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Organic Chemistry > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for formal charge?

A

of valence electrons - (# of nonbonding electrons + # of bonds)

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2
Q

How do you determine how much negative charge is on each atom in a resonance form?

A

Add up each charge then divide by the number of atoms

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3
Q

How do you determine what the bond order is in a resonance form?

A

Add up the number of bonds then divide by number of atoms

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4
Q

What are the rules for bond length in order of importance?

A
  1. Bond length decreases across a period
  2. Bond length decreases with higher bond order
  3. Bond length increases as you move down a group
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5
Q

-2 electron groups
- 2 bonding groups
- 0 lone pairs

A

Electron Geometry: Linear
Molecular Geometry: Linear
Bond Angle: 180

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6
Q

3 electron groups
- 3 bonding groups
- 0 lone pairs

A

Electron Geometry: Trigonal Planar
Molecular Geometry: Trigonal Planar
Bond Angle: 120

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7
Q

3 electron groups
- 2 bonding groups
- 1 lone pair

A

Electron Geometry: Trigonal Planar
Molecular Geometry: Bent
Bond Angle: <120

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8
Q

4 electron groups
- 4 bonding groups
- 0 lone pairs

A

Electron Geometry: Tetrahedral
Molecular Geometry: Tetrahedral
Bond Angle: 109.5

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9
Q

What is a Bronsted Base?

A

Proton Acceptor

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10
Q

What is a Bronsted Acid?

A

Proton Donator

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11
Q

What are the rules determining acid strength of a molecule?

A
  1. Acid strength increases down a group
  2. Acid strength increases across a period
  3. A positive charge increases acid strength
  4. The more halogens, the stronger the acid
  5. Substituents at remote locations are stronger acids
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12
Q

What are the reagents, Markovnikov addition, and stereochemistry?

A
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13
Q

What are the reagents, Markovnikov addition, and stereochemistry?

A
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14
Q

What are the reagents, Markovnikov addition, and stereochemistry?

A
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15
Q

What are the reagents, Markovnikov addition, and stereochemistry?

A
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16
Q

What is the product’s sterochemsitry?

A
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17
Q

What is the product’s sterochemsitry?

18
Q

What is the product’s regiochemistry?

19
Q

What are the reagents and product?

20
Q

What are the reagents and product?

21
Q

What is an enantiomer?

A

Non-superimposable mirror image / all chiral centers change

22
Q

What is a diastereomer?

A

Some chiral centers change, but not all

23
Q

What is the stereochemistry of an SN2 reaction?

A

Inversion of stereochemistry

24
Q

What reaction will occur if you have a primary substrate?

A

Most likely SN2, unless there is strong, bulky base then E2

25
Q

How do you determine between reactions with a secondary substrate?

A

-Charged nucleophile/base = SN2, E2
-Neutral nucleophile/base = SN1, E1

26
Q

What reaction does a polar protic solvent favor?

A

Tend to favor E2

27
Q

What reaction does an a polar aprotic solvent favor?

A

Tend to favor SN2

28
Q

What is a Simmons Smith Reaction?

A

-ends with a 3 membered ring
-retention of configuration
-form triangle where double bond was

29
Q

What is the Grignard reaction?

A
  1. Break C-O double bond
  2. Add R group
  3. Protonate O to get alcohol
30
Q

What happens if you react an Alcohol with an H-X acid?

A

Create an alkyl halide

31
Q

What happens in an oxidation of an alcohol? What are the reagents?

A

-gain a C-O bond
-lose alpha hydrogen
-Reagents: Na2CrO7, CrO3, H2SO4/H2O

32
Q

What happens in a Williamson Ether Synthesis reaction?

A

-Deprotanate OH
-Attachment of new solvent group to O

33
Q

What happens in an alkoxymercuration-reduction reaction?

A

-Form HgOAc ion
-Add Solvent group to more substituted group
-Reduce HgOAc to H

34
Q

What happens in a dehydration of alcohols?

A

-Removal of OH group by acid
-Form double bond

35
Q

What happens with reaction of ethers and acid?

A

-Break ether
-create alkyl halide

36
Q

What does mCPBA, H2O2, or MMPP do?

A

Break double bond and add epoxide to it

37
Q

What happens when you react a halohydrin with a base?

A

-Synthesis of epoxide by base deprotanating OH group and O then attacks carbon with halogen

38
Q

What happens when you react epoxide in basic conditions?

A

-Nucleophile attacks least sterically hindered carbon
-break epoxide & create alcohol
-anti-addition

39
Q

What happens when you react epoxide in acidic conditions?

A

-Break epoxide & create alcohol
-add nucleophile to more substituted carbon

40
Q

What is a glycol? How do you synthesize glycols with epoxides?

A

Glycol: hydroxy groups (OH) on adjacent carbons
-epoxide ring opening under acidic/basic conditions = trans glycols

41
Q

How do you synthesize glycols with metals?

A

OsO4 creates cis glycols

Organic Chemistry (5 decks)

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