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Public Health Final > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What form of Chlamydia is infectious?

A

Elementary form

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2
Q

What form of Chlamydia is transmissible?

A

Reticulate form

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3
Q

What can neonatal herpes cause?

A

birth defects, neurological issues, death

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4
Q

Do all HPVs cause genital herpes?

A

epithelial cells, cutaneous/skin, mucosal/genital

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5
Q

Process of HPV vaccine

A

Yeast cells, different L1 proteins from different strains, self assemble into empty capsule with no genetic material, L1s produce immune response to create antigens

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6
Q

What are some of the barriers to achievinghigh levels of HPV vaccination?

A

lack of knowledge, not needed/necessary, safety concerns, not recommended, sexual stigma

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7
Q

Three stages of symptoms associated with Whooping cough?

A

catarrhal, paroxysmal, convalescent

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8
Q

Mumps Symptoms

A

Flu-like, swelling/pain of parotid salivary glands, meningitis, encephalitis, loss of hearing, orchitis

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9
Q

Measles Symptoms

A

fever, cough, coryza, conjuntivitis, koplik spots, rash

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10
Q

short term measles complications

A

GI, encephalitis, meningitis

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11
Q

long term measles complications

A

SSPE, immunosupression, destroys immune system memory

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12
Q

Why have mumps cases been increasing?

A

Waning immunity due to vaccine schedule not being perfect

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13
Q

Why have measles cases been increasing?

A

Decreased vaccination due to pandemic and vaccine hestitancy

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14
Q

Why is there interest in developing a universal flu vaccine?

A

would protect against all influenza viruses, it would have longer immunity, and it would provide protection against an emerging influenza virus that we are not prepared for

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15
Q

Why is whooping cough re-emerging?

A

increased awareness so just more testing and better diagnosis, switched to a acellular vaccine which has shorter immunity and increased mutant antigens

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16
Q

What factors are important in preparation for a possible biological weapons attack?

A

detection, diagnosis, differentiation, defense, dispersal

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17
Q

Describe the three types of disease caused by infection with Bacillus anthracis

A

cutaneous, GI, inhalation

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18
Q

What details regarding the spores were investigators quickly able to determine?

A

Ames strain, highly purified spore preperations, not weaponized, envelopes/mailbox locations

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19
Q

What are some of the factors that are believed to contribute to the actual or perceived reemergence and emergence at the present time?

A

misinformation, traveling, antibiotic resistance

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20
Q

Main steps in water treatment.

A

Screening, flocculation and sedimentation, fine filtration, disinfection, storage and distribution

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21
Q

Symptoms for V. cholerae

A

severe diarrhea, severe dehydration

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22
Q

Mechnism of V. cholerae

A

bacteria colonize small intestine, toxins produced increases level of CAMP, disruption of ion transporters in intestine

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23
Q

What environmental factors influence someone’s risk of cholera?

A

proximity to water, household density, water security

24
Q

What individual factors influence someone’s risk of cholera?

A

age, blood group, genetics

25
Q

Concerns for V. cholerae vax

A

doesn’t last long, prevention measure, long time to vaccinate, US has low supply chain

26
Q

Types of botulism?

A

foodborne, wound, infant, adult intestinal toxemia, iatrongenic

27
Q

Serotypes

A

a group of strains based on cell surface antigens

28
Q

Two ways to culture human norovirus

A

B cells and stem cell derived enteroids

29
Q

Why is norovirus potentially considered to be the “perfect” human pathogen?

A

Extremely contagious, genetically diverse, not super dangerous, transmission very viable, persists environmentally

30
Q

Characteristics of prions that separate them from other infectious agents?

A

self replicating, resistent to many stressed, and cause TSE

31
Q

In what ways can infection with prions occur?

A

spontaneous generation of PrPc, conversion of mutant PrPc to PrPsc, inoculation of PrPsc

32
Q

How are prion diseases diagnosed?

A

examine brain, proteins in cerebrospinal fluid, identify mutations in PRNP gene

33
Q

Define the types of CJD

A

sporadic, familial, iatrogenic

34
Q

General characteristics of most emerging disease?

A

75% are zoonotic origins/vectors, mosr are viruses/RNA genome

35
Q

Three main types of plague?

A

Bubonic, septemic, pneumonic

36
Q

Why is the vax for lyme disease no longer offered in the US?

A

costs more than antibiotics, not super effective, not enough risk, needed a booster every 1-2 years, rumors that vaccine caused arthritis

37
Q

What causes long term symptoms following a B. burgdorferi infection?

A

Persistent antigens causing the body to keep reacting, initial inection trigger underying illness

38
Q

How is human to human west nile disease transmission possible?

A

blood transfusion, organ transplants, pregnancy

39
Q

Different categories of west nile virus?

A

most people asymptomatic, about 20% get west nile fever, less than 1% neuroinvasive disease

40
Q

Desrcibe symptoms for west nile fever

A

aches, joint pain, fever, GI

41
Q

Describe neuroinvasive west nile disease

A

meningitis, encephalitis, poliomyelitis

42
Q

What treatments are available for Ebola?

A

supportive care, antibody drugs but not sure about success rate

43
Q

What prevention mechanisms exist for Ebola?

A

Improving health care and sanitation efforts, improve education and awareness, also vaccine available

44
Q

Human behavioral factors that contribute to the spread of malaria

A

traveling, war, socioeconomic status, agricultural work, pregnancy

45
Q

Human acquired immunity factors that contribute to the spread of malaria

A

maternal antibodies, repeated exposure, genetic factors

46
Q

Mosquito factors that contribute to the spread of malaria.

A

Different species in different areas, behavioral differences, insecticide resistance

47
Q

Plasmodium factors that contribute to the spread of malaria.

A

species differences, resistance to antimalarial drugs

48
Q

Environmental factors that contribute to the spread of malaria.

A

warm temperatures, human behavior, rainfall

49
Q

What are some resistance mechanisms that microbes can use to evade antibiotic action?

A

prevent entrance, destroy antibiotic, efflux pumps, modify target, alternative pathways

50
Q

Potential benefits of phage therapy.

A

does not damage GI tract

51
Q

Potential concerns of phage therapy

A

accurate identification of microbe needed, some people mount immune response, Gram negative bacteria lyse releasing LPS so need to purify phage prep

52
Q

Types of HAI infections?

A

surgical site, UTI, pneumonia

53
Q

Heteroresistance

A

When something may display a different phenotype in certain environments so it may have different presentations in vitro and in vivo. Problem with MRSA is when testing susceptibility in vitro it may seem like it is susceptible but in vivo it could actually be antibiotic resistant

54
Q

How is HIV infection diagnosed

A

antibody test, viral proteins, viral genes

55
Q

What porteins of HIV do antiviral drugs target?

A

reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, viral integrase inhibitors, coreceptor binding inhibitors, viral fusion inhibitors

56
Q

Three treatment options for HIV

A

TasP-treatment as prevention, PrEP- pre-exposure prophylaxis, PEP- post exposure prophylaxis

57
Q

Problems facing HIV vaccine development

A

high mutation rates, lack of understanding about immune response

Public Health Final (1 decks)

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