Final Exam Flashcards
What is the equation for formal charge?
of valence electrons - (# of nonbonding electrons + # of bonds)
How do you determine how much negative charge is on each atom in a resonance form?
Add up each charge then divide by the number of atoms
How do you determine what the bond order is in a resonance form?
Add up the number of bonds then divide by number of atoms
What are the rules for bond length in order of importance?
- Bond length decreases across a period
- Bond length decreases with higher bond order
- Bond length increases as you move down a group
-2 electron groups
- 2 bonding groups
- 0 lone pairs
Electron Geometry: Linear
Molecular Geometry: Linear
Bond Angle: 180
3 electron groups
- 3 bonding groups
- 0 lone pairs
Electron Geometry: Trigonal Planar
Molecular Geometry: Trigonal Planar
Bond Angle: 120
3 electron groups
- 2 bonding groups
- 1 lone pair
Electron Geometry: Trigonal Planar
Molecular Geometry: Bent
Bond Angle: <120
4 electron groups
- 4 bonding groups
- 0 lone pairs
Electron Geometry: Tetrahedral
Molecular Geometry: Tetrahedral
Bond Angle: 109.5
What is a Bronsted Base?
Proton Acceptor
What is a Bronsted Acid?
Proton Donator
What are the rules determining acid strength of a molecule?
- Acid strength increases down a group
- Acid strength increases across a period
- A positive charge increases acid strength
- The more halogens, the stronger the acid
- Substituents at remote locations are stronger acids
What are the reagents, Markovnikov addition, and stereochemistry?
What are the reagents, Markovnikov addition, and stereochemistry?
What are the reagents, Markovnikov addition, and stereochemistry?
What are the reagents, Markovnikov addition, and stereochemistry?
What is the product’s sterochemsitry?
What is the product’s sterochemsitry?
What is the product’s regiochemistry?
What are the reagents and product?
What are the reagents and product?
What is an enantiomer?
Non-superimposable mirror image / all chiral centers change
What is a diastereomer?
Some chiral centers change, but not all
What is the stereochemistry of an SN2 reaction?
Inversion of stereochemistry
What reaction will occur if you have a primary substrate?
Most likely SN2, unless there is strong, bulky base then E2