest quadruped with leaping
3.Cebines - generaic frugivores/hard object feeder, arboreal/terrestrial quadruped
4. Aotines- nocturnal frugivores
5. Atelines - suspensory frugivores
6. Alouatines - suspensory folivores
7. Callitrichines - insects, gums, leapers
Adaptive radiation of Catarrhines (OWM)
- high species diversity
- arboreal quadruped
- eats fruits, leaves, gums, insects, +
- broad social organizations
Adaptive radiation of Platyrrhines (NWM)
- moderate species diversity
- arboreal/terrestrial quadruped
- eats fruits and leaves
- polygynous and multi
Adaptive radiation of Cercopithecoids
- high species diversity compared to catarrhines
- eats leaves, fruits, seeds and insects
- mostly quadrupeds, some arboreal and some terrestrial
- mostly polygynous
Difference: less diversity in old world, more competition and predation in old world, island biography in the new world
hominoid radiation
- eats soft fruits
- suspensory with some knuckle walking
- diurnal
- polygyny, monogamy, fission/fusion
Adaptive/genetic evidence v food print
Adaptive evidence = genetic evidence passed between generations
ex: tooth size, structure, morphology
food prints = actual traces of past activities of individuals
ex: microware, isotopes, food particles
Arboreal quadruped traits
- similar arm and leg length
-short arms and legs - bent elbow/knee gait
- long curved fingers and toes
- long tail
Terrestrial quadruped traits
- similar length arms and legs
- long arms and legs
- straight elbow/knee gait
- short fingers and toes
-short tail
Suspensory locomotion traits
- long arms
- short legs
- short trunk
- long curved fingers and toes
- no tail
- scapula on back of thorax
Leaper locomotion traits
- long legs
- short arms
- bow shaped spine
- large curved fingers and toes
- small body size
- elongated ischium
Biped locomotion traits
- long legs
- s shaped spine
- valgus knee
-foramen magnum under skull - big toe in line with other toes
Major forms of diet
- frugivore
- folivore
- insectivore
- gumnivore
-gramnivore
Are species real?
No. Because you cannot assess potential for interbreeding in the fossil record and species over time evolve and at some point a parent generation is a different species than the offspring generation.
Are Plesiadapiformes stem stem primates?
Not the radiation as a whole. There are more primitive ancestors such as Purgatorius.
They have too derived precumbent incisors, diastema, funky premolar.
Lack of primate synaptomorhphic traits: PO bar, petrosal bulla, internal carotid, opposable hallux and nails
Adapoids
- bigger body size
- smaller brain size
- smaller eyes
- long snout
- small incisors to large canines
- ear ring
- Lemurs/lorises
Omomyoids
- large eyes
- short snout
- smaller body size
- large incisors to small canines
- ear tube
- Tarsiers
Parapithecoids
- 2-1-3-3
- ZP skull suture contact
- 300g-3kg
- not crown catarrhine
Propliopithecoids
- 2-1-2-3
- FS skull suture contact
- 750g-7kg
- not crown catarrhine
NWM radiation, phyletic diversities and distributions from 1.) oligocene to early miocene 2.) middle to late miocene 3.) pliestocene and today
Oldest platyrrhines from the Late Oligocene (Branisella), patagoinian little guys, reasonable variation
Middle to late Miocene: La Venta, Colombia like today - similar range of variation from the onset
Pliestocene: greater than today in distribution (southern Argentina to Caribbean) and in size
Radiation of “apes”
Early miocene: two types of apes - 1.little guys, primitive catarrhines and 2.proconsulids, larger more derived forms. Largely east africa
Middle miocene: more limited radiation in africa but more closely resembling modern apes
-kenyapithecus
- Otavipithecus
Late Miocene: only a few forms - fossil thick enameled gorilla like form from eastern africa, hominin ancestors
- Sahelanthropus
- Orrorin
Victoriapithecus
- true OWM
- precede split of living OWMs and retain some traits lost in all living OWMs
Derived traits of victoriapithecus
deep mandible
biolophodont molars
