Final Exam Flashcards
Which of these shutter speeds is the minimum recommended when handholding a 50mm lens?
1/60
What is an advantage of using a tilt-shift lens like the bellows of a 4x5 large format camera?
Using a tilt-shift lens may bring required zones of subject into focus, improving effective depth of field. Tilt shift lenses are useful for taking building photography. The lens can shift to allow the back of the camera to be parallel with the building. This allows for less distortion of the image when shooting buildings and larger effect depth of field.
Which attribute does NOT affect depth of field?
ISO Setting
The resolution of a 4 x 5 inch film camera is approximately ______ times larger than the resolution of a 35mm film camera. This makes large format easy to enlarge to 16 inches x 20 inches and beyond.
13x
Another term for a large format camera is a ______ camera.
view
What principle is illustrated by this picture? The principle is often used for depth of field control by large format cameras and mimicked using a Lens Baby.
Scheimpflug
On medium format cameras, prime lenses typically have a maximum aperture of ______.
f/2.8 or f/4
Like the example above, storytelling with a digital compilation of pictures into one finished piece is called ________?
montage
What are the factors to decide when to use 35mm, medium format, and large format photography equipment setups?
The larger the camera format, the better the quality. When having a medium or large format cameras, the lens quality must be better too.
35mm is most portable and affordable and used in photojournalism and documentary photography.
Medium format cameras are several times more expensive than 35mm.
Larger format cameras require more light because they have narrower depth of field.
Larger format cameras are used mainly used in studios were large size output is needed.
What are the two missing complete apertures in this group?
f/2 and f/5.6
For the same angle of view as a 50 mm lens on a 35 mm format camera, a 4x5 large format camera will be a _______ lens for the same angle of view.
150 mm
Professional architectural photography use large format or tilt shift lenses to correct __________.
converging verticals
According to the 35mm film or full-frame digital standard, a 50 mm lens on a 1.5x crop factor camera will be effectively ______.
75 mm
What technique is being used here to maximize the depth of field?
Hyperfocal Focusing
A _________ lens will exaggerate the perception of visual depth.
wide angle
A telephoto lens does what to an image?
compresses the distance
Which of these factors does NOT affect a photograph’s depth of field?
ISO / Grain Size
When all exposure settings are the same, a compact sensor size camera will produce ________ than a full-frame sensor camera.
greater depth of field
When all exposure settings are the same, a compact sensor size camera will produce ________ than a full-frame sensor camera.
greater depth of field
The birth of digital still cameras as we know them today happened in ________.
1988
Define resolution in detail. What is interpolated vs. optical resolution?
All film and digital use resolution as a measure of detail. It defines how sharp your images will appear and what level of fine detail will be represented. Anything placed over the lens or sensor may affect the quality of the resolution. The resolution of the sensor is the ultimate limiting factor but the quality of the lens is important to the loss of sharpness. Technically most digital cameras only record one color per pixel and interpolate the other two colors.
Megapixel alone is not the primary measure of resolution. The highest number of megapixels does not necessarily represent the highest quality or automatically mean that the largest level of detail will be reproduced. The detail is inherent of the quality and size of the sensor. The pixel “pitch” relates to the overall size of the pixels.
Shooting close to a subject with a wide angle lens does what to a subject?
isolates from the background
Which of these files will be the smallest digital file type for saving a photograph for a website?
JPEG (low-medium quality)
Explain Perceptually Lossless image files compared to Lossless image file formats.
Perceptual lossless means the compression quality is virtually impossible for the naked eye to tell the difference between the compressed version and the original image. There is still information being lost but the difference will only become apparent if more edited is done.
Lossy compression methods work on the principle that some of the information in an image is less visually important, or even beyond the limits of the human visual system and use clever techniques to remove this information, still allowing reasonable reconstruction of the images.
Under normal daylight conditions, the human visual system needs the tonal range from shadow to highlight to be divided between ________ different tonal values to see continuous tones in a photograph. Fewer tonal values and the image will appear posterized, an image artifact that is a result of insufficient sampling.
140 and 190
A 5 MB 8-bit depth file when converted to a 16-bit depth will be ______.
10 MB
What photography technique allows all distances to be acceptably sharp?
pinhole
Which file type will require the largest file size using a digital camera?
TIFF
As any light source is moved away from the subject, the light becomes _______________.
harder
The file size on computers is calculated in bits and bytes. What is the appropriate way that file sizes are represented?
8 bits = 1 byte, 1,024 bytes = 1 KB, 1,024 KB = 1 MB
Which file type cannot be saved as a 16-bit depth file?
JPEG
If the aperture setting changes from f/8 to f/16, what does the change look like on the exposure?
two stops darker
Light travels in ___________.
straight lines
An f-stop which would admit a large amount of light into the camera and produce very little depth of field would be:
f/2
After stitching the pictures together in Photomerge, with the clone or healing brush tools the non-destructive way to touch up stitching errors is on _________.
a blank new layer
After stitching the pictures together in Photomerge, with the clone or healing brush tools the non-destructive way to touch up stitching errors is on _________.
a blank new layer
Usually, shutter speeds involved in the panning technique are between ________.
1/8 - 1/60
Hyperfocal (zone) focusing allows the photographer to pre-select the ________.
depth of field
Panning and zooming techniques give the viewer a feeling of ___________ and ___________.
speed and movement
In Photoshop using ___________ combined with a layer mask is the best way to non-destructively change the photos attributes either globally or selectively.
an adjustment layer
If both a crop factor and full-frame digital SLR are framing the exact same headshot with the exact same camera settings, the full-frame camera ____________________.
has narrower depth of field
If your subject is close to you, the ___________ technique will help to further freeze your main subject while still blurring the background.
slow sych flash
The goal of the panning technique is to capture a relatively ____________ with a motion-blurred background.
sharp subject
With the “Front Curtain Sync” flashing technique the flash fires:
immediately after the shutter opens
With the Rear Curtain Sync (2ndCurtain) flashing technique the flash fires:
at the end of the exposure
Which of the following is not likely to affect the depth of field?
shutter speed
This exposure, 1/30 at f/2.8, needs to be “made quicker” (faster shutter) by three full stops. What is the proper equivalent exposure setting without changing the depth of field?
1/250 at f/2.8
To let twice as much light into the camera, it is necessary to open up the lens how many stop(s)?
one
____________ may be used to create an image where the subject appears relatively sharp and the background is completely blurred by movement.
Panning
Which of the following are factors which control exposure?
shutter speed, aperture, ISO
When would you use and not use a tripod for the slow sync flash techniques? Give reasons for both.
When using either slow synch in either mode (or in the automatic ‘night mode’ you will want to consider whether or not to use a tripod. Traditionally when shooting with longer shutter speeds it is accepted that a tripod is essential in order to stop any camera movement. Even the steadiest of hands will not be able to stop a camera moving over even a 1 or 2 second exposure. So if you want to eliminate blur from your cameras movement definitely use a tripod (and consider a shutter release cable).
However in some circumstances hand holding your camera while using slow sync flash can lead to some wonderful effects. For example if you’re at a wedding or party and are out on the dance floor the results can be great at capturing the mood of a night with those you’re photographing largely frozen by the flash but the lights on the dance floor blurred from you moving your camera during the shot.
What effect is narratively communicated with the slow sync flash technique?
It gives a sense of surreal blurriness and frozen reality while also showing motion and excitement. Having a subject frozen with the background moving can lead to a sense of stability to the frozen subject. This technique can be used effectively in commercial, advertising photography.
What are the main two techniques professional photographers use to freeze fast-moving subjects?
shutter speed, flash
A 1:1 replication ratio refers to what type of lens?
macro
What is the process called for the panoramic camera technique used in major sporting events?
FanCam
Exposure problems for panoramic compilations are greater on __________ because there are plenty of bright highlights and dark shadows.
clear sunny days
What happens to the perspective of an image when you tilt the camera up or down?
The picture will have curving lines. Tilting the camera up or down causes vertical lines to converge at the top and bottom of the frame. Sometimes this extreme perspective can be used to give an extremely dramatic viewpoint. Pg 317
When photographing panoramic compilations what exposure method should you use?
manual exposure
When shooting multiple frame panoramic compilations you should overlap each picture by _________.
30-50%
How many tonal values are in each RGB channel in a 14 bit RAW file?
16,384
With good landscape photography the _______________ of light can emphasize textures, patterns, and color.
direction and quality
A complete panorama view is a ___________ collection of images.
360 degree
Describe in detail some of the image quality factors that vary depending on the sensor size.
Smaller pixel sizes result in a decrease in sensitivity and full-well capacity. Therefore smaller pixels are not as effective in low light performance. The larger the sensor size, the better the low light performance. That means under low light conditions, smaller sensors are more likely to produce noisier images that larger sensors. Also having a full-well capacity (smaller pixel size), captures less dynamic range. Using a higher ISO will capture less dynamic range too.
What file type automatically plays animation on a web browser?
GIF
The two types of noise seen in the example below are ____________?
Chroma and Luminance
Who said this quote? “You don’t make a photograph just with a camera. You bring to the act of photography all the pictures you have seen, the books you have read, the music you have heard, the people you have loved.”
Ansel Adams
Most digital cameras today contain an optical anti-aliasing filter. These filters can introduce some _______ which requires some ________ in post-production.
blurring / sharpening
Due to large depth of focus, the visible effects of __________ are most apparent when photographs are taken with a very small aperture.
dust spots
What is this type of photographic technique below called?
Stereoscope
When recording long shutter speeds over one second in duration, __________ shows bright pixel spots in red, orange, green, yellow, and sometime white dots.
thermal noise
Which is a disadvantage of a smaller sensor chip compared to a larger sensor chip?
Less sensitivity and latitude
What does the red portion indicate in the picture below?
no detail in the highlights
The shutter speed and aperture are the two most important controls a photographer can use to achieve the correct ____________.
exposure
When should you overexpose the light fixtures in a low-light situation?
In many cases the two types of lighting, direct and reflected, would be in the same image. This leads to extreme contrasts and very difficult exposure metering problems. It is always best to expose for the reflected light and ignore any lighting source that is portrayed in the image.
When you are not sure of the proper amount of exposure, making several different exposures of the same scene is known as _______________.
bracketing
A great technique for night photography is to use the ___________ to allow for a shutter exposure only while the shutter button is being held.
Bulb Setting
The usable exposure range of film and a digital sensor, or the range of subject brightness is called ___________.
dynamic range
When photographing lights at night, the lights that are in the scene are called:
direct
___________ is a reciprocal exposure to f/8 @ 1/60 sec and would produce the greatest depth of field.
f/16 @ 1/15
Due to the lack of sensitivity when shooting film at night, the _________ makes long exposures (slower than 1/10) and extremely short exposures (faster than 1/2000) difficult.
reciprocity law
What is the photographic problem seen below with the bleeding sun below?
BloomingIf only the shutter speed setting changes from 1/250 to 1/60, what does the change look like on the exposure?
If only the shutter speed setting changes from 1/250 to 1/60, what does the change look like on the exposure?
two stops brighter
A typical automatic exposure bracketed sequence of 7 exposures would look like:
-3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3
What complete shutter speeds are missing? 1/8, ____, 1/30, 1/60, ____, 1/250
1/15 & 1/125
If you spot meter the grass with this exposure reading (ISO 100, f/8, 1/125), what exposure setting below would place the grass into Zone IV?
ISO 100, f/8, 1/250
If you want to make an element in a photograph completely black with no detail, you can meter the element to be in __________?
Zone O
If only the aperture setting changes from f/8 to f/16, what does the change look like on the exposure?
two stops darker
When shooting an HDR photograph with a Raw format file, what camera setting should you never change as you bracket the exposures?
aperture
Most HDR subjects are comprised of:
landscapes and cityscapes
What does an anti-aliasing filter do on a digital camera?
Almost every camera on the market has an anti-aliasing filter. This helps to avoid Moire patterns caused by fine details. Moire patterns can also show up during small screen resolutions but not be part of the photographed file from the camera.
The Canon 5DsR does not have the anti-aliasing filter so it will have a sharper picture before the filter softens the image slightly to reduce the moire effect. As the technology improves in the digital world, I hope to see a newer and improved way to increase the sharpness of resolution in the future.
To properly read an exposure using the Zone System, you should use a _____ meter.
spot
To get a middle gray detail in an exposure you should use _____.
Zone V
An eight zone-system, which is seven stops difference, are considered most typical. They have a contrast range of ____.
1:128
What famous American landscape photographer devised the “zone system” to put tone theory into everyday practice?
Ansel Adams
Zone X of the zone system would represent:
Total White, no detail
Multiplicity photography is sometimes mistaken for _________ because they can look very similar.
digital montage
For multiplicity photography, adjusting the transparency of layers in Photoshop requires adjusting the _______.
Opacity
Explain in detail what it means to previsualize your final print before taking the picture. Why is this important?
An experienced zone-system user should be able to look at a scene and “previsualize” how it might be recorded in tone values on the final print. This means you meter intentionally to place a specific area of the scene in the detail range desired. For example if you want an area to have the detail range of Zone III, you should meter the area with a spot meter. The meter reading will give you a Zone V for that area. In order to get that exposure to Zone III, you need to adjust your camera settings to be two stops darker than the reading (Zone V) suggested.
What is your camera’s sensitivity to available light?
ISO
What ISO setting would be best for inside lighting requiring a 1/250 shutter speed?
800-1600
If your image is tinted blue, green or yellow, what is set improperly?
white balance
What camera settings are part of the exposure triangle?
ISO, aperture, shutter speed
If you change the aperture from f/4 to f/8, how is the exposure affected?
2 stops darker
If you change the shutter from 1/250 to 1/60, how is the exposure affected?
2 stops brighter
If your picture turns out too bright, you need to….
close your aperture
Which aperture setting lets in more light?
F 2.0
The ___________ is the sharpest part of the photo?
focal plane
What factors affect depth of field?
Distance to the subject, focal length and aperture size
What is the size of the lens opening called?
aperture
Which are the complete ISO stops?
100, 200, 400, 800
Which minimum shutter speed is recommended for handholding a 200mm lens?
1/200
Which are the complete stops for shutter speed?
1/8, 1/15, 1/30, 1/60, 1/125
How much should you overlap when photographing a panoramic?
30-50%
How many tonal values are in each RGB channel in a 14-bit RAW file?
16,384
With twice as much light in the camera, it is necessary to close up the lens how many stop(s)?
one
Best way to non-destructively change the photo attributes either globally or selectively?
an adjustment layer
Hyperfocal (zone) focusing allows the photographer to pre-select the ________.
depth of field
The human eye sees between this many tonal values?
120-190
Which file type cannot be saved as a 16-bit depth file?
JPEG
What photography technique allows all distances to be acceptably sharp?
pinhole
All light meters are devices designed to measure:
18% middle gray
Everything equal, a full frame camera will produce _____ than a cropped sensor camera?
less depth of field
A 1:1 replication ratio refers to what type of lens?
macro
A 50mm lens on a Canon Rebel (1.6x APS-C) crop factor camera will be effectively _______.
80mm
Another term for a large format camera is a ______?
view camera
Architectural photography use a tilt-shift lens to correct __________?
distortion
A 4x5 inch film camera is about how many times larger than a 35mm film camera?
13x
The digital compilation of pictures into one finished piece is called?
digital montage
What principle is illustrated by this picture?
Scheimpflug
What are the complete aperture settings?
f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16
The meter reading is ISO 100, f/8, 1/125. What exposure change would Zone IV?
ISO 100, f/11, 1/125
A 5 MB 8-bit depth file, when converted to a 16-bit depth, will be ____.
10 MB
What famous photographer devised the “zone system” to put tone theory into everyday practice?
Ansel Adams
Zone X of the zone system would represent:
white
With the “Front Curtain Sync” flashing technique the flash fires:
immediately after the shutter opens
When the light levels are too bright, the light spills into neighboring photodiodes?
blooming
In digital photography image noise in the camera is most noticeable in what range?
shadows
Long shutter speeds over one-second are likely to produce bright one-pixel spots called?
hot spots
______________ is the technique of making the highlights one color and the shadows another.
Split Toning
