Final Exam

Question 1

Paraphrase

Answer 1

restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words

Question 2

Imitation

Answer 2

translated text that would present itself as an original

Question 3

Target Language

Answer 3

final language of a translation piece

Question 4

Fidelity

Answer 4

passing of the message from one language to another by producing the same effect in another language

Question 5

Sociolinguistics

Answer 5

Study of communicative behavior; goal is to discover patterns of linguistic variation; effect of culture and social differences on language

Question 6

Speech Communities

Answer 6

Individuals who share the same language variety and who have shared ways of interpreting and using that language

Question 7

Caste

Answer 7

“race, lineage, tribe”; division of society based on differences of wealth, inherited rank or privilege, profession, occupation, or race

Question 8

Class

Answer 8

system of ordering a society in which people are divided into sets based on perceived social or economic status

Question 9

William Labov

Answer 9

American linguist widely regarded as the founder of the discipline of variationist sociolinguistics; the way a language is spoken and written differs across individuals as well as across situations encountered by the same individual

Question 10

Social construction of race, class, gender

Answer 10

process that society trains people to view race, class, and gender in a certain way

Question 11

Linguistic insecurity

Answer 11

feelings of anxiety, self-consciousness, or lack in confidence in the mind of a speaker surrounding their use of language

Question 12

Principle of Linguistic Subordination

Answer 12

language varieties associated with socially subordinate groups are viewed as linguistic deficits rather than neutral linguistic differences

Question 13

Elaborated Code

Answer 13

language use that is typical of relatively formal speech situations; universalistic, with explicit reference to speech community abstrations

Question 14

Restricted Code

Answer 14

relatively informal varieties of speech, commonly used by members of a strong network; highly context-specific, limited to the immediate situation—particularistic (lower class)

Question 15

Standard English

Answer 15

variety of English that has undergone substantial regularization and is associated with formal schooling, language assessment, and official print publications, such as public service announcements and newspapers of record, etc.

Question 16

Bilingual

Answer 16

ability to use two languages well in various domains and situations. The second language is either acquired after the first language has been developed, or in other cases, both the first and second language are acquired simultaneously

Question 17

Multilingual

Answer 17

ability to speak multiple languages

Question 18

Bidialect

Answer 18

proficient in or using two dialects of the same language

Question 19

Code Switching

Answer 19

mixing of words, phrases, and sentences of two or more languages or varieties in a single larger speech event. The distinction between code-switching and code-mixing is often blurred or arbitrarily defined

Question 20

Code Mixing

Answer 20

The incorporation of elements of one language into another, as in using both English and Spanish words in a single sentence.

Question 21

ethnolinguistic approach

Answer 21

studies the relationship between a language and the nonlinguistic cultural behavior of the people who speak that language (How a concept is expressed in many different cultures)

Question 22

Sociolinguistic Approach

Answer 22

study of social and economic influences on human language; descriptive study of effect of any or all aspects of society, cultural norms, expectations, and context on the way language is used and society’s effect on language (Large-scale vs small scale)

Question 23

School Board in Oakland, California

Answer 23

In December 1996 the Oakland (CA) school board passed a two page resolution that highlighted the plight of African-American students in the district and claimed that African-American English is spoken by many students was its own language and it should be used to help children learn standard classroom English. This was as a part of a plan to improve their academic success

Question 24

Hedge Word

Answer 24

A word or phrase that makes a statement less forceful or assertive (EX: sometimes, seems to, maybe)

Question 25

Rights to talk

Answer 25

Linguistic rights are the human and civil rights concerning the individual and collective right to choose the language or languages for communication in a private or public atmosphere

Question 26

Covert Prestige

Answer 26

type of scenario in which nonstandard languages or dialects are regarded to be of high linguistic prestige by members of a speech community.

Question 27

“Policing” Women’s Voices

Answer 27

Complaints about female upspeak and vocal fry (a tendency to draw out the end of words or sentences with a low creaky voice) ignores the fact that men also engage in these habits. “People are busy policing women’s language and nobody is policing older or younger men’s language”

Question 28

Uptalk

Answer 28

A manner of speaking in which declarative sentences are uttered with rising intonation at the end, as if they were questions

Question 29

Vocal fry

Answer 29

The lowest register of your voice characterized by its deep, creaky, breathy sound

Question 30

Microvariations

Answer 30

Language systems that are very similar; Closely related languages or dialects

Question 31

Anglophone

Answer 31

English Speaker

Question 32

Bilingual Advantage

Answer 32

may actually confer distinct advantages to the developing brain.

Question 33

Executive Functions

Answer 33

a set of mental skills that include working memory, flexible thinking, and self-control; language is essential to success in executive function (EF) tasks

Question 34

Loan Words

Answer 34

Words borrowed from another language that become part of the borrowing language, such as kindergarten from German or spaghetti from Italian

Question 35

Diglossia

Answer 35

Use of two languages or two distinct varieties of a language that have different functions within the same society

Question 36

High Language

Answer 36

require the use of a compiler or an interpreter for their translation into the machine code.

Question 37

Low Language

Answer 37

requires an assembler for directly translating the instructions of the machine language. These languages have a very low memory efficiency

Question 38

Lingua franca

Answer 38

A language used for communication between groups of people who do not share a common first language

Question 39

Creole

Answer 39

Creolization refers to the process in which a pidgin becomes a creole, meaning that it has become the first language of a speech community

Question 40

Pidgin

Answer 40

A simplified language used to cross language barriers when there is a communicative need between people who speak mutually unintelligible languages

Question 41

Colonizer

Answer 41

a country that sends settlers to a place and establishes political control over it.

Question 42

Colonized

Answer 42

The internalized attitude of ethnic or cultural inferiority felt by people as a result of colonization

Question 43

Postcolonial

Answer 43

Occurring or existing after the end of colonial rule

Question 44

Language Death

Answer 44

a process in which the level of a speech community’s linguistic competence in their language variety decreases, eventually resulting in no native or fluent speakers of the variety

Question 45

Indigenous Language

Answer 45

language that is native to a region and spoken by indigenous peoples

Question 46

Heritage Speaker

Answer 46

Individuals who have learned a language from their family

Question 47

Heritage Language

Answer 47

a minority language (either immigrant or indigenous) learned by its speakers at home as children, and difficult to be fully developed because of insufficient input from the social environment

Question 48

La Francophonie

Answer 48

a loosely united group of nations in which French is a first, official, or culturally significant language; French-speaking community

Question 49

Salman Rushdie

Answer 49

Indian-born British American novelist; often combines magic realism with historical fiction and primarily deals with connections, disruptions, and migrations between Western civilizations, typically set on the Indian subcontinent.

Question 50

return to indigenous languages

Answer 50

A language that originated in a specified place and was not brought to that place from elsewhere

Question 51

Appropriation

Answer 51

Language becomes adopted by the dominant culture, often used incorrectly so that the new, dominant, meaning of the words does not match the original culture’s, and no longer feels as if it belongs to the original culture

Question 52

AAVE

Answer 52

African American Vernacular English; Refers to a variety of American English spoken by many African Americans. The term was popularized in the 1960s and 1970s by William Labov and was used to highlight the aspects of AAVE that diverged from what was seen as the standard American English, giving AAVE negative connotations. Today the term African American English is to be preferred.