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Primate Adaptation and Evolution > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Platyrrhine (NWM) traits

A
  • Arboreal
  • broad nose
  • no cheek pouches
  • long/prehensile tail
  • central and south america
  • “I” Shaped skull sutures
    ex: Ateles, Aloutta
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2
Q

Catarrhine (OWM) Traits

A

-Arboreal/terrestrial quadruped
- narrow nose
- cheek pouches
- some have tails
- single births
- “H” shaped skull sutures
- Asia to Africa
ex: Macaca, Hylobatids, Orangutans, chimps

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3
Q

Lower Primates/Strepsirrhines

A
  • split upper lip
  • tooth comb
    -grooming claw
  • tapedum lucidum (reflective membrane on back of eye)
  • Lemurs and Lorises
  • no post orbital closure
  • bicornate uterus
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4
Q

Higher Primates/Haplorhines

A
  • continuous upper lip
  • fused mandibular symphasis
  • post orbital closure
    -diurnal
  • larger brain
  • fovea capitus
  • have placental disks
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5
Q

4 Biomes

A
  • Forest
  • woodlands
  • savannas
  • desert/semi-desert
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6
Q

Day Range

A

average distance a primate travels in a day

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7
Q

Home Range

A

plot of all the day ranges over a certain amount of time (annual, seasonal, etc)

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8
Q

Core Area

A

part of the range that you use most often - area where other groups within species don’t come to

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9
Q

Territory

A

defended portion of home range

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10
Q

5 locomotion patterns

A
  • Arboreal quadruped
  • leaper
  • terrestrial quadruped
  • arm swinger
  • biped
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11
Q

6 social organizations

A
  • Noyau
  • Monogamy
  • polyandry
  • polygyny
  • multi-male/multi-female
  • fission/fusion
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12
Q

2 groups of catarrhines

A

cercopithecoids and hominoids

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13
Q

living cercopithecoid traits

A
  • narrow nose
  • quadrupedal
  • bilophodont molars
  • has tail
  • equal length limbs
  • sharper, longer canine
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14
Q

living Hominoid traits

A
  • broad nose
  • y5 molars
  • larger brain
  • short trunk
  • long arms
  • no external tail
  • crescent shaped olecranon process
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15
Q

living colobine traits

A
  • broad intraorbital region
  • leaf and seed eaters
  • narrow incisors
  • deep jaw
  • high cusps
  • complex stomach
  • long legs and tail
  • leapers
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16
Q

living cercopithecinae traits

A

-shallow jaw
- low cusps
- cheek pouches
- similar length arms and legs

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17
Q

Lemur Radiation

A

Diet: fruit, leaves insects, broad

locomotion: Arboreal quadrupeds, terrestrial, leapers

broad activity patterns

broad social organizations

18
Q

Where do Tarsiers fit between Hapolrhines and streppsirhines?

A

Tarsiers are prosimian grade but haplorhine clade.

primitive traits: small, nocturnal leapers, only partial closure, unfused mandible

derived traits: split placenta, unicornate uterus, retinal foeva, happlorhine lip

19
Q

Seven subfamilies of platyrrhines

A

1.Callicebines- frugivore, generalized quadruped with leaping
2.Pitheciines - rainforest quadruped with leaping
3.Cebines - generaic frugivores/hard object feeder, arboreal/terrestrial quadruped
4. Aotines- nocturnal frugivores
5. Atelines - suspensory frugivores
6. Alouatines - suspensory folivores
7. Callitrichines - insects, gums, leapers

20
Q

Adaptive radiation of Catarrhines (OWM)

A
  • high species diversity
  • arboreal quadruped
  • eats fruits, leaves, gums, insects, +
  • broad social organizations
21
Q

Adaptive radiation of Platyrrhines (NWM)

A
  • moderate species diversity
  • arboreal/terrestrial quadruped
  • eats fruits and leaves
  • polygynous and multi
22
Q

Adaptive radiation of Cercopithecoids

A
  • high species diversity compared to catarrhines
  • eats leaves, fruits, seeds and insects
  • mostly quadrupeds, some arboreal and some terrestrial
  • mostly polygynous

Difference: less diversity in old world, more competition and predation in old world, island biography in the new world

23
Q

hominoid radiation

A
  • eats soft fruits
  • suspensory with some knuckle walking
  • diurnal
  • polygyny, monogamy, fission/fusion
24
Q

Adaptive/genetic evidence v food print

A

Adaptive evidence = genetic evidence passed between generations
ex: tooth size, structure, morphology

food prints = actual traces of past activities of individuals
ex: microware, isotopes, food particles

25
Q

Arboreal quadruped traits

A
  • similar arm and leg length
    -short arms and legs
  • bent elbow/knee gait
  • long curved fingers and toes
  • long tail
26
Q

Terrestrial quadruped traits

A
  • similar length arms and legs
  • long arms and legs
  • straight elbow/knee gait
  • short fingers and toes
    -short tail
27
Q

Suspensory locomotion traits

A
  • long arms
  • short legs
  • short trunk
  • long curved fingers and toes
  • no tail
  • scapula on back of thorax
28
Q

Leaper locomotion traits

A
  • long legs
  • short arms
  • bow shaped spine
  • large curved fingers and toes
  • small body size
  • elongated ischium
29
Q

Biped locomotion traits

A
  • long legs
  • s shaped spine
  • valgus knee
    -foramen magnum under skull
  • big toe in line with other toes
30
Q

Major forms of diet

A
  • frugivore
  • folivore
  • insectivore
  • gumnivore
    -gramnivore
31
Q

Are species real?

A

No. Because you cannot assess potential for interbreeding in the fossil record and species over time evolve and at some point a parent generation is a different species than the offspring generation.

32
Q

Are Plesiadapiformes stem stem primates?

A

Not the radiation as a whole. There are more primitive ancestors such as Purgatorius.

They have too derived precumbent incisors, diastema, funky premolar.
Lack of primate synaptomorhphic traits: PO bar, petrosal bulla, internal carotid, opposable hallux and nails

33
Q

Adapoids

A
  • bigger body size
  • smaller brain size
  • smaller eyes
  • long snout
  • small incisors to large canines
  • ear ring
  • Lemurs/lorises
34
Q

Omomyoids

A
  • large eyes
  • short snout
  • smaller body size
  • large incisors to small canines
  • ear tube
  • Tarsiers
35
Q

Parapithecoids

A
  • 2-1-3-3
  • ZP skull suture contact
  • 300g-3kg
  • not crown catarrhine
36
Q

Propliopithecoids

A
  • 2-1-2-3
  • FS skull suture contact
  • 750g-7kg
  • not crown catarrhine
37
Q

NWM radiation, phyletic diversities and distributions from 1.) oligocene to early miocene 2.) middle to late miocene 3.) pliestocene and today

A

Oldest platyrrhines from the Late Oligocene (Branisella), patagoinian little guys, reasonable variation

Middle to late Miocene: La Venta, Colombia like today - similar range of variation from the onset

Pliestocene: greater than today in distribution (southern Argentina to Caribbean) and in size

38
Q

Radiation of “apes”

A

Early miocene: two types of apes - 1.little guys, primitive catarrhines and 2.proconsulids, larger more derived forms. Largely east africa

Middle miocene: more limited radiation in africa but more closely resembling modern apes
-kenyapithecus
- Otavipithecus

Late Miocene: only a few forms - fossil thick enameled gorilla like form from eastern africa, hominin ancestors
- Sahelanthropus
- Orrorin

39
Q

Victoriapithecus

A
  • true OWM
  • precede split of living OWMs and retain some traits lost in all living OWMs
40
Q

Derived traits of victoriapithecus

A

deep mandible
biolophodont molars

Primate Adaptation and Evolution (1 decks)

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