Final Exam

Question 1

the diverse species in our region

Answer 1

salamanders, fish, crayfish, dragonflies, snails/mussels, and trees.

Question 2

5 causes of species loss

Answer 2

land use changes, pollution, over-harvesting, invasive species, and climate change.

Question 3

ecological community vs. ecosystem

Answer 3

different interactive species and organisms - bacteria, animals, and plants vs. a community plus abiotic factors - temperature, water, and landscape.

Question 4

laws of 10s

Answer 4

energy passed in an ecosystem from one tropic level to the next - 10% of energy is passed.

Question 5

homology

Answer 5

having relation, grouping organisms by similarity.

Question 6

convergent vs. divergent evolution

Answer 6

not related but act same (dolphins + sharks are barely related) vs. are related but act differently.

Question 7

gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium

Answer 7

both describe rates of speciation. changes are slow over small periods vs. changes occur in rapid spurts and long periods without change.

Question 8

Darwin’s theory of evolution (3)

Answer 8

1. traits are heritable
2. offspring vary from parents
3. more adapted=successful offspring
   basically, heritable variation + natural selection = change over time.

Question 9

natural selection vs. genetic drift

Answer 9

both change allele frequencies over time. change by differential reproduction successes vs. change by chance.

Question 10

how do species emerge from other species?

Answer 10

speciation. an ancestral species splits into two or more dependent species that are genetically different from one another and can no longer interbreed.

Question 11

rapid evolutionary change

Answer 11

changing environment conditions cause strong selective pressure, often affecting a variety of critical ecological and life history traits.

Question 12

protozoan

Answer 12

single celled eukaryotes as the base of plants, animals, and fungi.

Question 13

kingdom plantae

Answer 13

plant kingdom. all land plants, mosses, ferns, and flowering plants.
250,000 species

Question 14

bryophytes

Answer 14

land plants, contains 3 groups of non-vascular land plants.

Question 15

non-vascular

Answer 15

without a vascular system. lacking conducting channels for transporting water and nutrients.

Question 16

why is the growth of bryophytes limited?

Answer 16

cannot conduct nutrients. to keep their photosynthetic tissues closer they do not grow tall.

Question 17

gymnosperms

Answer 17

any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed.

Question 18

vascular

Answer 18

have lignified tissues for consuming water and nutrients throughout the plant.

Question 19

angiosperms

Answer 19

largest and most diverse from plant kingdom - 300,000 species.

Question 20

angiosperms vs. gymnosperms

Answer 20

most diverse with 300,000 species and have enclosed seeds vs. only 1,000 species with exposed seeds on surface.

Question 21

metazoa

Answer 21

the multicellular animals

Question 22

radical vs. bilateral symmetry

Answer 22

around the center axis vs. single plane, two identical reflected halves.

Question 23

most primitive among the invertebrates

Answer 23

sponges (phylum porifera)

Question 24

very few vertebrates, most are fish

Answer 24

57,000 species

Question 25

what is in the phylum 'porifera'?

Answer 25

sponges

Question 26

what is in the phylum 'cnidaria'?

Answer 26

jellyfish, sea anemones

Question 27

what is in the phylum 'arthropoda'?

Answer 27

insects, spiders, crustacea

Question 28

what is in the phylum 'mollusca'?

Answer 28

snails, clams, squids

Question 29

what is in the phylum 'platyhelminthes'?

Answer 29

flat worms - they regenerate

Question 30

what is in the phylum 'nematoda'?

Answer 30

roundworms

Question 31

what is in the phylum 'echinodermata'?

Answer 31

starfish, sand-dollars

Question 32

what is in the phylum 'chordates'?

Answer 32

animals

Question 33

mollusca diversity

Answer 33

second largest phylum of invertebrates, highly diverse 85,000 species

Question 34

HAM

Answer 34

hypothetical ancestral mollusca

Question 35

why are echinoderms grouped with the vertebrates?

Answer 35

they both are deuterostomes, or animals that grow radially, have a blastopore that develops into an anus, and have indeterminate cleavage.

Question 36

protostomes vs. deuterostomes

Answer 36

first opening of embryo is the mouth vs. first opening of embryo is the anus.

Question 37

agnatha

Answer 37

jawless fish, chordata phylum

Question 38

largest group of the vertebrates of chordata?

Answer 38

bony fish, 20,000 species

Question 39

amphibians

Answer 39

frogs, toads, salamanders, newts - coldblooded vertebrates - all can breathe and absorb water through their thin skin.

Question 40

sharks, rays, and chimeras characteristics

Answer 40

teeth skin and 3 different types of reproduction

Question 41

metamorphosis vs. regeneration

Answer 41

structure changes and are unrecognizable as same individual during stages (butterfly) vs. new organ after original organ was lost (starfish).

Question 42

aposematic coloration

Answer 42

aka 'warning coloration', deters predation by signaling that the prey item is toxic.

Question 43

reptiles

Answer 43

turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, alligators

Question 44

interesting facts about a turtle's shell

Answer 44

bones outside of body (ribs and pelvis) and sex determination.

Question 45

characteristics of a bird's wing

Answer 45

curved with larger area surface on top that helps lift the bird due to air moving more quickly over top which reduces air pressure.

Question 46

the feet and beak tell what about a bird?

Answer 46

its habitat, lifestyle, and adaptations.

Question 47

what makes mammals unique?

Answer 47

they produce milk, have mammary/sweat glands, and have hair. marsupials have pouches.

Question 48

what is the most diverse group of mammals?

Answer 48

rodents