Final Exam Flashcards
What form of Chlamydia is infectious?
Elementary form
What form of Chlamydia is transmissible?
Reticulate form
What can neonatal herpes cause?
birth defects, neurological issues, death
Do all HPVs cause genital herpes?
epithelial cells, cutaneous/skin, mucosal/genital
Process of HPV vaccine
Yeast cells, different L1 proteins from different strains, self assemble into empty capsule with no genetic material, L1s produce immune response to create antigens
What are some of the barriers to achievinghigh levels of HPV vaccination?
lack of knowledge, not needed/necessary, safety concerns, not recommended, sexual stigma
Three stages of symptoms associated with Whooping cough?
catarrhal, paroxysmal, convalescent
Mumps Symptoms
Flu-like, swelling/pain of parotid salivary glands, meningitis, encephalitis, loss of hearing, orchitis
Measles Symptoms
fever, cough, coryza, conjuntivitis, koplik spots, rash
short term measles complications
GI, encephalitis, meningitis
long term measles complications
SSPE, immunosupression, destroys immune system memory
Why have mumps cases been increasing?
Waning immunity due to vaccine schedule not being perfect
Why have measles cases been increasing?
Decreased vaccination due to pandemic and vaccine hestitancy
Why is there interest in developing a universal flu vaccine?
would protect against all influenza viruses, it would have longer immunity, and it would provide protection against an emerging influenza virus that we are not prepared for
Why is whooping cough re-emerging?
increased awareness so just more testing and better diagnosis, switched to a acellular vaccine which has shorter immunity and increased mutant antigens
What factors are important in preparation for a possible biological weapons attack?
detection, diagnosis, differentiation, defense, dispersal
Describe the three types of disease caused by infection with Bacillus anthracis
cutaneous, GI, inhalation
What details regarding the spores were investigators quickly able to determine?
Ames strain, highly purified spore preperations, not weaponized, envelopes/mailbox locations
What are some of the factors that are believed to contribute to the actual or perceived reemergence and emergence at the present time?
misinformation, traveling, antibiotic resistance
Main steps in water treatment.
Screening, flocculation and sedimentation, fine filtration, disinfection, storage and distribution
Symptoms for V. cholerae
severe diarrhea, severe dehydration
Mechnism of V. cholerae
bacteria colonize small intestine, toxins produced increases level of CAMP, disruption of ion transporters in intestine
What environmental factors influence someone’s risk of cholera?
proximity to water, household density, water security
What individual factors influence someone’s risk of cholera?
age, blood group, genetics
Concerns for V. cholerae vax
doesn’t last long, prevention measure, long time to vaccinate, US has low supply chain
Types of botulism?
foodborne, wound, infant, adult intestinal toxemia, iatrongenic
Serotypes
a group of strains based on cell surface antigens
Two ways to culture human norovirus
B cells and stem cell derived enteroids
Why is norovirus potentially considered to be the “perfect” human pathogen?
Extremely contagious, genetically diverse, not super dangerous, transmission very viable, persists environmentally
Characteristics of prions that separate them from other infectious agents?
self replicating, resistent to many stressed, and cause TSE
In what ways can infection with prions occur?
spontaneous generation of PrPc, conversion of mutant PrPc to PrPsc, inoculation of PrPsc
How are prion diseases diagnosed?
examine brain, proteins in cerebrospinal fluid, identify mutations in PRNP gene
Define the types of CJD
sporadic, familial, iatrogenic
General characteristics of most emerging disease?
75% are zoonotic origins/vectors, mosr are viruses/RNA genome
Three main types of plague?
Bubonic, septemic, pneumonic
Why is the vax for lyme disease no longer offered in the US?
costs more than antibiotics, not super effective, not enough risk, needed a booster every 1-2 years, rumors that vaccine caused arthritis
What causes long term symptoms following a B. burgdorferi infection?
Persistent antigens causing the body to keep reacting, initial inection trigger underying illness
How is human to human west nile disease transmission possible?
blood transfusion, organ transplants, pregnancy
Different categories of west nile virus?
most people asymptomatic, about 20% get west nile fever, less than 1% neuroinvasive disease
Desrcibe symptoms for west nile fever
aches, joint pain, fever, GI
Describe neuroinvasive west nile disease
meningitis, encephalitis, poliomyelitis
What treatments are available for Ebola?
supportive care, antibody drugs but not sure about success rate
What prevention mechanisms exist for Ebola?
Improving health care and sanitation efforts, improve education and awareness, also vaccine available
Human behavioral factors that contribute to the spread of malaria
traveling, war, socioeconomic status, agricultural work, pregnancy
Human acquired immunity factors that contribute to the spread of malaria
maternal antibodies, repeated exposure, genetic factors
Mosquito factors that contribute to the spread of malaria.
Different species in different areas, behavioral differences, insecticide resistance
Plasmodium factors that contribute to the spread of malaria.
species differences, resistance to antimalarial drugs
Environmental factors that contribute to the spread of malaria.
warm temperatures, human behavior, rainfall
What are some resistance mechanisms that microbes can use to evade antibiotic action?
prevent entrance, destroy antibiotic, efflux pumps, modify target, alternative pathways
Potential benefits of phage therapy.
does not damage GI tract
Potential concerns of phage therapy
accurate identification of microbe needed, some people mount immune response, Gram negative bacteria lyse releasing LPS so need to purify phage prep
Types of HAI infections?
surgical site, UTI, pneumonia
Heteroresistance
When something may display a different phenotype in certain environments so it may have different presentations in vitro and in vivo. Problem with MRSA is when testing susceptibility in vitro it may seem like it is susceptible but in vivo it could actually be antibiotic resistant
How is HIV infection diagnosed
antibody test, viral proteins, viral genes
What porteins of HIV do antiviral drugs target?
reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, viral integrase inhibitors, coreceptor binding inhibitors, viral fusion inhibitors
Three treatment options for HIV
TasP-treatment as prevention, PrEP- pre-exposure prophylaxis, PEP- post exposure prophylaxis
Problems facing HIV vaccine development
high mutation rates, lack of understanding about immune response
